54°0′N2°30′W / 54.000°N 2.500°W /54.000; -2.500
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| Continent | Europe |
|---|---|
| Region | Northwestern Europe |
| Coordinates | 54°0′N2°30′W / 54.000°N 2.500°W /54.000; -2.500 |
| Area | Ranked 78th |
| • Total | 244,376 km2 (94,354 sq mi) |
| • Land | 99.3% |
| • Water | 0.7% |
| Coastline | 12,429 km (7,723 mi) |
| Borders | 499 km (310 mi) land border withRepublic of Ireland |
| Highest point | Ben Nevis 1,345 m (4,413 ft) |
| Lowest point | The Fens −4 m (−13 ft) |
| Longest river | River Severn 354 km (220 mi) |
| Largest lake | Lough Neagh 392 km2 (151 sq mi) |
| Climate | Temperate, with some areas ofScotland beingTundra, andSubarctic |
| Terrain | Mountainous area to the north and west, lowland area to the south and east. |
| Natural resources | Coal, oil (continental shelf of the North Sea), natural gas, tin, limestone, iron, salt, clay, lead |
| Natural hazards | Storms, floods |
| Environmental issues | Biodiversity loss, sulphur dioxide emissions from power plants, some rivers are contaminated by agricultural waste, wastewater into the sea |
| Exclusive economic zone | In Europe: 773,676 km2 (298,718 sq mi) All overseas territories: 6,805,586 km2 (2,627,651 sq mi) |
| References | |
| [a][1][2] | |
TheUnited Kingdom is asovereign state located off the north-western coast ofcontinental Europe. The United Kingdom is made up of fourcountries –England,Scotland,Wales andNorthern Ireland. With a total area of approximately 244,376 square kilometres (94,354 sq mi),[a][1] the UK occupies the major part of theBritish Islesarchipelago and includes the island ofGreat Britain, the north-eastern one-sixth of the island ofIreland and many smaller surrounding islands.[3] It is the world's 7th largestisland country.[4] The mainland areas lie between latitudes 49°N and 59°N (theShetland Islands reach to nearly 61°N), and longitudes 8°W to 2°E. TheRoyal Observatory, Greenwich, in south-east London, is the defining point of thePrime Meridian.
The UK lies between theNorth Atlantic and theNorth Sea, and comes within 35 km (22 mi) of the north-west coast ofFrance, from which it is separated by theEnglish Channel. It shares a 499 km (310 mi) international land boundary with theRepublic of Ireland.[5][6] TheChannel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel now links the UK with France.
TheBritish Overseas Territories andCrown Dependencies are covered in their own respective articles,see below.
The total area of the United Kingdom according to theOffice for National Statistics is 244,376 square kilometres (94,354 sq mi),[a][1] comprising the island ofGreat Britain, the northeastern one-sixth of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland) and many smaller islands. This makes it the 7th largestisland country in the world.[4]England is the largestcountry of the United Kingdom, at 130,462 square kilometres (50,372 sq mi) accounting for just over half the total area of the UK.[a][1]Scotland at 78,801 square kilometres (30,425 sq mi), is second largest, accounting for about a third of the area of the UK.[a][1]Wales andNorthern Ireland are much smaller, covering 20,783 and 14,330 square kilometres (8,024 and 5,533 sq mi) respectively.[a][1]
The area of the countries of the United Kingdom is set out in the table below. Information about the area ofEngland, the largestcountry, is also broken down byregion.
| Rank | Name | Area |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | England ∟South West[7] | 132,938 km2 23,837 km2 |
| 2 | Scotland | 80,239 km2 |
| 3 | Wales | 21,225 km2 |
| 4 | Northern Ireland | 14,130 km2 |
| United Kingdom | 248,532 km2 | |
| Overseas territories | 1,727,570 km2 |
TheBritish Antarctic Territory, which covers an area of 1,709,400 km2 (660,000 sq mi) is geographically the largest of the British Overseas Territories followed by theFalkland Islands which covers an area of 12,173 km2 (4,700 sq mi). The remaining twelve overseas territories cover an area 5,997 km2 (2,315 sq mi).
Other countries with very similar land areas to the United Kingdom includeGuinea (slightly larger),Uganda,Ghana andRomania (all slightly smaller). The UK is the world's 80th largest country by land area and the 10th largest in Europe (if European Russia is included).
Thephysical geography of the UK varies greatly.England consists of mostly lowland terrain, with upland or mountainous terrain only found north-west of theTees–Exe line. The upland areas include theLake District, thePennines,North York Moors,Exmoor andDartmoor. The lowland areas are typically traversed by ranges of low hills, frequently composed ofchalk, and flat plains.Scotland is the most mountainous country in the UK and its physical geography is distinguished by theHighland Boundary Fault which traverses the Scottish mainland fromHelensburgh toStonehaven. The faultline separates the two distinctively different regions of theHighlands to the north and west, and theLowlands to the south and east. The Highlands are predominantly mountainous, containing the majority of Scotland's mountainous landscape, while the Lowlands contain flatter land, especially across theCentral Lowlands, with upland and mountainous terrain located at theSouthern Uplands.Wales is mostly mountainous, thoughsouth Wales is less mountainous thannorth andmid Wales.Northern Ireland consists of mostly hilly landscape and its geography includes theMourne Mountains as well asLough Neagh, at 388 square kilometres (150 sq mi), the largest body of water in the UK.[13]
The overallgeomorphology of the UK was shaped by a combination of forces includingtectonics andclimate change, in particularglaciation in northern and western areas.
The tallest mountain in the UK (and British Isles) isBen Nevis, in theGrampian Mountains, Scotland. The longest river is theRiver Severn which flows fromWales into England. The largest lake by surface area isLough Neagh in Northern Ireland, though Scotland'sLoch Ness has the largest volume.
The geology of the UK is complex and diverse, a result of it being subject to a variety ofplate tectonic processes over a very extended period of time. Changing latitude and sea levels have been important factors in the nature of sedimentary sequences, whilst successive continental collisions have affected itsgeological structure with major faulting and folding being a legacy of eachorogeny (mountain-building period), often associated withvolcanic activity and the metamorphism of existing rock sequences. As a result of this eventful geological history, the UK shows a rich variety oflandscapes.[14]
The oldest rocks in the British Isles are theLewisian gneisses, metamorphic rocks found in the far north-west of Scotland and in theHebrides (with a few small outcrops elsewhere), which date from at least 2,700 Ma (Ma = million years ago). South and east of the gneisses are a complex mixture of rocks forming the North WestHighlands andGrampian Highlands in Scotland. These are essentially the remains of foldedsedimentary rocks that were deposited between 1,000 Ma and 670 Ma over the gneiss on what was then the floor of theIapetus Ocean.
At 520 Ma, what is now Great Britain was split between twocontinents; the north of Scotland was located on the continent ofLaurentia at about 20° south of theequator, while the rest of the country was on the continent ofGondwana near theAntarctic Circle. In Gondwana, England andWales were largely submerged under a shallow sea studded withvolcanic islands. The remains of these islands underlie much of central England with small outcrops visible in many places.
About 500 Ma southern Britain, the east coast ofNorth America and south-eastNewfoundland broke away from Gondwana to form the continent ofAvalonia, which by 440 Ma had drifted to about 30° south. During this period north Wales was subject tovolcanic activity. The remains of these volcanoes are still visible, one example of which isRhobell Fawr dating from 510 Ma. Large quantities of volcaniclava and ash known as theBorrowdale Volcanics covered theLake District and this can still be seen in the form of mountains such asHelvellyn andScafell Pike.
Between 425 and 400 MaAvalonia had joined with the continent ofBaltica, and the combined landmass collided withLaurentia at about 20° south, joining the southern and northern halves ofGreat Britain together. The resultingCaledonian Orogeny produced anAlpine-style mountain range in much of north and west Britain.
The collision between continents continued during theDevonian period, producing uplift and subsequent erosion, resulting in the deposition of numerous sedimentary rock layers in lowlands and seas. TheOld Red Sandstone and the contemporary volcanics and marine sediments found inDevon originated from these processes.
Around 360 Ma Great Britain was lying at the equator, covered by the warm shallow waters of theRheic Ocean, during which time the Carboniferous Limestone was deposited, as found in theMendip Hills and thePeak District ofDerbyshire. Later,river deltas formed and the sediments deposited were colonised byswamps andrain forest. It was in this environment that theCoal Measures were formed, the source of the majority of Britain's extensivecoal reserves.
Around 280 Ma theVariscan orogeny mountain-building period occurred, again due to collision of continental plates, causing major deformation in south-west England. The general region of Variscan folding was south of an east–west line roughly from southPembrokeshire toKent. Towards the end of this periodgranite was formed beneath the overlying rocks ofDevon andCornwall, now exposed atDartmoor andBodmin Moor.
By the end of the Carboniferous period the various continents of the Earth had fused to form the super-continent ofPangaea.Britain was located in the interior of Pangea where it was subject to a hot arid desert climate with frequent flash floods leaving deposits that formed beds of redsedimentary rock.
As Pangaea drifted during theTriassic, Great Britain moved away from the equator until it was between 20° and 30° north. The remnants of the Variscan uplands inFrance to the south were eroded down, resulting in layers of the New Red Sandstone being deposited across central England.
Pangaea began to break up at the start of theJurassic period. Sea levels rose and Britain drifted on theEurasian Plate to between 31° and 40° north. Much of Britain was under water again, andsedimentary rocks were deposited and can now be found underlying much of England from theCleveland Hills ofYorkshire to theJurassic Coast inDorset. These includesandstones,greensands,ooliticlimestone of theCotswold Hills,corallian limestone of theVale of White Horse and theIsle of Portland. The burial ofalgae andbacteria below the mud of the seafloor during this time resulted in the formation ofNorth Sea oil andnatural gas.
The modern continents having formed, theCretaceous saw the formation of theAtlantic Ocean, gradually separating northern Scotland fromNorth America. The land underwent a series of uplifts to form a fertile plain. After 20 million years or so, the seas started to flood the land again until much of Britain was again below the sea, though sea levels frequently changed.Chalk andflints were deposited over much of Great Britain, now notably exposed at theWhite Cliffs of Dover and theSeven Sisters, and also formingSalisbury Plain.
Between 63 and 52 Ma, the last volcanic rocks in Great Britain were formed. The major eruptions at this time produced theAntrim Plateau, thebasaltic columns of theGiant's Causeway andLundy Island in theBristol Channel.
TheAlpine Orogeny that took place in Europe about 50 Ma, was responsible for the folding of strata in southern England, producing theLondon Basinsyncline, theWeald-Artois Anticline to the south, theNorth Downs,South Downs andChiltern Hills.
During the period theNorth Sea formed, Britain wasuplifted. Some of this uplift was along old lines of weakness left from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before. The uplifted areas were then eroded, and further sediments, such as theLondon Clay, were deposited over southern England.
The major changes during the last 2 million years were brought about byseveral recent ice ages. The most severe was theAnglian Glaciation, with ice up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) thick that reached as far south asLondon andBristol. This took place between about 478,000 to 424,000 years ago, and was responsible for the diversion of theRiver Thames onto its present course. During the most recentDevensian glaciation, which ended a mere 10,000 years ago, the icesheet reached south toWolverhampton andCardiff. Among the features left behind by the ice are thefjords of the west coast of Scotland, theU-shaped valleys of theLake District anderratics (blocks of rock) that have been transported from theOslo region ofNorway and deposited on the coast ofYorkshire.
Amongst the most significant geological features created during the last twelve thousand years are thepeat deposits of Scotland, and of coastal and upland areas of England and Wales.
At the present time Scotland is continuing to rise as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted. Southern and eastern England is sinking, generally estimated at 1 mm (1⁄25 in) per year, with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuingcompaction of the recent clay deposits.
The ten tallestmountains in the UK are all found in Scotland. The highest peaks in each part of the UK are:
The ranges of mountains andhills in the UK include:
The lowest point of the UK is inthe Fens ofEast Anglia, in England, parts of which lie up to 4 metres (13 ft) belowsea level.
The longest river in the UK is theRiver Severn (220 mi; 350 km) which flows through both Wales and England.
The longest rivers in the UK contained fully within each of its constituent nations are:
The largest lakes (by surface area) in the UK by country are:
The deepest lake in the UK isLoch Morar with a maximum depth of 309 metres (1,014 ft);Loch Ness is second at 228 metres (748 ft) deep. The deepest lake in England isWastwater which achieves a depth of 79 metres (259 ft).
Loch Ness is the UK's largest lake in terms of volume.
Main articles:Waterways in the United Kingdom,Canals of Great Britain,Dams and reservoirs in United Kingdom
As a result of its industrial history, the United Kingdom has an extensive system ofcanals, mostly built in the early years of theIndustrial Revolution, before the rise of competition from therailways. The United Kingdom also has numerousdams andreservoirs to store water for drinking and industry. The generation ofhydroelectric power is rather limited, supplying less than 2% of British electricity, mainly from the Scottish Highlands.
The UK has acoastline which measures about 12,429 km (7,723 mi).[15] The heavy indentation of the coastline helps to ensure that no location is more than 125 km (78 mi) from tidal waters.
The UK claims jurisdiction over thecontinental shelf, as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries, an exclusive fishing zone of 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi), and territorial sea of 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi).
The UK has anExclusive Economic Zone of 773,676 km2 (298,718 sq mi) inEurope. However, if all crown dependencies and overseas territories are included then the total EEZ is 6,805,586 km2 (2,627,651 sq mi) which is the 5th largest in the world.
The geology of the United Kingdom is such that there are many headlands along its coast. Alist of headlands of the United Kingdom details many of them.
A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 2,697 km2 (1,041 sq mi) of tidal flats in the United Kingdom, making it the 12th ranking country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there.[16]
In total, it is estimated that the UK is made up of over one thousand small islands, the majority located off the north and west coasts of Scotland. About 130 of these are inhabited according to the 2001 census.
The largest island in the UK isGreat Britain. The largest islands by constituent country areLewis and Harris in Scotland at 841 sq mi (2,180 km2), Wales'Anglesey at 276 sq mi (710 km2), theIsle of Wight in England at 147 sq mi (380 km2), andRathlin Island in Northern Ireland at roughly 6 sq mi (16 km2);
The climate of the UK is generallytemperate, although significant local variation occurs, particularly as a result of altitude and distance from the coast. In general the south of the country is warmer than the north, and the west wetter than the east. Due to the warming influence of theGulf Stream, the UK is significantly warmer than some other locations at a similar latitude, such asNewfoundland.
The prevailing winds are southwesterly, from theNorth Atlantic Current. More than 50% of the days are overcast.[17] There are few natural hazards, although there can be strong winds and floods, especially in winter.
Average annual rainfall varies from over 3,000 mm (118.1 in) in theScottish Highlands down to 553 mm (21.8 in) inCambridge. The county ofEssex is one of the driest in the UK, with an average annual rainfall of around 600 mm (23.6 in), although it typically rains on over 100 days per year. In some years rainfall in Essex can be below 450 mm (17.7 in), less than the average annual rainfall inJerusalem andBeirut.
The highest temperature recorded in the UK was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) atConingsby inLincolnshire, on 20 July 2022.[18] The lowest was −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) recorded atBraemar in theGrampian Mountains, Scotland, on 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 andAltnaharra, also in Scotland, on 30 December 1995.
| Rank | Urban area | Pop. | Principal settlement | Rank | Urban area | Pop. | Principal settlement | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Greater London | 9,787,426 | London | 11 | Bristol | 617,280 | Bristol | ||
| 2 | Greater Manchester | 2,553,379 | Manchester | 12 | Edinburgh | 512,150 | Edinburgh | ||
| 3 | West Midlands | 2,440,986 | Birmingham | 13 | Leicester | 508,916 | Leicester | ||
| 4 | West Yorkshire | 1,777,934 | Leeds | 14 | Belfast | 483,418 | Belfast | ||
| 5 | Greater Glasgow | 985,290 | Glasgow | 15 | Brighton & Hove | 474,485 | Brighton | ||
| 6 | Liverpool | 864,122 | Liverpool | 16 | South East Dorset | 466,266 | Bournemouth | ||
| 7 | South Hampshire | 855,569 | Southampton | 17 | Cardiff | 390,214 | Cardiff | ||
| 8 | Tyneside | 774,891 | Newcastle upon Tyne | 18 | Teesside | 376,633 | Middlesbrough | ||
| 9 | Nottingham | 729,977 | Nottingham | 19 | Stoke-on-Trent | 372,775 | Stoke-on-Trent | ||
| 10 | Sheffield | 685,368 | Sheffield | 20 | Coventry | 359,262 | Coventry | ||
The United Kingdom as a whole is governed by theParliament of the United Kingdom. The Parliament of the United Kingdom, based at thePalace of Westminster in London, only legislates forScotland,Wales andNorthern Ireland onreserved matters, such as national security, broadcasting and currency, as Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved governments and legislatures – theScottish Parliament,Senedd (Welsh Parliament) andNorthern Ireland Assembly respectively. Thedevolved governments and legislatures can make laws in a number of areas, such as culture, education
The Scottish Parliament has been described as "one of the most powerful devolved parliaments in the world",[22] and can legislate for Scotland in areas in which the Northern Ireland Assembly or Welsh Parliament cannot for their respective countries, such as in areas as the distribution of money from dormant bank accounts, policing, criminal investigations and private security, anti-social behaviour and public order, air gun licensing, consumer advocacy and advice, Pubs Code Regulations, Sunday trading, heating and cooling, policing of railways and railway property, public sector compensation, theCrown Estate, registration of births, deaths and places of worship, Registration of land, agricultural charges and debentures, bank holidays and marriage, family relationships, matters concerning children.[23][24]
By contrast, England has no devolved system of government, that is, the Parliament of the United Kingdom makes laws for England, as well as forreserved matters in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. England is governed by UK government ministers and legislated for by the UK parliament. TheLondon region has a devolved assembly but proposals for electedRegional Assemblies in England were rejected in the first referendum coveringNorth East England. (SeeGovernment of England.)
The UK (specifically, Northern Ireland) has an international land boundary with theRepublic of Ireland of 499 km.[5][6] There is also a boundary between the jurisdiction of France and the UK on the Channel Tunnel.
Each part of the UK is subdivided into further local governmental regions:
Historically the UK was divided into counties orshires: administrative areas through which all civil responsibilities of thegovernment were passed. Each county or shire had acounty town as its administrative centre and was divided into individualparishes that were defined alongecclesiastic boundaries.
Between 1889 (1890 in Scotland) and 1974, the political boundaries were based on the traditional counties, but due to changes in population centres, the traditional counties became impractical as local government areas in certain highly urbanised areas. TheLocal Government Act 1972 created a new system of administrative counties, designed to take account of the widely differing populations across different parts of the country.
In the 1990s further population growth led to more political changes on a local level.Unitary authorities were formed across the entirety of Scotland and Wales, and in largercities in England. Many unpopular administrative counties were also abolished at this time, leading to a mixture of two-tier and single-purpose authorities. Further reorganisations are planned if and when regional assemblies in England are revisited in the future.
The economic geography of the UK reflects not only its current position in the global economy, but its long history both as a trading nation and animperial power.
The UK led theIndustrial Revolution and its highly urban character is a legacy of this, with all its major cities being current or former centres of various forms of manufacturing. However, this in turn was built on itsexploitation of natural resources, especiallycoal andiron ore.
The UK's primary industry was once dominated by thecoal industry, heavily concentrated in the north, theMidlands andsouth Wales. This is all but gone and the major primary industry isNorth Sea oil. Its activity is concentrated on theUK Continental Shelf to the north-east ofScotland.
The UK's heavy manufacturing drove the industrial revolution. A map of the major UK cities gives a good picture of where this activity occurred, in particularBelfast,Birmingham,Glasgow,Liverpool,London,Manchester,Newcastle andSheffield. Today there is no heavy manufacturing industry in which UK-based firms can be considered world leaders. However, areas of the UK still have a notable manufacturing base, including theMidlands which remains a strong manufacturing centre, and theNorth West which accounts for 60% of the United Kingdom's manufacturing output.[25] More recently, high technology firms have concentrated largely along theM4 motorway, partly because of access toHeathrow Airport, but also because of agglomeration economies.
Once, every large city had astock exchange. Now, the UK financial industry is concentrated overwhelmingly in theCity of London andCanary Wharf, with back office and administrative operations often dispersed around the south of England. London is one of the world's great financial centres and is usually referred to as aworld city. There is also a significant legal andebusiness industry inLeeds.
The effect of changing economic fortune has contributed to the creation of the so-calledNorth-South divide, in which decaying industrial and ex-industrial areas of Northern England, Scotland and Wales contrast with the wealthy, finance and technology-led southern economy. This has led successive governments to developregional policy to try to rectify the imbalance. However, this is not to say that the north–south divide is uniform; some of the worst pockets of deprivation can be found inLondon, whilst parts ofCheshire andNorth Yorkshire are very wealthy. Nor is theNorth-South divide limited to the economic sphere; cultural and political divisions weigh heavily too.
Agriculture in the UK is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards. It produces approximately 60% of the nation's food needs while employing about 1.4% of the labor force. In 2023, the agricultural sector contributed £13.7 billion to the UK economy, withEngland accounting for 73% of this output. The sector's workforce totaled 462,100 individuals, distributed as follows: 63% in England, 14% inScotland, and 11% each inNorthern Ireland andWales.[26]
The distribution of agricultural production value in 2023 was as follows:[26][27]
The UK possesses a variety ofgeological resources, includingcoal,petroleum,natural gas,limestone,chalk,gypsum,silica,rock salt,china clay,iron ore,tin,silver,gold, andlead. Historically, these resources have underpinned the nation's industrial development. However, the contribution of primary energy production to the UK's GDP has seen a decline over the decades. In 2023, the energy to GDP ratio was 73 metric tons of oil equivalent per million British pounds, reflecting a decrease in energy production's share of the economy.[27]
Given its extensive coastline, the UK has significant potential for generating electricity from wave and tidal energy.[28][29] Studies estimate thattidal stream energy could provide up to 11% of the UK's electricity demand, representing an installed capacity of 11.5 GW and contributing up to £17 billion to the economy by 2050.[30] Additionally, the UK's wave energy potential is substantial, with an average wave energy density of 32.5 kilowatts per meter along its 12,429 km coastline. The theoretical annual wave energy potential is estimated at 3,538terawatt-hours, which is approximately 11 times the nation's current electricity consumption.[31]
Despite this potential, as of 2022,marine energy (including wave and tidal) contributed only 11 gigawatt-hours to the UK's electricity generation. This indicates that while the resources are abundant, their commercial exploitation remains limited.[32]
Efforts are ongoing to harness these renewable energy sources.[33][28] For instance, the Severn Estuary Commission has recommended the development of tidal energy lagoons to boost economic growth and provide renewable energy, emphasizing the need for government support to initiate such projects.[34][33]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(October 2022) |
England is one of the most densely populated countries/regions in the world, and the most densely populated major nation in Europe.[35] The high population density (especially in the southeast of England) coupled with a changing climate, is likely to put extreme pressure on the United Kingdom's water resources in the future.[36]
The United Kingdom is reducinggreenhouse gas emissions. It has metKyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1999 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010. By 2015, to recycle or compost at least 33% of household waste. Between 1998-99 and 1999–2000, householdrecycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3% respectively.
According to a 2018 survey for theWorld Wide Fund for Nature, the United Kingdom is one of the most nature-depleted countries in the world, coming in 189th place out of 218 countries.[37][38]
The United Kingdom is a party to many international agreements, including:Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,Antarctic Seals,Antarctic Treaty,Biodiversity,Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,Wetlands andWhaling.
The UK has signed, but not ratified, the international agreement on Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants.
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