Although the overall form of theestuary remains unchanged from the time ofGiovanni da Verrazzano's visit in 1524, all parts have changed at least a little, and some parts, such asHell Gate andEllis Island, have been almost completely altered. In the greatest hidden change, the navigational channels have been deepened from the natural 17 feet (5.2 m) depth to 45 feet (14 m). In some places this required blasting ofbedrock.[3]
There is an extremely complex system of tides and currents. Both the Bight and the Sound are essentiallymarine bodies withtides andsaltwater, but the Sound compared to the Atlantic is about 20–30% less saline (as an estuary), and the tide is about 3 hours later with as much as 70% more variation. Rivers add afresher, non-tidal inflow although the tide andbrackishness extend well up rivers[4] throughout the extended hydrologic system fromAlbany toMontauk Point to theHudson Canyon region of the New York Bight. The New York Harbor Observing and Prediction System (NYHOPS)[5] utilizes information from sensors, weather forecasts, and environment models to provide real-time forecasts of meteorological and oceanographic conditions in the area.
In 2016, USACE and thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey produced a comprehensive restoration plan for theNew York Harbor region, with proposals to mitigate the effects ofsea level rise through projects to restore natural areas.[10] In September the USACE released the New York New Jersey Harbor and Tributaries Study (HATS).[11][12]
The lists below includes features of thePort of New York and New Jersey with a waterborne emphasis, starting with natural features. Where possible the list proceeds from the Lower Bay entrance approximately clockwise around the Harbor. The alternative sorting is by jurisdiction.
Ellis Island—All of the landfill portion of Ellis Island beyond its 1834 waterfront is inJersey City, New Jersey, as is all water surrounding Liberty and Ellis Islands. The original island is an exclave in New York State.[18]
One of the many duties of thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey is to develop trade interests in the New York-New Jersey area. The Port Authority operates most of the containerized port facilities listed here, and also collaborates with theArmy Corps of Engineers to maintain shipping channels in the harbor.
New Jersey (numerous privately operated bulk facilities, especially petroleum, are not listed)
^Muka, Samantha (August 11, 2015)."Building Beaches: Beach Nourishment in the United States". Retrieved10 April 2017.New York State has the longest history of nourishment in the country. The first beach nourishment project was the construction and expansion of the shoreline off of Coney Island and Brighton Beach.
^Seabrook, John (July 22, 2013)."The Beach Builders".The New Yorker. Retrieved18 April 2017.
^abcAll of the landfill portion of Ellis Island beyond its 1834 waterfront is in Hudson County, NJ. All water surrounding Liberty and Ellis Islands is in Hudson County.
^Reports of Channel ConditionsArchived 2008-10-29 at theWayback Machine, USACE, Nov. 2004: "Partial Anchorage Channel: Starts approximately 3,990 Ft. seaward of Red Gas #2; Ends approximately 1,660 Ft. landward of Red Light & Bell #21. Authorized project: Width: 2000 ft, Length: 2.34 nmiles, Depth 45 ft.... Shoaling exists and begins approximately 2,230 Ft. seaward of Red Gas #2 and proceeds landward with a length of approximately 600 Ft. and a width of approximately 60 Ft."
^Boundaries extend to mid-Hudson on the west, into the Upper Harbor south of Governors Island, to the far pierhead line of the East River, Harlem River and Spuyten Duyvil. The exceptions are the additional areas ofMarble Hill section included north of the Harlem River (bounded approximately by Johnson Avenue, West 230 Street) and Liberty and Ellis Islands to their original 1834 waterfront. River
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