 | |
| Continent | Europe |
|---|---|
| Region | Northern Europe |
| Coordinates | 50 degrees north and 8 degrees east |
| Area | Ranked 67th |
| • Total | 323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi) |
| • Land | 94.95% |
| • Water | 5.05% |
| Coastline | 25,148 km (15,626 mi) |
| Borders | Total land borders: 2515 km |
| Highest point | Galdhøpiggen 2,469 m |
| Lowest point | Norwegian Sea -0 meters |
| Longest river | Glomma 604 km |
| Largest lake | Mjøsa 362 km2 |
| Exclusive economic zone | Norway withSvalbard,Jan Mayen andBouvet Island: 2,385,178 km2 (920,922 sq mi) |
Norway is a country located inNorthern Europe in the northern and western parts of theScandinavian Peninsula. The majority of the country borders water, including theSkagerrak inlet to the south, theNorth Sea to the southwest, the NorthAtlantic Ocean (Norwegian Sea) to the west, and theBarents Sea to the north. It has a land border withSweden to the east; to the northeast it has a shorter border withFinland and an even shorter border withRussia.
Norway has an elongated shape, one of the longest and most rugged coastlines in the world, and there are a total of 320,249 islands and islets (239,057 islands and 81,192 islets) along its much-indented coastline, according to Kartverket (the official Norwegian mapping agency). It is one of the world's northernmost countries, and it is one of Europe's most mountainous countries, with large areas dominated by theScandinavian Mountains. The country's average elevation is 460 metres (1,510 ft), and 32 percent of the mainland is located above thetree line. Its country-length chain of peaks is geologically continuous with the mountains ofScotland,Ireland, and, after crossing under theAtlantic Ocean, theAppalachian Mountains ofNorth America. Geologists hold that all these formed a single range before thebreakup of the ancientsupercontinentPangaea.[1]
During theLast Glacial Period, as well as in many earlier ice ages, virtually the entire country was covered with a thickice sheet. The movement of the ice carved out deepvalleys. As a result of the ice carving,Sognefjorden is the world's second deepestfjord andHornindalsvatnet is the deepestlake inEurope. When the ice melted, the sea filled many of these valleys, creating Norway's famousfjords.[2] Theglaciers in the higher mountain areas today are not remnants of the large ice sheet of the ice age—their origins are more recent.[3] The regionalclimate was up to 1–3 °C (1.8–5.4 °F) warmer in 7000 BC to 3000 BC in theHolocene climatic optimum, (relative to the 1961-90 period), melting the remaining glaciers in the mountains almost completely during that period.
Even though it has long since been released from the enormous weight of the ice, the land is stillrebounding several millimetres a year. This rebound is greatest in the eastern part of the country and in the inner parts of the long fjords, where the ice cover was thickest. This is a slow process, and for thousands of years following the end of the ice age, the sea covered substantial areas of what is today dry land. This old seabed is now among the most productive agricultural lands in the country.[citation needed]
The total area of Norway is 324,220 km2 (125,180 sq mi), with 16,360 km2 (6,320 sq mi) being water. WithSvalbard andJan Mayen included, the total area is 385,199 km2 (148,726 sq mi).[citation needed]
Of its 2,515 km (1,563 mi) land boundary, it shares 1,619 km (1,006 mi) with Sweden, 729 km (453 mi) with Finland, and 196 km (122 mi) with Russia.[citation needed]
The continentalcoastline of Norway is 25,148 km (15,626 mi); with islands included, it is 83,281 km (51,748 mi)[4]
Norway'sexclusive economic zone (EEZ) totals 2,385,178 km2 (920,922 sq mi). It is one of the largest in Europe and the 17th-largest in the world. The EEZ along the mainland makes up 878,575 km2 (339,220 sq mi), the Jan Mayen EEZ makes up 29,349 km2 (11,332 sq mi), and since 1977 Norway has claimed an economic zone around Svalbard of 803,993 km2 (310,423 sq mi). Norway also has maritime claims of 10 nmi (18.5 km; 11.5 mi) for the contiguous zone, 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) for the continental shelf, and 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) for the territorial sea.[citation needed]
 | This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
.jpg)
Mainland Norway comprises an extensive range of natural variation, given its moderate size, including both terrestrial, marine, limnic and snow and ice ecosystems. Norway has a high mineral and bedrock diversity, and high diversity of landforms. Major landscape types include inland hills and mountains, inland valleys, inland plains, coastal plains, coastal fjords and coastal hills and mountains.[5] Glaciated; mostly high plateaus andrugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra only in the extreme northeast (largely found on theVaranger Peninsula). Frozen ground all year can also be found in the higher mountain areas and in the interior ofFinnmark county.Numerous glaciers are also found in Norway.
The highest point isGaldhøpiggen at 2,469 metres (8,100 ft), and the lowest point is theNorwegian Sea at 0 m.
TheScandinavian Mountains are the most defining feature of the country. Starting withSetesdalsheiene north of theSkagerrak coast, the mountains are found in large parts of the country and intersect the many fjords ofVestlandet. This region includesHardangervidda,Jotunheimen (withGaldhøpiggen at 2,469 metres (8,100 ft)a.s.l.),Sognefjell, andTrollheimen in the north, with large glaciers, such asJostedalsbreen,Folgefonna, andHardangerjøkulen. The mountain chain swings eastwards south of Trondheim, with ranges such asDovrefjell andRondane, and reaches the border with Sweden, where they have become mostly gently sloping plateaus. The mountains then follow the border in a northeasterly direction and are known asKjølen (the "keel"). The mountains intersect many fjords inNordland andTroms, where they become more alpine and create many islands after they meet the sea. The Scandinavian mountains form theLyngen Alps, which reach into northwesternFinnmark, gradually becoming lower fromAltafjord towards theNorth Cape, where they finally end at theBarents Sea.
The Scandinavian Mountains naturally divide the country into physical regions;valleys surround the mountains in all directions.
Insouthern Norway, the southern Skagerrak andNorth Sea coast is the lowland south of the mountain range, from Stavanger in the west to the western reaches of the outer part of theOslofjord in the east. In this part of the country, valleys tend to follow a north–south direction. This area is mostly hilly, but with some very flat areas such asLista andJæren.
The land east of the mountains (corresponding toØstlandet, most ofTelemark, andRøros Municipality) is dominated by valleys running in a north–south direction in the eastern part, and in a more northwest–southeast direction further west, the valleys terminating at the Oslofjord. The longest valleys in the country are here—Østerdal andGudbrandsdal. This region also contains large areas of lowland surrounding the Oslofjord, as well as theGlomma River and LakeMjøsa.
The land west of the mountains (corresponding toVestlandet north of Stavanger) is dominated by the mountain chain, as the mountains extend, gradually becoming lower, all the way to the coast. This region is dominated by large fjords, the largest beingSognefjord andHardangerfjord.Geirangerfjord is often regarded as having the ultimate in fjord scenery. The coast is protected by a chain ofskerries (small, uninhabited islands—the Skjærgård) that are parallel to the coast and provide the beginning of a protected passage for almost the entire 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) route fromStavanger toNordkapp. In the south, fjords and most valleys generally run in a west–east direction, and, in the north, in a northwest–southeast direction.
The land north ofDovre Municipality (corresponding toTrøndelag county, exceptRøros Municipality) comprises a more gentle landscape with more rounded shapes and mountains, and with valleys terminating at theTrondheimsfjord, where they open up onto a large lowland area. Further north is the valley ofNamdalen, opening up in theNamsos area. However, theFosen peninsula and the most northern coast (Leka Municipality) is dominated by higher mountains and narrower valleys.
The land further north inNorthern Norway (corresponding to Nordland,Troms, and northwesternFinnmark) is again dominated by steep mountains going all the way to the coast and by numerous fjords. The fjords and valleys generally lie in a west–east direction in the southern part of this area, and a more northwest–southeast direction further north. TheSaltfjellet mountain range is an exception, as the valley runs in a more north–south direction from these mountains. This long, narrow area includes many large islands, such asLofoten,Vesterålen, andSenja.
The interior and the coast east ofNordkapp (corresponding toFinnmarksvidda and eastern Finnmark) is less dominated by mountains, and is mostly below 400 m (1,300 ft). The interior is dominated by the largeFinnmarksvidda plateau. There are large, wide fjords running in a north–south direction. This coast lacks the small islands, orskerries, typical of the Norwegian coast. Furthest to the east, theVarangerfjord runs in an east–west direction and is the only large fjord in the country whose mouth is to the east.
Further north, in theArctic Ocean, lies theSvalbard archipelago, which is also dominated by mountains that are mostly covered by large glaciers, especially in the eastern part of the archipelago, where glaciers cover more than 90%, with one glacier,Austfonna, being the largest in Europe. Unlike on the mainland, these glacierscalve directly into the open ocean.
To the far northwest, halfway towardsGreenland, isJan Mayen island, where the only active volcano in Norway,Beerenberg, is found.
Norway has severalterritorial claims in Antarctica and on its islands.Bouvet Island is located in theSouth Atlantic Ocean at54°S and mostly covered by glaciers, this island is one of the most remote in the world, inhabited only byseals and birds.Peter I Island is located in the SouthPacific Ocean at69°S and90°W, this island is dominated by glaciers and a volcano. As with Bouvet Island, this island is regarded as an externaldependency, and not part of the kingdom.Queen Maud Land is Norway's continental claim in Antarctica. The large,sectorial area stretches to theSouth Pole and is completely dominated by the world's largestice sheet and with somenunataks (bare rock) penetrating above the ice. TheTroll Research Station is operated by theNorwegian Polar Institute and is located on a snow-free mountain slope, the only station in Antarctica not to be located on the ice.
| This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Geography of Norway" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The climate of Norway is relatively temperate. This is mainly due to theNorth Atlantic Current with its extension, theNorwegian Current, raising the air temperature;[6] the prevailing southwesterlies bringing mild air onshore; and the general southwest–northeast orientation of the coast, which allows the westerlies to penetrate into theArctic.
Norway is among Europe's wettest countries, but with large variation in precipitation amount due to the terrain with mountain chains resulting in orographic precipitation but also creating rain shadows. In some regions, locations with vastly different precipitation amounts can be fairly close. Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and winter along the coast, while April to June is the driest. The innermost parts of the long fjords are somewhat drier. The regions east of the mountain chain (includingOslo) have a more continental climate with generally less precipitation, and precipitation peaks in summer and early autumn, while winter and spring tend to be driest. A large area in the interior of Finnmark receive less than 450 mm (17.7 in) of precipitation annually. Some valleys surrounded by mountains get very scarce precipitation, and often need irrigation in summer.
The coast experiences milder winters than other areas at the same latitudes. The average temperature difference between the coldest month and the warmest is only 10–15 °C (18–27 °F) in coastal areas. The differences of inland areas are larger, with a maximum difference of 28 °C (50 °F) inKarasjok.
Bø Municipality is the most northerly location in the world where all winter months have mean temperatures above 0 °C (32 °F). Temperature differences between the north and south are greatest in the spring; this is also the time of year when daytime and nighttime temperatures differ the most. Inland valleys and the innermost fjord areas have less wind and see the warmest summer days. Inland areas reach their peak warmth around mid-July and coastal areas by the first half of August. Humidity is usually low in summer.
The North Atlantic Current splits in two over the northern part of the Norwegian Sea, one branch going east into the Barents Sea and the other going north along the west coast ofSpitsbergen. This modifies the Arcticpolar climate somewhat and results in open water throughout the year at higherlatitudes than any other place in the Arctic. On the eastern coast of theSvalbardarchipelago, the sea used to be frozen during most of the year, but warming has led to open waters lasting noticeably longer. Atlantic lows bringing mild winds in winter further warmed byfoehn can give warm temperatures in narrow fjords in winter, Compared to coastal areas, inland valleys and the innermost fjord areas have largerdiurnal temperature variations, especially in spring and summer.
All populated areas of the Norwegian mainland have temperate or subarctic climates (Köppen groupsC andD). Svalbard and Jan Mayen have a polar climate (Köppen groupE). As a consequence of warming since 1990, summers are warmer and longer and winters are getting shorter and milder. With the new official 1991-2020 climate normal, many areas have seen theirclimate change to a new climate zone compared to 1961-90 normal. Snow cover has also decreased in most populated areas due to winter warming. The strongest warming has been observed on Svalbard. In addition to warming, precipitation has increased in most areas, especially in winter, increasingerosion and the risk oflandslides.
| Climate data for Oslo - Blindern 1991-2020 (Köppen: Cfb/Dfb) (94 m, extremes since 1900) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.5 (54.5) | 13.8 (56.8) | 21.5 (70.7) | 25.4 (77.7) | 31.1 (88.0) | 33.7 (92.7) | 35.0 (95.0) | 33.6 (92.5) | 26.4 (79.5) | 21.0 (69.8) | 14.4 (57.9) | 12.6 (54.7) | 35.0 (95.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) | 1.1 (34.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 11.0 (51.8) | 16.7 (62.1) | 20.4 (68.7) | 22.7 (72.9) | 21.3 (70.3) | 16.4 (61.5) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.4 (39.9) | 0.8 (33.4) | 10.8 (51.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) | −2 (28) | 1.4 (34.5) | 6.2 (43.2) | 11.4 (52.5) | 15.3 (59.5) | 17.7 (63.9) | 16.5 (61.7) | 12.1 (53.8) | 6.5 (43.7) | 2.2 (36.0) | −1.4 (29.5) | 7.0 (44.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.7 (23.5) | −4.7 (23.5) | −2.1 (28.2) | 2.1 (35.8) | 6.8 (44.2) | 10.8 (51.4) | 13.4 (56.1) | 12.5 (54.5) | 8.6 (47.5) | 3.8 (38.8) | -0.0 (32.0) | −3.9 (25.0) | 3.6 (38.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −26.0 (−14.8) | −24.9 (−12.8) | −21.3 (−6.3) | −14.9 (5.2) | −3.4 (25.9) | 0.7 (33.3) | 3.7 (38.7) | 3.7 (38.7) | −3.3 (26.1) | −8.0 (17.6) | −16.0 (3.2) | −20.8 (−5.4) | −26.0 (−14.8) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 57.9 (2.28) | 45.6 (1.80) | 41.3 (1.63) | 48.4 (1.91) | 60.1 (2.37) | 79.7 (3.14) | 86.7 (3.41) | 102.8 (4.05) | 82.2 (3.24) | 93.4 (3.68) | 84.6 (3.33) | 53.6 (2.11) | 836.3 (32.95) |
| Average precipitation days | 9.8 | 7.3 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 10.1 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 9.4 | 10.9 | 10.7 | 9.2 | 114.3 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 45.1 | 77.6 | 146.5 | 182.0 | 248.0 | 230.3 | 244.1 | 203.8 | 150.1 | 94 | 50.9 | 40.0 | 1,712.4 |
| Averageultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Source: Seklima[7] | |||||||||||||
European windstorms with hurricane-strength winds along the coast and in the mountains are not uncommon.[citation needed]Avalanches on steep slopes, especially in the northern part of the country and in mountain areas.Landslides have been fatal, mostly in areas with soil rich inmarine clay, as in lowland areas near Trondheimsfjord.[citation needed]Tsunamis have killed people; usually caused by parts of mountains (rockslide) falling into fjords or lakes. This happened 1905 inLoen inStryn Municipality when parts ofRamnefjell fell intoLoenvatnet lake, causing a 40-metre (130 ft) tsunami which killed 61 people. It happened again in the same place in 1936, this time with 73 victims. 40 people were killed inTafjord inNorddal Municipality in 1934.[8]
Due to the large latitudinal range of the country and its varied topography and climate, Norway has a higher number ofhabitats than almost any other European country.[citation needed] There are approximately 60,000 species of plant and animal life in Norway and adjacent waters. TheNorwegian Shelf large marine ecosystem is considered highly productive.[9] The total number of species include 16,000 species ofinsects (probably 4,000 more species yet to be described), 20,000 species ofalgae, 1,800 species oflichen, 1,050 species ofmosses, 2,800 species ofvascular plants, up to 7,000 species offungi, 450 species ofbirds (250 species nesting in Norway), 90 species ofmammals, 45 species of freshwater fish, 150 species of saltwater fish, 1,000 species of freshwaterinvertebrates and 3,500 species of saltwater invertebrates.[10] About 40,000 of these species have been scientifically described. In the summer of 2010, scientific exploration in Finnmark discovered 126 species of insects new to Norway, of which 54 species were new to science.[11]
The 2006IUCN Red List names 3,886 Norwegian species as endangered,[12] 17 of which, such as theEuropean beaver, are listed because they are endangered globally, even if the population in Norway is not seen as endangered. There are 430 species of fungi on the red list, many of these are closely associated with the small remaining areas ofold-growth forests.[13] There are also 90 species of birds on the list and 25 species ofmammals. As of 2006, 1,988 current species are listed as endangered or vulnerable, of which 939 are listed as vulnerable, 734 as endangered, and 285 as critically endangered in Norway, among them the graywolf, theArctic fox (healthy population on Svalbard), and thepool frog.
The largest predator in Norwegian waters is thesperm whale, and the largest fish is thebasking shark. The largest predator on land is thepolar bear, while thebrown bear is the largest predator on the Norwegian mainland, where the commonmoose is the largest animal.
.png)
Natural vegetation in Norway varies considerably, as can be expected in a country with such variation in latitude. There are generally fewer species oftrees in Norway than in areas in western North America with a similar climate. This is because European north–south migration routes after the ice age are more difficult, with bodies of water (such as theBaltic Sea and theNorth Sea) and mountains creating barriers, while in America land is contiguous and the mountains follow a north–south direction. Recent research using DNA-studies of spruce and pine and lake sediments have proven that Norwegian conifers survived the ice age in ice-free refuges to the north as far asAndøya.[14]
Manyimported plants have been able to bear seed and spread. Less than half of the 2,630 plant species in modern Norway are native species.[15] About 210 species of plants growing in Norway are listed as endangered, 13 of which areendemic.[16] The national parks in Norway are mostly located in mountain areas; about 2% of the productive forests in the country are protected.[17]
Some plants, such asholly andbell heather, are classified as western due to their need for high humidity or low tolerance of winter frost; these will stay close to the southwestern coast, with their northern limit near Ålesund. Plants classified as eastern need comparatively more summer sunshine, with less humidity, but can tolerate cold winters. These will often occur in the southeast and inland areas: examples beingDaphne mezereum,Fragaria viridis, andspiked speedwell. Some eastern species common toSiberia grow in the river valleys of eastern Finnmark. There are species which seem to thrive in between these extremes, such as the southern plants, where both winter and summer climate is important (such aspedunculate oak,European ash, anddog's mercury). Other plants depend on the type of bedrock.
Mild temperatures along the coast allow for some hardy species ofpalm grow as far north asSunnmøre. One of the largest remainingLinden forests in Europe grows at Flostranda, inStryn Municipality.[18] Planted deciduous trees, such ashorse chestnut andbeech, thrive north of the Arctic Circle (as atSteigen Municipality).
There is a considerable number ofalpine species in the mountains of Norway. These species cannot tolerate summers that are comparatively long and warm, nor are they able to compete with plants adapted to a longer and warmer growing season. Many alpine plants are common in the North Boreal zone and some in the Middle Boreal zone, but their main area of distribution is on the alpine tundra in the Scandinavian Mountains and on the Arctic tundra. Many of the hardiest species have adapted by ripening seeds over more than one summer. Examples of alpine species areglacier buttercup,Draba lactea, andSalix herbacea. A well-known anomaly is the 30 American alpine species, which in Europe only grow in two mountainous parts of Norway: the Dovre–Trollheimen and Jotunheim mountains in the south; and theSaltdal Municipality, to western Finnmark, in the north.[19] Other than in Norway, these species—such asBraya linearis andCarex scirpoidea—grow only in Canada and Greenland. It is unknown whether these survived the ice age on some mountain peak penetrating the ice, or spread from further south in Europe, or why did they not spread to other mountainous regions of Europe. Some alpine species have a wider distribution and grow in Siberia, such asRhododendron lapponicum (Lapland rosebay). Other alpine species are common to the whole Arctic and some grow only in Europe, such asglobe-flower.
| This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
A small area along the southern coast—fromSoknedal Municipality in southernRogaland and east toFevik inAgder county (including Kristiansand)—belongs to theNemoral vegetation zone. This zone is located below 150 metres (490 ft) above sea level and at most 30 kilometres (19 mi) inland along the valleys. This is the predominant vegetation zone in Europe north of southern France, the Alps, the Carpathians, and the Caucasus. The hallmark of this zone in Norway is the predominance ofoak and the virtually complete lack of typicalboreal species such as Norway spruce andgrey alder, although a lowland variant ofpine occurs. Nemoral covers a total of 0.5% of the land area (excluding Svalbard and Jan Mayen).
| This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Thehemiboreal zone covers a total of 7% of the land area in Norway, including 80% ofØstfold andVestfold. This vegetation represents a mix of nemoral and boreal plant species, and belongs to thePalearctic,Sarmatic mixed foreststerrestrial ecoregion (PA0436). The nemoral species tend to predominate on slopes facing southwest and with good soil, while the boreal species predominate on slopes facing north and with waterlogged soil. In some areas, other factors overrule this, such as where the bedrock gives little nutrient, where oak and the borealpine often share predominance. The boreonemoral zone follows the coast fromOslofjord north toÅlesund, becoming discontinuous north ofSunnmøre. In Oslo, this zone reaches to an elevation of 200 metres (660 ft) above sea level. It also reaches into some of the lower valleys and just reaches the lowland aroundMjøsa, but not as far north asLillehammer. In the valleys of the south, this vegetation might exist up to 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft) above sea level. The zone follows the lowland of the west coast and into the largest fjords, reaching an elevation of 150 metres (490 ft) there, even to 300 metres (980 ft) in some sheltered fjords and valleys inNordmøre, with nutrient-rich soil. The northernmost locations in the world are several areas along theTrondheimsfjord, such asFrosta Municipality, with the northernmost location beingByahalla, inSteinkjer Municipality. Some nemoral species in this zone areEnglish oak,sessile oak,European ash,elm,Norway maple,hazel,black alder,lime,yew,holly (southwest coast),wild cherry,ramsons,beech (a late arrival only common inVestfold), andprimrose. Typical boreal species areNorway spruce, pine,downy birch, grey alder,aspen,rowan,wood anemone, andViola riviniana.
Boreal species are adapted to a long and cold winter, and most of these species can tolerate colder winter temperatures than winters in most of Norway. Thus they are distinguished by their need forgrowing season length and summer warmth.Bogs are common in the boreal zone, with the largest areas in the North and Middle Boreal Zones, as well as in the area just above the tree line. The large boreal zone is usually divided into three subzones: South Boreal, Middle Boreal, and North Boreal.[citation needed]
The boreal zones in Norway belong to three ecoregions. The area dominated by spruce forests (some birch, pine, willow, aspen) mostly belong to theScandinavian and Russian taiga ecoregion (PA0608). TheScandinavian coastal conifer forests ecoregion (PA0520) in coastal areas with mild winters and frequent rainfall follows the coast from south of Stavanger north to southern Troms and includes both hemiboreal and boreal areas. Bordering the latter region is theScandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands ecoregion (PA1110). This region seems to include both mountain areas with alpine tundra and lowland forests, essentially all the area outside the natural range of Norway spruce forests.[20] This ecoregion thus shows a very large range of climatic and environmental conditions, from the temperate forest along the fjords of Western Norway to the summit ofGaldhøpiggen, and northeast to theVaranger Peninsula. The area above the conifer treeline is made up of mountain birchBetula pubescens-czerepanovii (fjellbjørkeskog). The Scots pine reaches its altitudinal limit about 200 metres (660 ft) lower than the mountain birch.
The South Boreal zone (SB) is dominated by boreal species, especiallyNorway spruce, and covers a total of 12% of the total land area. The SB is the only boreal zone with a few scattered—but well-developed—warmth-demanding broadleaf deciduous trees, such asEuropean ash andoak. Several species in this zone need fairly warm summers (SB has 3–4 months with a mean 24-hr temperature of at least 10 °C (50 °F)), and thus are very rare in the middle boreal zone. Some of the species not found further north are black alder,hop,oregano, andguelder rose. This zone is found above the hemiboreal zone, up to 450 metres (1,480 ft) amsl inØstlandet and 500 metres (1,600 ft) in the most southern valleys. In the eastern valleys it reaches several hundred kilometers into Gudbrandsdal and Østerdal, and up toLom Municipality andSkjåk Municipality, inOttadalen. Along the southwestern coast, the zone reaches an elevation of 400 metres (1,300 ft) at the head of large fjords (such as in Lærdal), and about 300 metres (980 ft) nearer to the coast. Norway spruce is lacking inVestlandet (Voss Municipality is an exception). North of Ålesund, SB vegetation predominates in the lowland down to sea level, including islands such asHitra. Most of the lowland in Trøndelag below 180 metres (590 ft) elevation is SB, up to 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level in inland valleys such asGauldalen andVerdalen, and up to 100 metres (330 ft) inNamdalen. The coastal areas and some fjord areas further north—such asNærøysund Municipality andBrønnøy Municipality, and the best locations along theHelgeland coast—is SB north to the mouth ofRanfjord, while inland areas north ofGrong Municipality are dominated by Middle Boreal zone vegetation in the lowland. There are small isolated areas with SB vegetation further north, as inBodø Municipality andFauske Municipality, the most northern location being a narrow strip along the northern shore ofOfotfjord; and the endemic Nordland-whitebeam only grows inBindal Municipality.[21] Agriculture in Norway, includinggrain cultivation, takes place mostly in the hemiboreal and SB zones.
| This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The typical closed-canopy forest of the Middle Boreal (MB) zone is dominated by boreal plant species. The MB vegetation covers a total of 20% of the total land area. Norway spruce is the dominant tree in large areas in the interior of Østlandet, Sørlandet, Trøndelag, and Helgeland and the MB and SB spruce forests are the commercially most important in Norway. Spruce does not grow naturally north of Saltfjell in mid-Nordland (the Siberian spruce variant occurs in the Pasvik valley), due to mountain ranges blocking their advance, but is often planted in MB areas further north for economic reasons, contributing to a different landscape. Birch is usually dominant in these northern areas; but pine, aspen, rowan,bird cherry and grey alder are also common. This MB birch is often a cross betweensilver birch anddowny birch and is taller (6–12 metres (20–39 ft)) than the birch growing near the tree line. Conifers will grow taller. Some alpine plants grow in the MB zone; nemoral species are rare. Theunderstory (undergrowth) is usually well developed if the forest is not too dense. Many plants do not grow further north: grey alder, silver birch,yellow bedstraw,raspberry,mugwort, andMyrica gale are examples of species in this zone that do not grow further north or higher up. MB is located at an altitude of 400–750 metres (1,310–2,460 ft) in Østlandet, up to 800 metres (2,600 ft) in the southern valleys, 300–600 metres (980–1,970 ft) (800 metres (2,600 ft) at the head of the long fjords) on the southwest coast, and 180–450 metres (590–1,480 ft) in Trøndelag (700 metres (2,300 ft) in the interior, as at Røros andOppdal Municipality). Further north, MB is common in the lowland: up to 100 metres (330 ft) above sea level in Lofoten and Vesterålen, 200 metres (660 ft) atNarvik, 100 metres (330 ft) at Tromsø, 130–200 metres (430–660 ft) in inland valleys in Troms, and the lowland at the head ofAltafjord is the most northerly area of any size—small pockets exist atPorsanger Municipality andSør-Varanger Municipality. This is usually the most northerly area with some farming activity, andbarley was traditionally grown even as far north asAlta Municipality.
The North Boreal (NB) zone, (also known as open or sparse taiga) is the zone closest to thetree line, bordering the alpine or polar area, and dominated by a harsh subarctic climate. There are at least 30 summer days with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or more, up to about two months. The trees grow very slowly and generally do not get very large. The forest is not as dense as further south or at lower altitudes and is known as the mountain forest (Fjellskog). The NB zone covers a total of 28% of the total land area of Norway, including almost half of Finnmark, where the mountain birch grows down to sea level. The lower part of this zone also has conifers, but the tree line in Norway is mostly formed by mountain birch, a subspecies of downy birch (subspeciesczerepanovii),[22] which is not to be confused withdwarf birch). Spruce and pine make up the tree line in some mountain areas with a more continental climate. Alpine plants are common in this zone. The birch forest 1,320 metres (4,330 ft) above sea level at Sikilsdalshorn is the highest tree line in Norway, while a birch at 1,404 m ASL in Veodal, Jotunheimen, is the highest growing single tree.[23] The tree line is lower closer to the coast and in areas with lower mountains, due to cooler summers, more wind near mountain summits, and more snow in the winter (coastal mountains) leading to later snowmelt. The NB zone covers large areas at 750–950 metres (2,460–3,120 ft) altitude in the interior of Østlandet; is 800–1,200 metres (2,600–3,900 ft) in the central mountain areas; but at the western coast the tree line is down to about 500 metres (1,600 ft) above sea level, increasing significantly in the long fjords (1,100 metres (3,600 ft) at the head ofSognefjord). Further north, large areas in the interior highlands or uplands of Trøndelag and North Norway are dominated by the NB zone, with the tree line at about 800 metres (2,600 ft) amsl in the interior of Trøndelag, 600 metres (2,000 ft) inRana Municipality, 500 metres (1,600 ft) at Narvik, 400 metres (1,300 ft) at Tromsø, 200 metres (660 ft) at Kirkenes and 100 metres (330 ft) atHammerfest (only pockets in sheltered areas). The largeFinnmarksvidda plateau is at an altitude placing it almost exactly at the tree line. The last patch of NB zone gives way to tundra at sea level about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of theNorth Cape plateau (nearSkarsvåg). Areas south of this line are tundra-like with scattered patches of mountain birch woodland (forest-tundra) and become alpine tundra even at minor elevations. The trees near the tree line are often bent by snow, wind, and growing-season frost; and their height is only 2–4 metres (6 ft 7 in – 13 ft 1 in). Outside Norway (and adjacent areas in Sweden), the only other areas in the world with the tree line mostly made up by a small-leaved deciduous tree such as birch—in contrast to conifers—areIceland and theKamtschatka peninsula.
The presence of aconifer tree line is sometimes used (Barskoggrense) to divide this zone into two subzones, as the conifers will usually not grow as high up as the mountain birch. Spruce and pine grow at nearly 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) above sea level in some areas of Jotunheimen, down to 400 metres (1,300 ft) in Bergen (900 metres (3,000 ft) at the head of Sognefjord), 900 metres (3,000 ft) at Lillehammer (mountains near Oslo are too low to have a tree line), 500 metres (1,600 ft) at Trondheim (750 metres (2,460 ft) at Oppdal), 350 metres (1,150 ft) at Narvik, 200 metres (660 ft) at Harstad, 250 metres (820 ft) at Alta; and the most northerly pine forest in the world is inStabbursdalen National Park inPorsanger Municipality. There are some forests in this part of the NB zone; and some conifers can grow quite large even if growth is slow.
Alpine tundra is common in Norway, covering a total of 32% of the land area (excluding Svalbard and Jan Mayen) and belonging to the Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands ecoregion (PA1110). The area closest to the tree line (low alpine) has continuous plant cover, withwillow species such asSalix glauca,S. lanata, andS. lapponum (0.5 metres (1 ft 8 in) tall);blueberry,common juniper, andtwinflower are also common. The low alpine area was traditionally used as summer pasture, and in part still is. This zone reaches an elevation of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in Jotunheimen, including most ofHardangervidda; 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) in easternTrollheimen; and about 800 metres (2,600 ft) at Narvik and theLyngen Alps. Higher up (mid-alpine tundra) the plants become smaller; mosses and lichens are more predominant; and plants still cover most of the ground, even if snowfields lasting into mid-summer and permafrost are common. At the highest elevations (high-alpine tundra) the ground is dominated by bare rock, snow, and glaciers, with few plants.
_2.jpg)
The highest weather station in Norway—Fanaråken inLuster Municipality, at 2,062 metres (6,765 ft)—has barely three months of above freezing temperatures and a July average of 2.7 °C (36.9 °F). Still, glacier buttercup has been found only 100 metres (330 ft) below the summit ofGaldhøpiggen, andmosses andlichens have been found at the summit.
In northeastern Finnmark (northern half of theVaranger Peninsula and theNordkinn Peninsula) is a small lowland tundra area which is often considered part of theKola Peninsula tundra ecoregion (PA1106). Svalbard and Jan Mayen have tundra vegetation except for areas covered by glaciers; and some areas, such as the cliffs at southernBear Island, are fertilized byseabird colonies. This tundra is often considered part of theArctic Desert ecoregion (PA1101). The lushest areas on these Arctic islands are sheltered fjord areas atSpitsbergen; they have the highest summer temperatures and the very dry climate makes for little snow and thus comparatively earlysnowmelt. The short growing season and thepermafrost underneath the active layer provide enough moisture. Plants includedwarf birch,cloudberry,Svalbard poppy, andharebell.
A warmer climate would push the vegetation zones significantly northwards and to higher elevations.[24]
| This sectiondoes notcite anysources. Please helpimprove this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved.(December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
In addition to oil and natural gas, hydroelectric power, and fish and forest resources, Norway has reserves of ferric and nonferric metal ores. Many of these have been exploited in the past but whose mines are now idle because of low-grade purity and high operating costs. Europe's largest titanium deposits are near the southwest coast. Coal is mined in the Svalbard islands.
Norway's resources includepetroleum,copper,natural gas,pyrites,nickel,iron ore,zinc,lead,fish,lumber, andhydropower.
Only 3.5% of Norway's land is consideredarable land.[25] 0% of it used for permanentcrops and permanentpastures.[citation needed] A 1993 estimate assessed Norway'sirrigated land at about 970 km2 (370 sq mi).[citation needed] 38% of land area is covered by forests; 21% byconifer forest, and 17% bydeciduous forest.[26] The remaining land is made of mountains andheaths (46%),bogs andwetlands (6.3%), lakes and rivers (5.3%), and urban areas (1.1%).[27] Over time, wilderness areas have decreased due to human intervention. In 2008, Environment Norway (Miljøstatus) referred changing land use as one of the most important factors for endangered species and declining biodiversity.[28]
Environmental concerns in Norway include how to cutgreenhouse gas emissions,pollution of the air and water, loss of habitat, damage to cold-water coral reefs fromtrawlers, and salmon fish farming threatening the wild salmon by spawning in the rivers, thereby diluting the fish DNA. Acid rain has damaged lakes, rivers and forests, especially in the southernmost part of the country, and most wild salmon populations inSørlandet have died. Due to lower emissions in Europe, acid rain in Norway has decreased by 40% from 1980 to 2003.[29] Another concern is a possible increase in extreme weather. In the future, climate models[30] predict increased precipitation, especially in the areas with currently high precipitation, and also predict more episodes with heavy precipitation within a short period, which can cause landslides and local floods. Winters will probably be significant milder, and the sea-ice cover in theArctic Ocean might melt altogether in summer, threatening the survival of the polar bear on Svalbard. Both terrestrial and aquatic species are expected to shift northwards, and this is already observed for some species; the growingred deer population is spreading northwards and eastwards, with 2008 being the first hunting season which saw more red deer (35,700) than moose shot.[31] Migratory birds are arriving earlier; trees are coming into leaf earlier;mackerel are becoming common in summer off the coast ofTroms. The total number of species in Norway are expected to rise due to new species arriving.[32] Norwegians are statistically among the most worried when it comes to global warming and its effects,[33] even if Norway is among the countries expected to be least negatively affected by global warming, with some possible gains.[34]
Norway is a party to:
