Thegeology of Queensland can be subdivided into several regions with different histories. Along the east coast is a complex ofPalaezoic toCainozoic rocks while much of the rest of the state is covered byCretaceous and Cainozoic rocks.[1] APrecambrian basement is found in the north west andCape York regions. TheThomson Orogen occurs in the central and southern parts ofQueensland, but is mostly covered by younger basins.
TheNorth Queensland Orogen is along the coast fromCharters Towers toPrincess Charlotte Bay. The Bowen Gunndedah Sydney basin can be considered as one system that extends into Queensland. TheNew England Orogen is on the coastal parts from the border with New South Wales north toAyr.[2]
TheDrummond Basin is a geological basin in central and northern Queensland which consists of LateDevonian to earlyCarboniferous shallow-marine and continental sediments.[3]
The Precambrian basement in Queensland is west of theTasman Line. It includes elements such as the Mount Isa Orogen and the Georgetown Inlier.[4] The Mount Isa Orogen started with sediments, volcanics and intrusive rocks, and was deformed and metamorphosed during the Barramundi Orogeny 1870 Mya. Sedimentary layers formed on top, firstly felsic volcanic rocks from 1870 to 1850 Mya. Shallow water sediments formed from 1790 to 1705 Mya. Fine grained sediments and carbonate rocks formed from 1675 to 1590. Then this was folded in the Isan Orogeny 1620 to 1520 Mya, overlapping with sedimentation. At 1620 Mya the compressive force was north-south, but this changed to east-west at 1520 Mya The Kalkadoon Botholith and Ewn intruded the central Kalkadoon-Ewen Province between 180 and 1850 Mya. The Sybella Batholith intruded the Western Fold Belt around 1670 Mya. Other batholiths are the Wonga, Williams, and Naraku ranging from 1750 to 1490 Mya.[5]
The Murphy Province crosses over into the Northern Territory, consisting of the Murphy Metamorphics, the Nicholson Granite and Cliffdale Volcanics. It is from 1820 to 1730 Mya. North of the Murphy Province is theMcArthur Basin, also crossing the Northern Territory border. It consists of the Tawallah Group of sediments and volcanics from 1725 Mya and the McArthur Group tuff at 1740 Mya. The South Nicholson Basin is a basin straddling the Queensland-Northern Territory border, south of the above provinces.[5]
The Savannah Province on Cape York initially formed around 1585 to 1550 Mya as sediments, but are now converted to slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss and quartzite. They were intruded bydolerite andamphibolite. The Etheridge Province lies to the east. It started as a rift in the continent, between 1700 and 1650 Mya. This was deformed and intruded with granite and metamorphosed at 1550 Mya. The Croydon Province contains the Croydon Volcanic Group of acid volcanids, the EsmeraldaSupersuite granite, and quartz rich sediments of the Inorunie Group.[5]
The relatively shallowEromanga Sea was aninland sea that covered large parts of Queensland andCentral Australia at least four times during the earlyCretaceous. TheWinton Formation represent remnants of the river plains that filled the basin left by the Eromanga Sea. The formation is a major source of dinosaur fossils. TheToolebuc Formation which contains strata dating back to the early Cretaceous and is partly located in Queensland and the Northern Territory.
Stretching of the continental crust of theNew England Orogen in thePermian period formed the Bowen-Gunnedah-Sydney Basin System. This was aforeland basin fromPermian into theTriassic. Granites from this time also intruded. Frommiddle toLate Triassic an ocean arc collided. This folded and trusted the surface contents of the basin starting in the east extending to the west.[2]
The North Queensland Orogen is also denotated by the North Lachlan Orogen. The northernmost part is called the Hodgekinson Fold Belt.[4]
TheNorth Queensland Highlands is a physiographic region in northern Queensland. It includes theChillagoe Belt, Normanby Platform,Atherton Tableland, Mount Emu Lava Plains and the Cairns Littoral.
TheBowen Basin is partly overlaid by the Surat Basin. The basin contains the largest coal reserves in Australia. Open cut and underground coal mines are located in the north of the basin. Ports atHay Point, Queensland andGladstone provide access for coal to export markets. In theDenison Trough in the west of the basin contraction has generated a range of geometries.[6]
The Jurassic to CretaceousClarence Moreton Basin is found inSouth East Queensland across the border to New South Wales.
TheEromanga andSurat Basins are superimposed on the older rocks of the Lachlan Orogen. They are components of theGreat Artesian Basin. Beneath the Eromanga basin in the mantle below 200 km is a region of fast seismic wave transmission.[4] The Surat Basin is made up ofJurassic through toCretaceous agedsediments derived fromTriassic andPermian arc rocks of theHunter-Bowen orogeny.
TheGalilee Basin is apermian geological basin in the westernQueensland region of Australia.
TheCooper Basin is located inSouth West Queensland and is partly overlain by the Eromanga Basin. It contains some most important on-shore petroleum andnatural gas deposits in Australia.
The Queensland Government appointed its first geologistChristopher D'Oyly Hale Aplin on 1 April 1868, and the second oneRichard Daintree on 12 May 1868 to explore the northern regions. Their job was to look for gold. The jobs only lasted for one to two years as the parliament cut off funding for the Geological Survey. Daintree produced the first geological map of Queensland in 1872.
In 1875Augustus Charles Gregory was appointed as the geologist for the southern part of Queensland, andRobert Logan Jack started work in 1877 in Townsville. The focus extended beyond gold to coal as well.[7] In 1892 the Geological Survey moved from Townsville to Brisbane, establishing a museum. In 1893 the office was flooded and it moved to the intersection of George and Queen Streets.[8]
Queensland has significantcoal,coal seam gas andbauxite deposits and someoil shale andnatural gas reserves. Other minerals mined in the state include copper, lead, silver, zinc, gold, phosphate rock, magnesite and silica sand. Gemstones such assapphire,opal andchrysoprase are also mined in commercial quantities. Opal fields extend from theKoroit opal field inSouth West Queensland into New South Wales.
Significant fossil finds have been discovered atRiversleigh andMurgon fossil site.
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