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George A. Barnard | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1915-09-23)23 September 1915 Walthamstow,London, England |
| Died | 30 July 2002(2002-07-30) (aged 86) Brightlingsea,Essex, England |
| Citizenship | United Kingdom |
| Education | University of Cambridge Princeton University |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Statistics |
| Institutions | Imperial College London University of Essex University of Waterloo |
| Doctoral advisor | Alonzo Church |
| Doctoral students | Dennis Lindley K. D. Tocher Vidyadhar P. Godambe |
George Alfred Barnard (23 September 1915 – 30 July 2002) was a Britishstatistician known particularly for his work on the foundations of statistics and onquality control.[1]
George Barnard was born inWalthamstow,London. His father was acabinet maker and his mother had been adomestic servant. His sisterDorothy Wedderburn became a sociologist and eventually Principal ofRoyal Holloway, University of London. Barnard attended the local grammar school, theMonoux School, and from there he won a scholarship toSt John's College, Cambridge, to read mathematics. In 1937 he went on toPrinceton University to do graduate work on mathematical logic withAlonzo Church.
Barnard was on holiday in Britain when theSecond World War started and he never went back to Princeton to finish his PhD. The war made Barnard into a statistician as it did for many mathematicians of his generation. In 1940 he joined an engineering firm,Plessey, as a mathematical consultant. In 1942 he moved to theMinistry of Supply to apply quality control and sampling methods to the products for which they were responsible. It was there that Barnard began doing statistics. The group he was put in charge of includedPeter Armitage,Dennis Lindley andRobin Plackett. Lindley recalls that they were like students working for a doctorate with Barnard as supervisor.Abraham Wald was in a similar group in the United States. Both groups developed sequential methods of sampling.
At the end of the war, Barnard went toImperial College London, as a lecturer, becoming a reader in 1948 and professor of mathematical statistics in 1954. In 1961 he was elected as aFellow of the American Statistical Association.[2] In 1966 he moved to the newly createdUniversity of Essex, from which he retired in 1975. Barnard, however, kept on doing statistics until he died aged 86. Until 1981 he spent much of each year at theUniversity of Waterloo,Canada, and after that he continued writing papers and corresponding with colleagues all over the world.
Barnard's best known contribution is probably his 1962 paper on likelihood inference but the paper he thought his best was the 1949 paper in which he first espoused thelikelihood principle. He had originally described the principle in the context of optional stopping. A statement byLeonard Savage brings out how surprising the principle first seemed:
I learned thestopping rule principle from Professor Barnard in ... 1952. Frankly, I then thought it a scandal that anyone in the profession could advance an idea so patently wrong, even as today I can scarcely believe that some people resist an idea so patently right.[3]
In an interview Barnard recalled, "my main interest above everything was politics from about 1933 until 1956. Well, that’s not true – until the end of the war it would be fair to say." At school he proposed the motion to the school debating society that "Socialism is preferable to Capitalism." He joined theCommunist Party of Great Britain in 1933 and took part in anti-fascist marches in the east end of London. The historianEric Hobsbawm, a fellow communist at Cambridge, recalled him as a "lean-and-hungry-looking mathematician from a working class family" who served as the "student Party's chief local commissar."[4] At Plessey he was chairman of the shop stewards.
Barnard served terms as president of three societies: Operational Research Society in 1962–1964, theInstitute of Mathematics and its Applications in 1970–1971, and theRoyal Statistical Society in 1971–1972. He was awarded theGuy Medal in Gold by the Royal Statistical Society in 1975.
In May 1986, Barnard was awarded anhonorary degree by theOpen University as Doctor of the university, and in 1994 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by theUniversity of Essex.
He married first, Helen J.B. Davis in 1942 and they had three sons. He married second, Mary M.L. Jones in 1949 and they had one son.[5] He was a Distinguished Supporter of theBritish Humanist Association.
Barnard died at his home in Essex in August 2002. Dennis Lindley, writing inThe Statistician, remarked that "We have lost a great statistician and a delightful human being."
In 1990 he made a book out of manuscripts left by his friend Egon Pearson:
After 1990 Barnard published little, although he kept up his letter writing. In 1996 however he produced a review of Barndorff-Nielsen and Cox after observing that, "A great virtue of the book is that it raises perhaps as many questions as it answers," Barnard went on to give his answer to one of those questions:
