George Catlin | |
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 George Catlin byWilliam Fisk, 1849 | |
| Born | (1796-07-26)July 26, 1796 |
| Died | December 23, 1872(1872-12-23) (aged 76) Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Litchfield Law School |
| Occupations | Lawyer Painter Author |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 4 |
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George Catlin (/kætlɪn/KAT-lin;[1] July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872)[2] was an American lawyer, painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits ofNative Americans in theAmerican frontier. Traveling to theAmerican West five times during the 1830s, Catlin wrote about and painted portraits that depicted the life of thePlains Indians. His early work included engravings, drawn from nature, of sites along the route of theErie Canal in New York State. Several of his renderings were published in one of the first printed books to use lithography,Cadwallader D. Colden'sMemoir, Prepared at the Request of a Committee of the Common Council of the City of New York, and Presented to the Mayor of the City, at the Celebration of the Completion of the New York Canals, published in 1825, with early images of theCity of Buffalo.[3][4]
Catlin was born in 1796 inWilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.[2][5] While growing up, George encountered "trappers, hunters, explorers and settlers who stayed with his family on their travels west."[5] Catlin was also intrigued by stories told to him by his mother, Polly Sutton, who had been captured by Indians during the 1778Battle of Wyoming inPennsylvania.[6] Like his father, Catlin trained atLitchfield Law School when he was 17, although he disliked the field of law.[5] He was admitted tothe Bar in 1819 and practiced law for two years before giving it up to travel and study art.[5]
In 1823, he studied art inPhiladelphia and became known for his work as aportraitist.[5] After a meeting with "tribal delegation of Indians from the western frontier, Catlin became eager to preserve a record of Native American customs and individuals."[5]
Catlin began his journey in 1830 when he accompanied GovernorWilliam Clark on a diplomatic mission up theMississippi River intoNative American territory.[5]St. Louis became Catlin's base of operations for five trips he took between 1830 and 1836, eventually visiting fifty tribes. Two years later he ascended theMissouri River more than 3000 km (1900 miles) toFort Union Trading Post, near what is now the North Dakota-Montana border, where he spent several weeks among indigenous people who were still relatively untouched by European culture.
He visited eighteen tribes, including thePawnee,Omaha, andPonca in the south and theMandan,Hidatsa,Cheyenne,Crow,Assiniboine, andBlackfeet to the north. There he produced the most vivid and penetrating portraits of his career. During later trips along theArkansas,Red, andMississippi rivers, as well as visits toFlorida and theGreat Lakes, he produced more than 500 paintings and gathered a substantial collection of artifacts.[citation needed]
When Catlin returned east in 1838, he assembled the paintings and numerous artifacts into his Indian Gallery, and began delivering public lectures that drew on his personal recollections of life among the American Indians. Catlin traveled with his Indian Gallery to major cities such asPittsburgh,Cincinnati, andNew York City. He hung his paintings salon style, side by side and one above another. Visitors identified each painting by the number on the frame, as listed in Catlin's catalogue. Soon after, he began a lifelong effort to sell his collection to the U.S. government. The touring Indian Gallery did not attract the paying public Catlin needed to stay financially sound, and theUnited States Congress rejected his initial petition to purchase the works.
In 1839, Catlin took his collection across theAtlantic for a tour of European capitals. As a showman andentrepreneur, he initially attracted crowds to his Indian Gallery in London, Brussels, and Paris. The French criticCharles Baudelaire remarked on Catlin's paintings, "He has brought back alive the proud and free characters of these chiefs, both their nobility and manliness."[7]
Catlin wanted to sell his Indian Gallery to the U.S. government to have his life's work preserved intact. His continued attempts to persuade various officials in Washington, D.C. to buy the collection failed. In 1852, he was forced to sell the original Indian Gallery, now 607 paintings, due to personal debts. The industrialist Joseph Harrison acquired the paintings and artifacts, which he stored in a factory in Philadelphia, as security.
Catlin spent the last 20 years of his life trying to re-create his collection, and recreated more than 400 paintings.[8] This second collection of paintings is known as the "Cartoon Collection", since the works are based on the outlines he drew of the works from the 1830s.
In 1841, Catlin publishedManners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, in two volumes, with approximately 300 engravings. Three years later he published 25 plates, entitledCatlin's North American Indian Portfolio, and, in 1848,Eight Years' Travels and Residence in Europe.
From 1852 to 1857, he traveled throughSouth andCentral America and later returned for further exploration in theAmerican West Coast. The record of these later years is contained inLast Rambles amongst the Indians of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes (1868) andMy Life among the Indians (ed. by N. G. Humphreys, 1909). Paintings of his Spanish American Indians are published.[9]
In 1872, Catlin traveled toWashington, D.C. at the invitation ofJoseph Henry, the first secretary of theSmithsonian. Until his death later that year inJersey City, New Jersey, Catlin worked in a studio at theSmithsonian Institution's "Castle". In 1879, Harrison's widow donated his original Indian Gallery, more than 500 works, along with related artifacts, to the Smithsonian.
The nearly complete surviving set of Catlin's first Indian Gallery, painted in the 1830s, is now part of theSmithsonian American Art Museum's collection. The associated Catlin artifacts are in the collections of the Department of Anthropology,National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian. Some 700 sketches are held by theAmerican Museum of Natural History inNew York City. Some artifacts from Catlin are in theUniversity of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology collections. TheHuntington Library inSan Marino, California also holds 239 of Catlin's illustrations of both North and South American Indians, and other illustrative and manuscript material by Catlin.
The accuracy of some of Catlin's observations has been questioned. He claimed to be the first white man to see theMinnesota pipestone quarries, and pipestone was namedcatlinite. Catlin exaggerated various features of the site, and his boastful account of his visit aroused his critics, who disputed his claim of being the first white man to investigate the quarry.[10] Previous recorded white visitors include theGroselliers andRadisson, FatherLouis Hennepin, Baron de Lahontan, and others.Lewis and Clark noted the pipestone quarry in their journals in 1805. The fur traderPhilander Prescott had written another account of the area in 1831.[11]
After the sale of Catlin's Indian Gallery was rebuffed by theU.S. Congress in May 1838, Catlin felt he could find a more receptive audience in Europe and moved his family to England in November 1839, then to Paris in 1845, and eventually lived in some obscurity inOstend.
Le Chat d'Ostende is one of the most unusual paintings in Catlin's later oeuvre, dated 1868 and inscribed with the title on the stretcher. It has been called "a folky depiction of a playful cat that bore much of the same technique, wonderment and enthusiasm exhibited in the artist's later depiction of Native Americans."[12] In 1871, after an absence of more than three decades, Catlin returned to the United States[13] and likely brought back the painting with him.
It resurfaced in 1957 in the private collection of Lee B. Anderson, a pioneer collector of American art, and was subsequently sold at Christies for $47,000 on 24 May 2000.[14] The painting reflects a playful quiet domesticity that contrasts sharply from the American bison that thundered across the Great Plains of the American West in the millions. The majestic long-haired cat itself bears some resemblance to a bison and exhibits a human-like face that may be a self-portrait given the play on words inherent in the subject matter and the artist's surname.[citation needed]
Catlin is also remembered for his research and writing onmouth breathing, inspired by observations made during his travels.[15] This interest is linked to his non-fiction work,The Breath of Life,[16] later retitled asShut Your Mouth and Save Your Life, in 1862.[17] It was based on his experiences traveling through the West, where he observed a consistent lifestyle habit among all of theNative American communities he encountered: a preference fornose breathing over mouth breathing. He also observed that they had perfectly straight teeth.[18]
He repeatedly heard that this was because they believed that mouth breathing made an individual weak and caused disease, while nasal breathing made the body strong and prevented disease.[18] He observed that mothers repeatedly closed the mouth of their infants while they were sleeping, in order to instill nasal breathing as a habit.[19] He wrote the book to document these observations, stating that "there is no person in society but who will find... improvement in health and enjoyment..." from keeping his or her mouth shut.[20]
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George Catlin met Clara Bartlett Gregory in 1828 in her hometown ofAlbany, New York. She was eager to escape her family home, not getting along with her father's third wife. After a brief courtship, Clara and George married on May 11, 1828. She was 19, and Catlin was 32.[21] After their marriage, she accompanied him on one of his journeys west. They eventually had four children.[22] Clara and his youngest son died ofconsumption while visiting Paris in 1845.[23]
Catlin died on December 23, 1872, aged 76 years inJersey City, New Jersey.[2] He is buried inGreen-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, with his wife and two of their children.
Catlin and his work figure repeatedly in the 2010 novelShadow Tag byLouise Erdrich, where he is the subject of the unfinished doctoral dissertation by the character Irene America.[26]
His 1834 paintingComanche Feats of Horsemanship was featured in the second episode of the HBO drama seriesWatchmen, "Martial Feats of Comanche Horsemanship", which was named for the painting.[27]
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{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)...nevertheless, the artist, who viewed himself as a visual historian documenting a "vanishing race," produced a wide array of portraits and landscapes that provide us with a partial glimpse into Indian Country from the late 1820s until the artist's death in 1872.
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