Geography of the Maldives

Continent	South Asia
Region	Indian Ocean
Coordinates	3°15′N73°00′E / 3.250°N 73.000°E /3.250; 73.000
Area	Ranked 186th
• Total	298 km2 (115 sq mi)
• Land	100%
• Water	0%
Coastline	1,129 km (702 mi)
Borders	None
Highest point	Mount Villingili in theAddu Atoll 5.1 metres (17 ft)
Lowest point	Indian Ocean 0 m
Exclusive economic zone	923,322 km2 (356,497 mi2)

Maldives is anisland country in the Indian Ocean, South Asia, south-southwest of India. It has a total land size of 298 km² (115 mi²) which makes it the smallest country in Asia. It consists of approximately 1,190 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26atolls, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres, making this one of the most geographically dispersed countries in the world. It has the 31st largestexclusive economic zone of 923,322 km² (356,497 mi²).^{[citation needed]} Composed of livecoral reefs andsand bars, the atolls are situated atop asubmarine ridge, 960 km (600 mi) long that rises abruptly from the depths of the Indian Ocean and runs from north to south.^[1] Only near the southern end of this natural coral barricade do two open passages permit safe ship navigation from one side of the Indian Ocean to the other through the territorial waters of Maldives.^[1] For administrative purposes the Maldives government organised these atolls into twenty-oneadministrative divisions.^[2]

The largest island of Maldives isGan, which belongs to Laamu Atoll or Hahdhummathi Maldives.^[3] InAddu Atoll the westernmost islands are connected by roads over the reef and the total length of the road is 14 km (8.7 mi).^[4]

Mostatolls of the Maldives consist of a large, ring-shapedcoral reef supporting numerous small islands. Islands average only one to two square kilometres in area, and lie between 1–1.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) above mean sea level.^[1] Although some of the larger atolls are approximately 50 km (31 mi) long from north to south, and 30 km (19 mi) wide from east to west, no individual island is longer than eight kilometres.^[5]

The Maldives has no hills, but some islands havedunes which can reach 2.4 metres (7.9 feet) above sea level, like the NW coast ofHithadhoo (Seenu Atoll) inAddu Atoll. The islands are too small to have rivers, but small lakes and marshes can be found in some of them.^{[citation needed]}

On average, each atoll has approximately 5 to 10 inhabited islands; the uninhabited islands of each atoll number approximately 20 to 60.^[1] Some atolls, however, consist of one large, isolated island surrounded by a steep coral beach. The most notable example of this type of atoll is the large island of Fuvahmulah situated in theEquatorial Channel.^[1]

Thetropical vegetation of Maldives differs in the inhabited and in the uninhabited islands. Inhabited islands have small groves of banana,papaya,drumstick andcitrus trees by the homesteads, whilebreadfruit trees andcoconut palms are grown in available patches of land. On the other hand, uninhabited islands have mostly different kinds of bushes (magū,boshi) andmangroves (kuredi,kandū) along the waterline as well as some coconut trees.^[6]

Some islands aremarshy, while others are higher owing to sand and gravel having been piled up by wave action.^{[citation needed]} Often the soil is highlyalkaline, and a deficiency in nitrogen, potash, and iron severely limits agricultural potential.^[1] Ten per cent of the land, or about 26 km², is cultivated with taro, bananas, coconuts, and other fruit.^[1] Only the lush island of Fuvammulah produces fruits such as oranges and pineapples – partly because the terrain of Fuvammulah sits higher than most other islands, leaving the groundwater less subject to seawater penetration.^[1] However, as population grows, even in this island the cultivated areas are shrinking rapidly.^{[citation needed]}

Freshwater floats in a layer known as "Ghyben-Herzberg lens" above the seawater that permeates the limestone and coral sands of the islands.^[1] These lenses are shrinking rapidly on Male and on many islands where there are resorts catering to foreign tourists.^[1]Mango trees already have been reported dying on Male because of salt penetration.^[1] Most residents of the atolls depend on groundwater or rainwater for drinking purposes.^[1]

The temperature of Maldives ranges between 24 and 33 °C (75.2 and 91.4 °F) throughout the year.^[1] Although the humidity is relatively high, the constant sea breezes help to keep the air moving.^[1] Two seasons dominate Maldives' weather: the dry season associated with the winter northeast monsoon and the rainy season brought by the summer southwest monsoon.^[1] Because the Maldives is the lowest country anywhere in the world, with the highest elevation in the island nation being slightly less than 8 feet, the temperature is constantly high and rarely falls below 25 °C (77 °F), even at night.^{[citation needed]} The annual rainfall averages 2,540 millimetres (100 in) in the north and 3,810 millimetres (150 in) in the south.^[1]

The weather in Maldives is affected by the large landmass of South Asia to the north.^[1] The presence of this landmass causes differential heating of land and water.^[1] Scientists also cite other factors in the formation of monsoons, including the barrier of the Himalayas on the northern fringe of the South Asia and the sun's northward tilt, which shifts the jet stream north.^[1] These factors set off a rush of moisture-rich air from the Indian Ocean over the South Asia, resulting in the southwest monsoon.^[1] The hot air that rises over the South Asia during April and May creates low-pressure areas into which the cooler, moisture-bearing winds from the Indian Ocean flow.^[1] In Maldives, the wet southwest monsoon lasts from the end of April to the end of October and brings the worst weather with strong winds and storms.^[1] In May 1991 violent monsoon winds created tidal waves that damaged thousands of houses and piers, flooded arable land with seawater, and uprooted thousands of fruit trees.^[1] The damage caused was estimated at US$30 million.^[1]

The shift from the moist southwest monsoon to the dry northeast monsoon over the South Asia occurs during October and November.^[1] During this period, the northeast winds contribute to the formation of the northeast monsoon, which reaches Maldives in the beginning of December and lasts until the end of March.^[1] However, the weather patterns of Maldives do not always conform to the monsoon patterns of the South Asia.^[1] Rain showers over the whole country have been known to persist for up to one week during the midst of the dry season.^[1]

This section is an excerpt fromClimate change in the Maldives.[edit]

Climate change is a major issue for theMaldives. As an archipelago oflow-lying islands andatolls in the Indian Ocean, the existence of the Maldives is severely threatened bysea level rise. By 2050, 80% of the country could become uninhabitable due to global warming.^[9] According to theWorld Bank, with "future sea levels projected to increase in the range of 10 to 100 centimeters by the year 2100, the entire country could be submerged".^[10] The Maldives is striving toadapt to climate change, and Maldivian authorities have been prominent in internationalpolitical advocacy to implementclimate change mitigation.

Area:
total:298 square kilometres (115.1 square miles)
land:298 km²
water:0 km²

Coastline:644 kilometres (400 mi)

Maritime claims:measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
territorial sea:12nautical miles (22.2 kilometres; 13.8 miles)
contiguous zone:24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
exclusive economic zone:923,322 km² (356,497 mi²; 269,198 sq nmi)

Elevation extremes:
lowest point:Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point:unnamed location onVilingili Island in theAddu Atoll 2.4 metres (7.9 ft). The Maldives have the lowest high-point of any country in the world.

Natural resources:^[11]fish

Land use:
arable land:10%
permanent crops:10%
other:80% (2011)

Irrigated land:0 km² (2003)

Total renewable water resources:0.03 km³ (2011)

Natural hazards:tsunamis; low level of islands makes them very sensitive tosea level rise.
Some scientists fear it could be underwater by 2050 or 2100. The UN's environmental panel has warned that, at current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the country uninhabitable by 2100.^[12][13]PresidentMohamed Nasheed aims to turn the Maldives into an entirelycarbon neutral nation by 2020.^[14]

Environment – current issues:depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies, global warming and sea level rise, coral reef bleaching^[11]

Environment – international agreements:Biodiversity, Climate Change,Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution^[11]

This section is an excerpt fromFloods in the Maldives.[edit]

Flooding occurs in theMaldives due to itstropical monsoon climate, which is characterized by two distinctmonsoon seasons: thenortheast monsoon, and thesouthwest monsoon.^[15] The southwest monsoon, which occurs from May to November, brings significant rainfall,^[16] leading to floods. There were 128 reported flooding incidents in 2022.^[17][18] Floods in the Maldives are also caused by heavy rainfall, inadequatedrainage systems,sea level rise associated with climate change, andtidal surges.^[19]

• Position: degree oflatitude: 07° 06'30" N to 00° 41'48" S and degree oflongitude: 72° 32'30" E to 73° 45'54" E westside of India and Sri Lanka.
• Range: in length approx. 750 km (from north to south) / in width approx. 120 km (from west to east)
• Land territory: 1,196 mostly deserted islands with a total area of approx. 298 km².
• The islands are in average 1.8 m above sea level.
• Distances: shortest distance to India: approx. 340 km and to Sri Lanka approx. 700 km.

• India (Laccadives)

• Atolls of the Maldives, for an in-depth description of the atolls

• Geography of the Maldives
• Geography of the Indian Ocean

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