.jpg) | |
| Continent | Europe |
|---|---|
| Region | Northwestern Europe |
| Area | |
| • Total | 84,421 km2 (32,595 sq mi) |
| • Land | 98.2% |
| • Water | 1.8% |
| Coastline | 7,524 km (4,675 mi) |
| Highest point | Carrauntoohil 1,039 metres (3,409 ft) |
| Lowest point | North Slob −3 metres (−10 ft) |
| Longest river | River Shannon 360.5 km (224.0 mi) |
| Largest lake | Lough Neagh 392 km2 (151 sq mi) |
| Climate | temperateoceanic climate with some upland areas classified asoceanic subpolar |
| Terrain | flat, low-lying area in the midlands, ringed by mountain ranges |
| Natural resources | aquaculture,fertile soil,freshwater,timber,peat,bauxite,copper,zinc,lead,gold,silver,iron,gypsum,natural gas,hydropower,wind energy |
| Natural hazards | Cyclones, flooding, thunderstorms |
| Environmental issues | Water pollution,Leaching,Climate change,Waste disposal |
Ireland is an island inNorthern Europe, in the northAtlantic Ocean. The island measures about 480 km (300 mi) north-south, and 275 km (171 mi) east-west, with a total area of 84,421 km2 (32,595 sq mi).[1] It lies about53°N8°W / 53°N 8°W /53; -8, near the western edge of the European continental shelf, part of theEurasian Plate. Ireland is separated from the island ofGreat Britain by theIrish Sea to the east, and frommainland Europe by theCeltic Sea to the south. It is bounded to the north by theNorth Channel and to the south bySt George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest landmass in theBritish Isles, after Great Britain and beforeLewis and Harris.[2][3]
Its maingeographical features include low centralplains surrounded by coastal mountains. The highest peak isCarrauntoohil (Irish:Corrán Tuathail), which is 1,039 metres (3,409 ft) above sea level. The westerncoastline is rugged, with many islands,peninsulas, headlands and bays, while the southern and northern coasts have a smaller number of substantial sea inlets, such asLough Foyle andCork Harbour; no part of the land is more than around 110 km (68 mi) from the sea. The island is almost bisected by theRiver Shannon, which at 360.5 km (224 mi) with a 102.1 km (63 mi)estuary is the longest river in Ireland and flows south fromCounty Cavan in the province ofUlster to form the boundary betweenConnacht andLeinster, and laterMunster, and meet the Atlantic just south and west ofLimerick.Lough Neagh is the largest of several sizeable lakes along Ireland's rivers.
The island has a temperate oceanic climate, mild and humid, and is warmer than other landmasses at the same latitude thanks to the winds on the Atlantic Ocean, ocean currents, and circulations. The island is one of the least forested areas in Europe, though forestation is expanding, but has a strong agricultural sector. It has a limited range of mineral resources, and has only had two major gas finds, and none in the oil sector. Hydroelectric energy is used, and wind farms are growing; neither solar nortidal energy is much exploited.
Politically, the island consists of theRepublic of Ireland, with jurisdiction over about five-sixths of the island, andNorthern Ireland, aconstituent part of theUnited Kingdom, with jurisdiction over the remaining sixth. The island has traditionally been divided into four provinces, each of which is divided into counties. Of the 32 counties in total, 26 are in the Republic of Ireland, with the remaining 6 in Northern Ireland.
The geology of Ireland is diverse. Different regions contain rocks belonging to different geological periods, dating back almost 2 billion years. The oldest known Irishrock is about 1.7 billion years old and is found onInishtrahull Island off the north coast ofInishowen[4][5] and on the mainland at Annagh Head on theMullet Peninsula.[6] The newer formations are thedrumlins and glacial valleys as a result of the last ice age, and the sinkholes and cave formations in the limestone regions of Clare.[7][8]
Ireland's geological history includes a wide range of elements, fromvolcanism and tropical seas to thelast glacial period. Ireland was formed in two distinct parts, which slowly joined,uniting about 440 million years ago. As a result of tectonics and the effect of ice, the sea level has risen and fallen. In every area of the country, the rocks which formed can be seen as a result. Finally, the impact of the glaciers shaped the landscape seen today.[9] The variation between the two areas, along with the differences between volcanic areas and shallow seas, led to a range of soils. There are extensivebogs and free-draining brown earths. The mountains aregranite,sandstone,limestone withkarst areas, andbasalt formations.[10][11][12][13]
Most of Ireland was probably above sea level during thelast 60 million years. As such its landscapes have been shaped byerosion andweathering on land.[14] Protracted erosion also means most of thePaleogene andNeogene sediments have been eroded away or, as known in a few cases, buried byQuaternary deposits.[15] Before theQuaternary glaciations affected Ireland the landscape had developed thick weatheredregolith on the uplands and karst in the lowlands.[14] There has been some controversy regarding the origin of theplanation surfaces found in Ireland.[15][16] While some have argued for an origin in marine planation, others regard these surfaces aspeneplains formed by weathering andfluvial erosion. Not only is their origin disputed but also their actual extent and the relative role ofsea-level change and tectonics in their shaping.[15] Most river systems in Ireland formed in the Cenozoic before the Quaternary glaciations. Rivers follow for most of their coursestructural features of thegeology of Ireland. Marine erosion since theMiocene may have made Ireland's western coast retreat more than 100 km. Pre-Quaternary relief was more dramatic than today'sglacier-smoothened landscapes.[14]
Ireland consists of a mostly flat low-lying area in what are known as the Midlands. It is ringed by mountain ranges such as—beginning in County Cork and working clockwise—theBoggeragh Mountains,Derrynasaggart Mountains,Caha Mountains,MacGillycuddy's Reeks,Slieve Mish Mountains,Mullaghareirk Mountains, theTwelve Bens/Maumturks group,Nephinbeg Mountains,Ox Mountains,Bluestack Mountains,Derryveagh Mountains,Sperrin Mountains,the Mournes,Wicklow Mountains,Blackstairs Mountains,Comeragh Mountains andKnockmealdown Mountains.[17][18]: 3 [19] Some mountain ranges are further inland in the south of Ireland, such as theGaltee Mountains (the highest inland range),[20]Silvermine andSlieve Bloom Mountains.[17] There is an area of raised land near the northeastern coast, the Antrim Plateau, which contains theGlens of Antrim; this area is sometimes called the Mountains of Antrim.[17] The highest peakCarrauntoohil, at 1,038.6 m (3,407 ft) high,[21] is in the MacGillycuddy's Reeks, a range of glacier-carved sandstone mountains. Only three peaks on the island are over 1,000 m (3,300 ft)[21] and another 457 exceed 500 m (1,600 ft).[22] There are a number of walking trails in the mountains, with the longest being that through the Wicklow Mountains. In the Mourne Mountains, with multiple walking trails, a wall was built between the 13 major peaks, the 36-kilometre-long (22 mi) Mourne Wall.[19]
Ireland is sometimes known as the "Emerald Isle" because of its green landscape.[23][24][25]
Waterbodies accounted for around 2% of the land area of Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland are over 74,000 kilometres (46,000 mi) of rivers and streams, more than 125,000 hectares (310,000 acres) of lake and over 3,000 hectares (7,400 acres) of reservoirs; these are not evenly distributed—over 30% of the watercourse length is found in Counties Cork, Donegal and Mayo, while Counties Mayo and Galway hold over 40% of the total lake area. Almost all of the reservoir area lies in just two counties, Wicklow (2/3) and Cork (1/3).[26] In Northern Ireland, Lough Neagh is by far the leading source of water.[27]
TheRiver Shannon, at 360.5 kilometres (224.0 mi) in length, is the longest river in Ireland and Britain. With a drainage area of 16,865 km2 (6,512 sq mi),[28] theShannon River Basin covers one-fifth of the island. The Shannon crosses 11 counties and divides the west of Ireland from the south and east. The river develops into three large lakes along its course,Lough Allen,Lough Ree, andLough Derg.[21] The River Shannon enters the Atlantic Ocean atLimerick city along theShannon Estuary.[17]
Other major rivers include theRiver Liffey and its leading tributary, theRiver Dodder, and the nearbyTolka River,River Slaney, the Three Sisters (the RiversNore,Suir andBarrow),River Lee,River Erne,Foyle River,River Bann,River Lagan, andRiver Boyne.[17] There are also multiple River Blackwaters, the most significant being theMunster Blackwater.[17] The river with the greatest output volume is the Shannon but the second-greatest volume is in the short but powerfulRiver Corrib.[29]
Lough Neagh, in Ulster,[21] is the largest lake in Ireland and Britain with an area of 392 km2 (151 sq mi). The largest lake in theRepublic of Ireland is Lough Corrib 176 km2 (68 sq mi). Other large lakes, besides the three major Shannon examples, include the two linked lakes known asLough Erne,Lough Mask and Lough Corrib, andLough Conn.[17][21]
In County Donegal,Lough Swilly separates the western side of theInishowen peninsula from the wider county.Lough Foyle on the other side, is one of Ireland's larger inlets, situated between County Donegal andCounty Londonderry.[30] Clockwise round the coast isBelfast Lough, between County Antrim and County Down.[31] Also in County Down isStrangford Lough, actually an inlet partially separating theArds peninsula from the mainland. Further south,Carlingford Lough is situated between Down andCounty Louth.[31]
Dublin Bay is the next sizeable inlet. The east coast of Ireland has no major inlets untilWexford Harbour at the mouth of the River Slaney.[32] On the south coast,Waterford Harbour is situated at the mouth of the River Suir,[33] into which the other two of theThree Sisters (the Rivers Nore and Barrow) flow. The next major inlet isCork Harbour, at the mouth of the River Lee, in whichGreat Island is situated.[34]
Dunmanus Bay,Kenmare estuary andDingle Bay are all inlets between the peninsulas of westernCounty Cork andCounty Kerry. North of these is the Shannon Estuary. Between north County Clare and County Galway isGalway Bay.Clew Bay is located on the coast ofCounty Mayo, south ofAchill Island, whileBroadhaven Bay,Blacksod Bay andSruth Fada Conn bays are situated in northwest Connacht, in North Mayo.Killala Bay is on the northeast coast of Mayo.Donegal Bay is a major inlet between County Donegal andCounty Sligo.[30]
A recent global remote sensing analysis suggested that there were 565 km2 (218 sq mi) of tidal flats in Ireland, making it the 43rd-ranked country in terms of tidal flat area.[35]
Malin Head is the most northerly point in Ireland,[36] whileMizen Head is one of themost southern points, hence the term "fromMalin to Mizen" (or the reverse) is used for anything applying to the island of Ireland as a whole.Carnsore Point is another extreme point of Ireland, being its southeasternmost point.Hook Head and theOld Head of Kinsale are two of many headlands along the south coast.[37][38]Loop Head is the headland at which County Clare comes to a point on the west coast of Ireland, with the Atlantic on the north, and the Shannon estuary to the south.[39]Hag's Head is another headland further up Clare's north/western coastline, with theCliffs of Moher along the coastline north of the point.[40]
Achill Island, off the west coast, is the largest of Ireland's offshore islands. Achill is inhabited, and is permanently connected to the mainland by a bridge.[41] Some of the next largest islands are theAran Islands, off the coast of southernConnacht, host to an Irish-speaking community, orGaeltacht.Valentia Island off theIveragh peninsula is also one of Ireland's larger islands, and is relatively settled, as well as being connected by a bridge at its southeastern end.[42]Omey Island, off the coast ofConnemara, is atidal island.[43]
Some of the best-known peninsulas in Ireland are in Counties Cork and Kerry: theDingle peninsula, the Iveragh peninsula and theBeara peninsula.[44] Other promontories outside the southwest include theFanad (Fannet Head), Mullet Peninsula, the Old Head of Kinsale, Hook Head,Howth Head and theCooley Peninsula.[18]: 4 The Inishowen peninsula in County Donegal includes Ireland's most northerly point, Malin Head, and several towns, includingBuncrana on Lough Swilly,[45]Carndonagh andMoville on Lough Foyle.[46]
Ireland's most northerly undisputed land feature is Inishtrahull island, off Malin Head.[47]Rockall Island lies farther north but its status is disputed, being claimed by the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland,Denmark (on behalf of theFaroe Islands) andIceland.[48] The most southerly point is theFastnet Rock.[49]
TheHebrides offScotland andAnglesey offWales were grouped with Ireland ("Hibernia") by the Greco-Roman geographerPtolemy.[50]
Ireland, like the neighbouring Great Britain, was once covered in forest. Clearing of forests began in theNeolithic Age and accelerated following theTudor Conquest, resulting in forest cover of only 1% by the start of the twentieth century.[51] As of 2017, total tree cover in the Republic of Ireland stood at 11% of land area[52] but the figure for native forest stood at just 2% in 2018, the third lowest in Europe, behind Iceland and Malta.[53] Of the 172 countries assessed, Ireland has the sixth most degraded forest landscape in the world.[54]
The coastline of Ireland is 7,524 kilometres (4,675 mi) long.[55] As the continental shelf extends far to the west and southwest, the larger of the two jurisdictions on the island has extensive seabed claims, exceeding 880,000 square kilometres (340,000 sq mi), more than 10 times the land area.[56]
Theclimate of Ireland is mild, humid and changeable with abundantrainfall and a lack oftemperature extremes.Ireland's climate is defined as atemperateoceanic climate, orCfb on theKöppen climate classification system, a classification it shares with most of northwest Europe.[57] The country receives generally warm summers and mild winters. It is considerably warmer than other areas at the samelatitude on the other side of the Atlantic, such as inNewfoundland, because[58] it lies downwind of the Atlantic Ocean, and is also warmer than maritime climates near the same latitude, such as thePacific Northwest, as a result of heat released by the Atlantic overturning circulation that includes theNorth Atlantic Current andGulf Stream. For comparison,Dublin is 9 °C warmer thanSt. John's in Newfoundland in winter.[59]
The influence of the North Atlantic Current also ensures the coastline of Ireland remains ice-free throughout the winter.[60] The climate in Ireland does not experience extreme weather, with tornadoes and similar weather features being rare.[61][62] However, Ireland is prone to eastward moving cyclones which come in from the North Atlantic.[63]
The prevailing wind comes from the southwest, breaking on the high mountains of the west coast.[58] Rainfall is therefore a particularly prominent part of western Irish life, with Valentia Island, off the west coast of County Kerry, getting over twice as much annual rainfall as Dublin on the east (1,557 mm or 61.3 in vs. 714 mm or 28.1 in).[64]
The overall mean temperature (measured 1990–2020) is 9.8 °C (49.6 °F). January and February are the coldest months of the year, with mean daily air temperatures of 5.3 to 5.5 °C (41.5 to 41.9 °F) during these months. July and August are the warmest, with mean daily temperatures of 15 to 15.2 °C (59.0 to 59.4 °F), whilst mean daily maximums in July and August are 18.9 to 19.1 °C (66.0 to 66.4 °F), lower near the coast, higher inland.[65] The sunniest months are May and June, with an average of five to seven hours sunshine per day.[66]
Though extreme weather events in Ireland are comparatively rare when compared with other countries in the European Continent, they do occur. Atlantic depressions, occurring mainly in the months of December, January and February, can occasionally bring winds of up to 160 km/h or 99 mph to Western coastal counties; while the summer months, and particularly around late July/early August, thunderstorms can develop.[67][68][69]
The tables below show mean 30-year climate averages for Ireland's two largest cities, taken from the weather stations atDublin Airport andBelfast International Airport respectively. The state metrological service for the Republic of Ireland isMet Éireann, while theMet Office monitors climate data for Northern Ireland.[70]
| Climate data for Dublin Airport (DUB),[a] 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present[b] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.5 (65.3) | 18.1 (64.6) | 23.6 (74.5) | 22.7 (72.9) | 26.8 (80.2) | 32.3 (90.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 30.6 (87.1) | 27.6 (81.7) | 24.2 (75.6) | 19.4 (66.9) | 18.1 (64.6) | 33.0 (91.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) | 8.5 (47.3) | 10.1 (50.2) | 12.3 (54.1) | 14.8 (58.6) | 17.7 (63.9) | 19.5 (67.1) | 19.1 (66.4) | 16.9 (62.4) | 13.6 (56.5) | 10.3 (50.5) | 8.3 (46.9) | 13.3 (55.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) | 5.3 (41.5) | 6.6 (43.9) | 8.2 (46.8) | 10.7 (51.3) | 13.3 (55.9) | 15.4 (59.7) | 15.1 (59.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 10.4 (50.7) | 7.3 (45.1) | 5.5 (41.9) | 9.7 (49.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) | 2.2 (36.0) | 3.0 (37.4) | 4.0 (39.2) | 6.6 (43.9) | 9.0 (48.2) | 11.3 (52.3) | 11.2 (52.2) | 9.5 (49.1) | 7.1 (44.8) | 4.3 (39.7) | 2.6 (36.7) | 6.1 (43.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) | −13.4 (7.9) | −9.8 (14.4) | −7.2 (19.0) | −5.6 (21.9) | −0.7 (30.7) | 1.8 (35.2) | 0.6 (33.1) | −1.7 (28.9) | −5.6 (21.9) | −9.3 (15.3) | −15.7 (3.7) | −15.7 (3.7) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 61.8 (2.43) | 52.4 (2.06) | 51.4 (2.02) | 55.0 (2.17) | 57.0 (2.24) | 64.0 (2.52) | 61.0 (2.40) | 73.4 (2.89) | 63.3 (2.49) | 78.4 (3.09) | 82.7 (3.26) | 72.1 (2.84) | 772.5 (30.41) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.5 | 11.0 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 11.6 | 11.8 | 10.7 | 11.6 | 12.5 | 13.3 | 137.1 |
| Average snowy days | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 12.5 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%)(at 15:00 UTC) | 81.6 | 76.9 | 71.6 | 68.7 | 67.8 | 67.7 | 69.0 | 69.8 | 71.9 | 75.8 | 81.6 | 83.9 | 73.9 |
| Averagedew point °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) | 3.0 (37.4) | 3.6 (38.5) | 4.8 (40.6) | 7.1 (44.8) | 9.7 (49.5) | 11.6 (52.9) | 11.6 (52.9) | 10.2 (50.4) | 7.8 (46.0) | 5.5 (41.9) | 3.8 (38.8) | 6.8 (44.3) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 60.2 | 81.8 | 121.0 | 165.9 | 197.3 | 180.1 | 158.3 | 155.4 | 129.4 | 105.9 | 73.5 | 56.6 | 1,485.4 |
| Mean dailydaylight hours | 8.2 | 9.9 | 11.9 | 14.0 | 15.9 | 16.9 | 16.4 | 14.7 | 12.7 | 10.5 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 12.3 |
| Averageultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Source 1: Met Éireann[71][72][73][74][75] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA(dew point)[76] WeatherAtlas (Daylight hours and UV Index)[77] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data forBelfast International Airport WMO ID: 03917; coordinates54°39′50″N6°13′30″W / 54.66376°N 6.22512°W /54.66376; -6.22512 (BFS); elevation: 63 m (207 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1930–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) | 15.6 (60.1) | 20.2 (68.4) | 21.8 (71.2) | 26.1 (79.0) | 29.5 (85.1) | 30.8 (87.4) | 28.0 (82.4) | 27.1 (80.8) | 21.8 (71.2) | 17.1 (62.8) | 15.0 (59.0) | 30.8 (87.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) | 7.9 (46.2) | 9.7 (49.5) | 12.3 (54.1) | 15.2 (59.4) | 17.6 (63.7) | 19.1 (66.4) | 18.7 (65.7) | 16.6 (61.9) | 13.1 (55.6) | 9.8 (49.6) | 7.6 (45.7) | 12.9 (55.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.7 (40.5) | 4.9 (40.8) | 6.3 (43.3) | 8.5 (47.3) | 11.2 (52.2) | 13.8 (56.8) | 15.4 (59.7) | 15.2 (59.4) | 13.2 (55.8) | 10.2 (50.4) | 7.1 (44.8) | 5.0 (41.0) | 9.6 (49.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | 3.0 (37.4) | 4.7 (40.5) | 7.1 (44.8) | 9.9 (49.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | 11.7 (53.1) | 9.9 (49.8) | 7.2 (45.0) | 4.4 (39.9) | 2.4 (36.3) | 6.4 (43.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.8 (9.0) | −11.7 (10.9) | −12.2 (10.0) | −5.1 (22.8) | −3.3 (26.1) | −1.2 (29.8) | 2.2 (36.0) | 1.1 (34.0) | −2.2 (28.0) | −4.4 (24.1) | −8.6 (16.5) | −14.9 (5.2) | −14.9 (5.2) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 77.0 (3.03) | 63.3 (2.49) | 60.6 (2.39) | 55.6 (2.19) | 55.9 (2.20) | 68.0 (2.68) | 78.8 (3.10) | 84.5 (3.33) | 69.2 (2.72) | 88.0 (3.46) | 87.7 (3.45) | 83.5 (3.29) | 872.0 (34.33) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 14.7 | 13.2 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 12.1 | 14.0 | 15.5 | 15.2 | 161.3 |
| Average snowy days | 5 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 19 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 89 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 90 | 89 | 91 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 48.7 | 72.1 | 108.4 | 157.8 | 197.9 | 167.6 | 152.0 | 146.4 | 121.5 | 91.2 | 61.3 | 47.1 | 1,372 |
| Source 1:Met Office[78]NOAA (relative humidity and snow days 1961–-1990)[79] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:KNMI[80][81] Starlings Roost Weather[82][83] | |||||||||||||
Ireland is divided into fourprovinces—Connacht,Leinster,Munster andUlster—and 32 counties.[84] Six of the nine Ulster counties form Northern Ireland and the other 26 form the state, Ireland. The map shows all 32 counties.
.svg) | (Republic of) Ireland | Northern Ireland |
Administratively, 23 of the counties in the Republic of Ireland are local government areas. Three contain more than one local government areas: the cities of Dublin,Cork andGalway have city councils that are administered separately from the counties bearing those names, and the remaining part ofCounty Dublin is divided intoDún Laoghaire–Rathdown,Fingal, andSouth Dublin.[84] There are therefore a total of 31 local authorities.[85]
County Tipperary had tworidings,North Tipperary andSouth Tipperary, originally established in 1838, renamed in 2001[86] and amalgamated in 2014.[87] The cities of Limerick andWaterford were merged with their respective county councils in 2014 to form new city and county councils.
In making its recommendations on changes toDáil constituencies, theElectoral Commission is required to avoid breaching county boundaries as far as practicable.[88]
In Northern Ireland, a major re-organisation of local government in 1973 replaced the six traditional counties and twocounty boroughs (Belfast andDerry) with 26 single-tierdistricts,[89] which, apart from Fermanagh, cross the traditional county boundaries. The six counties and two county boroughs remain in use for purposes such asLieutenancy. Under afurther reform in 2015, this was revised into 11 areas: the city of Belfast and 10 districts.
According to separate censuses conducted in 2021 and 2022, the island's population is over 7 million people concentrated in the east and south, particularly in Dublin, Belfast, Cork and their surrounding areas. The2021 United Kingdom census recorded a population in Northern Ireland of 1,903,175 and the2022 Irish census recorded a population of the Republic of Ireland of 5,149,139.[90][91]
Ireland has 12,000 km2 (about 4,600 sq miles) of bog land,[92] consisting of two distinct types:blanket bogs andraised bogs. There is also a modest amount of surviving fen, a related landform.[93]: 5–12
Raised bogs, most commonly found in the Shannon basin, are scarcer than blanket bogs. They formed when depressions left behind after the ice age filled with water to form lakes. Debris from reeds in these lakes formed a layer of at the bottom of the water. This eventually choked the lakes and raised above the surface, forming raised bogs.[93]: 5–10 [94]
Blanket bogs are essentially a product of human activity aided by the moist Irish climate, having formed on sites whereNeolithic farmers cleared trees for farming.[95] As the land so cleared fell into disuse, the soil began to leach and become more acidic, producing a suitable environment for the growth ofheather andrushes. The debris from these plants accumulated and a layer ofpeat formed. One of the largest expanses of Atlantic blanket bog in Ireland is to be found in County Mayo.[93]: 10–12 [95]
Since the 17th century, peat has been cut for fuel for domestic heating and cooking, and it is called turf when so used. The process accelerated as commercial exploitation of bogs grew. In the 1940s, machines for cutting turf were introduced and larger-scale harvesting became possible. In the Republic, this became the responsibility of a semi-state company calledBord na Móna. In addition to domestic uses, commercially extracted turf is used in a number of industries, producingpeat briquettes for domestic fuel andmilled peat for electricity generation.[96] More recently peat is being combined withbiomass for dual-firing electricity generation.[97]
In recent years, the destruction of bogs has raised environmental concerns. The issue is particularly acute for raised bogs which were more widely mined as they yield a higher-grade fuel than blanket bogs. Plans are now in place in both the Republic and Northern Ireland to conserve most of the remaining raised bogs on the island.[98]
Ireland is the largest European producer ofzinc, with one zinc-lead mine currently in operation atTara, which is Europe's largest and deepest active mine. Other mineral deposits with actual or potential commercial value include gold, silver,gypsum,talc,calcite,dolomite, roofingslate, limestone aggregate,building stone,sand, andgravel.[99]
Offshore exploration for natural gas began in 1970.[100] The first major discovery was theKinsale Head gas field in 1971.[101] Next were the smaller Ballycotton gas field in 1989,[100] and theCorrib gas field in 1996.[102] Gas from these fields is pumped ashore and used for both domestic and industrial purposes. The Helvick oil field, estimated to contain over 28 million barrels (4,500,000 m3) of oil, was discovered in 2000, andBarryroe, estimated to contain 1.6 billion barrels (250,000,000 m3) of oil, was discovered in 2012, although neither have been exploited.[103]In May 2007 the Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources (now replaced by theDepartment of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources) reported that there may be volumes over 130 billion barrels (2.1×1010 m3) of petroleum and 50 trillion cubic feet (1,400 km3) of natural gas in Irish waters[104] – worth trillions ofeuro, if true. The minimum confirmed amount of oil in the Irish Atlantic waters is 10 billion barrels (1.6×109 m3), worth over €450 billion. There are also areas of petroleum and natural gas on shore, for example the Lough Allen basin, with 9.4 trillion cubic feet (270 km3) of gas and 1.5 billion barrels (240,000,000 m3) of oil, valued at €74.4 billion. Already some fields are being exploited, such as theSpanish Point field, with 1.25 trillion cubic feet (35 km3) of gas and 206 million barrels (32,800,000 m3) of oil, valued at €19.6 billion. The Corrib Basin is also quite large, worth anything up to €87 billion, while theDunquin gas field, initially estimated to have 25 trillion cubic feet (710 km3) of natural gas and 4.13 billion barrels (657,000,000 m3) of petroleum[104] but 2012 revised estimates suggest only 14 trillion cubic feet (400 km3) of natural gas and .5 billion barrels (79,000,000 m3) of oil condensate.[105]
In March 2012, the first commercial oil well was drilled 70 km (43 mi) off the Cork coast by Providence Resources, renamed Barryroe Offshore.[106] At the time, Providence's executiveTony O'Reilly Jr. said, "It's a defining moment for the Irish offshore oil and gas industry."[107] The Barryroe oil well was yielding 3,500 barrels per day in exploratory drilling; at oil prices of $120 a barrel, Barryroe oil well was worth in excess of €2.14bn annually in 2012.[108] However, in 2023, theDepartment of the Environment, Climate and Communications declined approval of the "Lease Undertaking" that would be necessary to finish appraisal drilling, and Barryroe Offshore Energy will now wind down their business by avoluntary liquidation so the field may not be developed. Legal action may be taken by investors against the Irish government including the minor 20% investor Lansdowne Oil & Gas.[106][109]
Under the original 2009Renewable Energy Directive the Republic of Ireland had set a target of producing 16% of all its energy needs from renewable energy sources by 2020 but in 2018 the second Renewable Energy Directive increased the target to 32% by 2030. Between 2005 and 2014 the percentage of energy from renewable energy sources grew from just 3.1% to 8.6% of total final consumption. By 2020 the overall renewable energy share was 13.5%, short of its Renewable Energy Drive target of 16%.[110] Renewable electricity accounted for 69% of all renewable energy used in 2020, up from two thirds (66.8%) in 2019.[110]
While hydro generated power contributed most to Ireland's renewable energy during the 20th century, so far in the 21st century there has been a significant increase in the production of energy by wind spurred by climate change concerns.[111]
Bellacorick wind farm, built by Bord na Móna in 1992, was the first Irish wind farm with an individual turbine capacity of 0.3 MW which compared with the current capacity of 4–5 MW means that when turbines age out, replacements will produce significantly more power per installation. As of 2022[update] the Republic of Ireland had more than 300 wind farms but the number will have to double by 2030 if the current 40% of renewable energy is to double. Most of the energy will have to come from inshore wind farms because the sole offshore wind farm,Arklow Bank Wind Park, only produces 0.6% of the nation's total wind energy. The 80% target is an ambitious aspect of theClimate Action Plan some impediments, such asplanning permission and the age of existing wind farms, may hinder this aspiration.[112]
A floating 400 MW wind farm off the coast of Northern Ireland was proposed for theNorth Channel in 2022 to be operating by 2029.[113] Another northern project, opened in October 2023, was set up under a corporatepower purchase agreement in whichAmazon, who backed the project, will be the off-taker of all the power produced by the 16-MWBallykeel 7-turbine wind farm in County Antrim.[114]
In November 2023,EDF Renewables announced their Carrowkeel Wind Farm which will be a 30 MW project for County Roscommon for completion in 2028 which should power more than 20,000 homes.[115]
As of the 2020Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland report "Energy in Ireland", solar energy was only contributing 1% of renewable energy. Opposition to the visual impact of solar farms, and other forms of renewable energy, was noted as hindering some projects.DIT School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering's Professor Barry McMullin suggests that: "So while it's the cheapest form of electricity you can get that's only true if your demand for it happens to match when it's available. But if what you actually want is electricity on tap, then solar PV doesn't give you that".[116]
Solar energy for about 3,600 homes has been in production with 33,600 solar modules installed on 25 hectares nearAshford, County Wicklow since April 2022. It is the first such venture at scale in the Republic of Ireland, with a capacity of 8 MW.[117] A forecast fromESB Networks suggests that by the end of 2023, the country will be producing 1 GW. This is up from the 700 MW being produced in mid-summer from 60,000 micro-generation customers, adding to the 371 MW of utility-scale installations.[118] 2013 saw a new 50 million Euro solar panel scheme specially for schools in eleven counties of the Republic, that should save typical schools between €1,200 to €1,600 per year. Connected to the grid, the up-to 6-kilowatt installation will be most efficient when the schools are not in use.[119]
The first ground-based solar farm on the island is situated in the townland of Crookedstone, County Antrim, and is connected to Belfast International Airport, providing 27% of the airport's annual energy needs.[120] This wind farm was built by Lightsource andBP bought full control of the company in November 2023 having first invested in the company in 2017.[121]
The firstShannon hydroelectric scheme was constructed in 1929 within seven years of independence. Built bySiemens-Schuckert with Irish engineers doing much of the design and using mostly Irish labour, it has an 86 MW capacity and has an annual generation capacity of 332 GWh.[122] This was followed up by the much largerTurlough Hill Power Station, the only pumped-storage built into a mountain with a capacity of 292 MW. It was completed in 1974 after 6 years of construction.[123] A few other smaller hydroelectric stations exist around the Republic of Ireland, such asPollaphuca[124] andInniscarra Dam.[125] Catherine Halpin, Ardnacrusha's plant manager, suggests the four main hydro plants are availing of about 70% of the country's water resources.[126]
A tidal energy system is in operation since 2008 inStrangford Lough producing 1.2 MW using an underwater windmill, whose rotors at driven by the tidal currents. The power is bought for ESB Independent's Republic and Northern Ireland consumers. The system has a capacity to produce enough electricity for about 1,000 homes.[127] Also in Northern Ireland, anEvopod tidal energy system has been tested and connected to the Marine Laboratory ofQueen's University Belfast that should be connected to the electric grid.[128]
Many of the Irish dislike the 'British' in 'British Isles', while the Welsh and Scottish are not keen on 'Great Britain'. ... In response to these difficulties, 'Britain and Ireland' is becoming preferred usage although there is a growing trend amounts some critics to refer to Britain and Ireland as 'the archipelago'.
WMO number: 03969
Tipperary County Council will become an official unified authority on 3 June 2014. The new authority combines the existing administration of North Tipperary County Council and South Tipperary County Council.
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53°20.65′N6°16.05′W / 53.34417°N 6.26750°W /53.34417; -6.26750
