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George Enescu | |
|---|---|
 Enescu in 1930 | |
| Born | (1881-08-19)19 August 1881 |
| Died | 4 May 1955(1955-05-04) (aged 73) Paris, France |
| Burial place | Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France |
| Other names | Jurjac, Georges Enesco |
| Citizenship | Romania France |
| Occupation(s) | musician,composer |
| Notable work | Romanian Rhapsodies |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 1 |
| Member of theSenate of Romania | |
| In office 1939[1]–1940 | |
| Member of theChamber of Deputies of Romania | |
| In office 1946[2][3][4]–1948 | |
| Constituency | Dorohoi County |
| Personal details | |
| Political party | National Renaissance Front (1939–1940) Bloc of Democratic Parties(1946–1948) |
| Parents |
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George Enescu (Romanian:[ˈdʒe̯ordʒeeˈnesku]ⓘ; 19 August [O.S. 7 August] 1881 – 4 May 1955), known in France asGeorges Enesco, was aRomanian composer, violinist, pianist, conductor, teacher and statesman. He is regarded as one of the greatest musicians in Romanian history.[5]
Enescu was born in Romania, in the village ofLiveni (later renamed "George Enescu" in his honor), then inDorohoi County, todayBotoșani County. His father was Costache Enescu, a landholder, and his mother was Maria Enescu (née Cosmovici), the daughter of an Orthodox priest. Their eighth child, he was born after all the previous siblings had died in infancy. His father later separated from Maria Enescu and had another son with Maria Ferdinand-Suschi: the painterDumitru Bâșcu.[6]
Achild prodigy, Enescu began experimenting with composing at an early age. Several, mostly very short, pieces survive, all for violin and piano. The earliest work of significant length bears the titlePămînt românesc ("Romanian Land"), and is inscribed "opus for piano and violin by George Enescu, Romanian composer, aged five years and a quarter".[7] Shortly thereafter, his father presented him to the professor and composerEduard Caudella. On 5 October 1888, at the age of seven, he became the youngest student ever admitted to theVienna Conservatory,[8][9] where he studied withJoseph Hellmesberger Jr.,Robert Fuchs, andSigismund Bachrich. He was the second person ever to be admitted to the Vienna Conservatory by a dispensation of age, and was the first non-Austrian (in 1882,Fritz Kreisler had also been admitted at the age of seven; according to the rules, nobody younger than 14 years could study there).[10]
In 1891, the ten-year-old Enescu gave a private concert at theCourt of Vienna, in the presence ofEmperor Franz Joseph.[11]
Joseph Hellmesberger Sr., one of his teachers and the director of the Vienna Conservatory, hosted Enescu at his home,[when?] where the child prodigy met his idol,Johannes Brahms.[12]
| External audio | |
|---|---|
 You may hear George Enescu playingJohann Sebastian Bach'sConcerto for Two Violins in D minor, BWV 1043 withYehudi Menuhin andPierre Monteux conducting the Symphony Orchestra of Paris in 1932Here on archive.org |
He graduated at the age of 12, earning the silver medal. In his Viennese concerts young Enescu played works byBrahms,Sarasate andMendelssohn. In 1895, he went to Paris to continue his studies. He studied violin withMartin Pierre Marsick, harmony withAndré Gedalge, and composition withJules Massenet andGabriel Fauré.[13]
Enescu then studied from 1895 to 1899 at theConservatoire de Paris. In a letter from André Gédalge toLucien Rebatet, dated 16 October 1923, Gédalge said that Enescu was "the only one [among his students] who truly had ideas and spirit"(fr: le seul qui ait vraiment des idées et du souffle).[14]
On 6 February 1898, at the age of 16, Enescu presented in Paris his first mature work,Poema Română, played by theColonne Orchestra, then one of the most prestigious in the world, and conducted byÉdouard Colonne.[15]
Many of Enescu's works were influenced by Romanian folk music, his most popular compositions being the twoRomanian Rhapsodies (1901–02), the operaŒdipe (1936), and the suites for orchestra.[citation needed] He also wrote five mature symphonies (two of them unfinished), asymphonic poemVox maris, and much chamber music (three sonatas for violin and piano, two for cello and piano, a piano trio, two string quartets and two piano quartets, a winddecet (French, "dixtuor"), anoctet for strings, a piano quintet, and a chamber symphony for twelve solo instruments). A youngRavi Shankar recalled in the 1960s how Enescu, who had developed a deep interest in Oriental music, rehearsed with Shankar's brotherUday Shankar and his musicians. Around the same time, Enescu took the youngYehudi Menuhin to theColonial Exhibition in Paris, where he introduced him to theGamelan Orchestra fromIndonesia.[16]
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On 8 January 1923 he made his American debut as a conductor in a concert given by thePhiladelphia Orchestra atCarnegie Hall in New York City, and subsequently visited the United States many times. It was in America, in the 1920s, that Enescu was first persuaded to make recordings as a violinist. He also appeared as a conductor with many American orchestras and, in 1936, was one of the candidates considered to replaceArturo Toscanini as permanent conductor of the New York Philharmonic.[17] In 1932, Enescu was elected a titular member of theRomanian Academy.[18] In 1935, he conducted theOrchestre Symphonique de Paris and Yehudi Menuhin (who had been his pupil for several years starting in 1927) in Mozart's Violin Concerto No. 3 in G major. He also conducted theNew York Philharmonic between 1937 and 1938. In 1939, he marriedMaria Tescanu Rosetti (known as Princess Maruca Cantacuzino through her first husband Mihail Cantacuzino), a good friend of Queen Marie of Romania. After the1939 Romanian general election, Enescu became a member of the Romanian Senate, being personally appointed by the KingCarol II of Romania.[19]
He was also renowned as a violin teacher. He began teaching at theMannes School of Music in 1948. His students includedYehudi Menuhin,Christian Ferras,Ivry Gitlis,Arthur Grumiaux,Serge Blanc,Ida Haendel,Uto Ughi, andJoan Field. (See:List of music students by teacher: C to F#George Enescu.)
He promoted contemporary Romanian music, playing works ofConstantin Silvestri,Mihail Jora,Ionel Perlea and Marțian Negrea.[20] Enescu considered Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin as the "Himalayas of violinists". An annotated version of this work brings together the indications of Enescu regarding sonority, phrasing, tempos, musicality, fingering and expression.[21]
Enescu died on 4 May 1955.[22] On his death, he was interred inPère Lachaise Cemetery, (48°51'43.8"N 2°23'30.8"E) in Paris.
Pablo Casals described Enescu as "the greatest musical phenomenon since Mozart"[23] and "one of the greatest geniuses ofmodern music".[24]Queen Marie of Romania wrote in her memoirs that "in George Enescu was real gold".[25] Yehudi Menuhin, Enescu's most famous pupil, once said about his teacher: "He will remain for me the absoluteness through which I judge others", and "Enescu gave me the light that has guided my entire existence."[26] He also considered Enescu "the most extraordinary human being, the greatest musician and the most formative influence" he had ever experienced.[27]Vincent d'Indy claimed that ifBeethoven's works were destroyed, they could be all reconstructed from memory by George Enescu.[28]Alfred Cortot, one of the greatest pianists of all time, once said that Enescu, though primarily a violinist, had better piano technique than his own.[29]
Enescu's only opera,Œdipe (Oedipe), was staged for the first time at theRoyal Opera House in London in 2016, 80 years after its Paris premiere, in a production directed and designed byLa Fura dels Baus which received superlative reviews inThe Guardian,[30]The Independent,[31]The Times[32] and other publications. An analysis of Enescu's work and the reasons why it is less known in the UK was published by musician Dominic Saunders inThe Guardian.[33]
Enescu founded theEnescu Prize in composition, which was awarded from 1913 to 1946, and afterwards by theNational University of Music Bucharest.[34]
Eugène Ysaÿe'sViolin Sonata No. 3 in D minor, subtitled "Ballade" (composed in 1923), was dedicated as an act of homage to fellow-violinist Enescu.[35]
While staying in Bucharest during the 1930s, Enescu lived in theCantacuzino Palace on Calea Victoriei and married its then owner, Maruca Cantacuzino, in 1939. After the Communist takeover, the couple occupied a part of it briefly before moving to Paris in 1947. Following Enescu's death in 1955, Maruca donated the palace to the Romanian state in order to organize a museum[1] in memory of the musician.[36] Likewise, the Symphony Orchestra of Bucharest and the George Enescu Festival—initiated by the musicologistAndrei Tudor[37][2] and supported by his friend, musical advocate, and sometime collaborator, the conductor George Georgescu—are named and held in his honor,[38] and the composer's childhood home inLiveni was inaugurated as a memorial museum in 1958.[39]
Earlier still, in 1947, his wife Maruca donated to the state the mansion nearMoinești where Enescu had lived and where he completed his operaOedipe, provided that a cultural centre be built there.[40] In Moinești itself there is a street named after the composer,[41] as well as a middle school.[42] In addition the renamed George Enescu International Airport atBacău is some twenty miles away.[43] Then in 2014 the home of Enescu's maternal grandfather inMihăileni, Botoșani, where the composer spent part of his childhood, was rescued from an advanced state of dilapidation by a team of volunteer architects and now houses a centre of excellence for the study of music.[44]
Enescu's portrait appeared on the redesigned5 lei Romanian banknote in 2005.[45]
| External audio | |
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| You may hear George Enescu'sRomanian Rhapsody No. 1 in A major, Op. 11 andRomanian Rhapsody No. 2 in D major, Op. 11Here on archive.org |
Three songs setting Lemaitre and PrudhommeFour songs setting Fernand GreghIn German:Various settings of Carmen Silva (Queen Elisabeth of Romania)In Romanian – 3 songs
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
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