General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia אַלגעמײנער ייִדישער אַרבעטער־בונד אין ליטע, פּױלן און רוסלאַנד | |
|---|---|
| Founded | 7 October 1897; 128 years ago (1897-10-07) |
| Dissolved | 19 April 1921; 104 years ago (1921-04-19) |
| Merged into | Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (majority faction) Communist Party of Lithuania (members in Lithuania) |
| Succeeded by | General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland "Bund" in Latvia Social Democratic Bund General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania (Bessarabian branch) |
| Ideology | Bundism Socialism Jewish Autonomism[1] Anti-Zionism[2] Anti-clericalism[3] |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| Party flag | |
 | |
TheGeneral Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia (Yiddish:אַלגעמײנער ייִדישער אַרבעטער־בונד אין ליטע, פּױלן און רוסלאַנד,romanized: Algemeyner Yidisher Arbeter-bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland),[4] generally calledThe Bund (Yiddish:דער בונד,romanized: Der Bund, cognate toGerman:Bund,lit. 'federation' or'union') or theJewish Labour Bund (Yiddish:דער יידישער ארבעטער־בונד,romanized: Der Yidisher Arbeter-Bund), was asecular Jewishsocialist party initially formed in theRussian Empire and active between 1897 and 1920. A member of the Bund was called aBundist. Between 1898 and 1903, the Bund was an autonomous part of theRussian Social Democratic Labour Party, but left after theSecond Congress.
In 1917, the Bund organizations in Poland seceded from the Russian Bund and created a newPolish General Jewish Labour Bund which continued to operate in Poland in the years between the two world wars. The majority faction of the Russian Bund was dissolved in 1921 and incorporated into theCommunist Party. Other remnants of the Bund endured in various countries.
During the mid-to-late 19th century easternEurope, Jewish politics was shifting away from the oligarchic politics of thekehilla, and religious conflict towards secularmass politics.[5] Additionally, Jewish political thought expanded to include more general issues beyond Jewish issues alone, being joined by concerns of broader issues such as class issues and economics, as well aspolitical rights and civil rights.[5] This shift was joined by an increased assertiveness from Jewish politics.[5]
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The "General Jewish Labour Bund in Russia and Poland" was founded inVilna on 7 October 1897.[6][7] The name was inspired by theGeneral German Workers' Association.[8] The Bund sought to unite all Jewish workers in theRussian Empire into a unitedsocialist party, and also to ally itself with the wider Russiansocial democratic movement to achieve ademocratic andsocialist Russia. TheRussian Empire then includedLithuania,Latvia,Belarus,Ukraine and most of present-day Poland, areas where the majority of the world's Jews then lived.[9] They hoped to see the Jews achieve a legal minority status in Russia. Of all Jewish political parties of the time, the Bund was the most progressive regardinggender equality, with women making up more than one-third of all members.[10]
The Bund actively campaigned against antisemitism. It defended Jewish civil and cultural rights and rejected assimilation. However, the close promotion of Jewish sectional interests and support for the concept ofJewish national unity (klal yisrael) was prevented by the Bund's socialist universalism. The Bund avoided any automatic solidarity with Jews of the middle and upper classes and generally rejected political cooperation with Jewish groups that held religious,Zionist or conservative views. Even the anthem of the Bund, known as "the oath" (Di Shvue in Yiddish), written in 1902 byS. Ansky, contained no explicit reference to Jews or Jewish suffering.[11]
At the heart of the vision of the future of the Bund was the idea that there is no contradiction between the national aspect on the one hand and the socialist aspect on the other, as a strictly secular organization, the Bund renounced theHoly Land and the sacred language (Hebrew) and chose to speak Yiddish.[12]
After Kremer and Kossovsky were arrested, a new party leadership emerged. A new central committee was set up under the leadership of Dovid Kats (Taras).[13] Other key figures in the new party leadership were Leon Goldman, Pavel (Piney) Rozental and Zeldov (Nemansky).[13] The 2nd Bund conference was held in September 1898.[13] The 3rd Bund conference was held inKovno in December 1899.[13][14]John Mill had returned from exile to attend the conference, at which he argued that the Bund should advocate for Jewish national rights. However, Mill's line did not win support from the other conference delegates.[13] The 3rd conference affirmed that the Bund only struggled for civil, not national, rights.[13]
In 1901, the word "Lithuania" was added to the name of the party.[8][15]
The Bund's membership grew to 900 inŁódź and 1,200 inWarsaw in the fall of 1904.[16]
During the period of 1903–1904, the Bund was harshly affected byCzarist state repression. Between June 1903 and July 1904, 4,467 Bundists were arrested and jailed.[17]
In its early years, the Bund had remarkable success, gaining an estimated 30,000 members in 1903 and an estimated 40,000 supporters in 1906, making it the largest socialist group in theRussian Empire.[11]
Given the Bund's secular and socialist perspective, it opposed what it viewed as the reactionary nature of traditional Jewish life in Russia. Created before theRussian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP),[18] the Bund was a founding collective member at the RSDLP'sfirst congress inMinsk in March 1898.[19][20] Three out of nine delegates at the Minsk congress were from the Bund, and one of three members of the first RSDLP Central Committee was a Bundist.[21] For the next 5 years, the Bund was recognized as the sole representative of the Jewish workers in the RSDLP, although many Russian socialists of Jewish descent, especially outside of thePale of Settlement, joined the RSDLP directly.
At the RSDLP'ssecond congress inBrussels and London in August 1903,[22] the Bund's autonomous position within the RSDLP was rejected,[23] with both theBolsheviks andMensheviks voting against, and the Bund's representatives left the Congress, the first of many splits in the Russian social democratic movement in the years to come.[24][25] The five representatives of the Bund at this Congress wereVladimir Kossowsky,Arkadi Kremer,Mikhail Liber,Vladimir Medem andNoah Portnoy.[26]
During this period two trade unions, the Union of Bristle-Makers (Bersther-Bund) and the Union of Tanners (Garber-Bund), were affiliated to the Bund.[27] In its report to the 1903 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party congress, the Bund claimed to have district organizations inVilna (Sventiany, etc.),Kovno (Ponevezh,Vilkomir,Shavli,Onikshty,Keydany,Yanovo,Shaty,Utena...),Grodno (Kartuz-Bereza, etc.),Białystok,Dvinsk (Rezhitsa ...),Minsk (Borisov,Pinsk,Mozyr,Bobruisk,Parichi ...),Vitebsk (Beshankovichy,Liozna,Lyady ...),Warsaw,Łódź,Siedlce,[28]Płock,Suwałki,Mariampol,Gomel (Dobryanyka,Vietka ...),Mogilev (Shklow,Orsha,Bykhov,Kopys ...),Zhytomyr,Berdichev,Odessa,Nizhyn,Bila Tserkva,Podolian Governorate (Vinnitsa,Bratslav,Tulchina,Nemirov),Lutsk,Volhynian Governorate, as well as the districts of the Union of Bristle-Makers;Nevel,Kreslavka,Vilkovyshki, Kalvaria, Vladislavovo,Verzhbolovo, Vystinets,Mezhdurechye [ru],Trostyan,Knyszyn, and the districts of the Union of Tanners;Smorgon,Oshmyany,Krynki,Zabludovo,Shishlovichi [ru], etc.[29]
Per Vladimir Akimov's account of the history of social democracy 1897–1903, there were 14 local committees of Bund –Warsaw,Łódź,Belostok,Grodno,Vilna,Dvisnk,Kovno,Vitebsk,Minsk,Gomel,Mogilev,Berdichev,Zhitomir,Riga. Per Akimov's account the local committees had six types of councils; trade councils (fakhoye skhodki), revolutionary groups, propaganda councils, councils for intellectuals, discussion groups for intellectuals and agitators' councils. The Bristle-Makers Union and Tanners Union had committee status. Bund had organizations that weren't full-fledged committees inPinsk, Sedlice,Petrokov,Płock,Brest-Litovsk,Vilkomir,Priluki,Rezhitsa,Kiev,Odessa,Bobruisk, and many smaller townships.[30]
The 4th Bund conference was held inBiałystok in April 1901.[13] The main topic of debate of the 4th Bund conference was the expansion of the Bund into Ukraine and building alliances with existing Jewish labour groups there.[31] The 4th conference reversed the line of the 3rd conference and adopted a line of demanding Jewish national autonomy.[13]
The fifth conference of the Bund met inZürich in June 1903.[32][33] Thirty delegates took part in the proceedings, representing the major city branches of the party and the Foreign Committee. Two issues dominated the debates; the upcoming congress of the RSDLP and the national question. During the discussions, there was a division between the older guard of the Foreign Committee (Kossovsky, Kremer andJohn (Yosef) Mill) and the younger generation represented by Medem, Liber andRaphael Abramovitch. The younger group wanted to stress the Jewish national character of the party. No compromise could be reached, and no resolution was adopted on the national question.[34]
In February 1905, by a decision of the 6th Bund conference held inDvinsk, a Polish District Committee (Yiddish:פוילישן ראיאן-קאמיטעט) was formed; gathering the local party branches in the areas ofCongress Poland (covering 10 governorates, but not including the two main centres of Bundist activity in Poland: the cities ofWarsaw andŁódz).[35][36][37][38]
In the Polish areas of the Russian empire, the Bund was a leading force in the1905 Revolution. At that time, the organization probably reached the height of its influence. It called for an improvement in living standards, a more democratic political system and the introduction of equal rights for Jews.[11] At least in the early stages of the first Russian Revolution, the armed groups of the "Bund" were likely the strongest revolutionary force in Western Russia.[39] During the following years, the Bund went into a period of decay. The party tried to concentrate on labour activism around 1909–1910 and led strikes in ten cities. The strikes resulted in a deepened backlash for the party, and as of 1910 there were legal Bundist trade unions in only four cities,Białystok,Vilnius,Riga andŁódź. Total membership in Bundist unions was around 1,500. At the time of the eighth party conference only nine local branches were represented (Riga, Vilnius,Białystok, Łódź,Bobruisk,Pinsk,Warsaw,Grodno andDvinsk) with a combined membership of 609 (out of whom 404 were active).[40]
The Bund formally rejoined the RSDLP when all of its faction reunited at theFourth (Unification) Congress inStockholm in April 1906, with the support of theMensheviks,[24] but the RSDLP remained fractured along ideological and ethnic lines. The Bund generally sided with the party'sMenshevik faction led byJulius Martov and against theBolshevik faction led byVladimir Lenin during the factional struggles in the run-up to theRussian Revolution of 1917.[24]
The 7th Bund conference was held inLemberg (Galicia) 28 August – 8 September 1906.[41] The main topic for debate was the relation with the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.[41] At the time, the Bund had 33,890 members and 274 functioning local organizations.[41]
After the RSDLP finally split in 1912, the Bund became a federated part of theRussian Social Democratic Labour Party (Menshevik) (by this time the Mensheviks had accepted the idea of a federated party organization).[42]
At the1906 First Duma elections, the Bund made an electoral agreement with the Lithuanian Labourers' Party (Trudoviks), which resulted in the election to the Duma of two (apparently non-Bundist) candidates supported by the Bund: Dr.Shmaryahu Levin for the Vilna province andLeon Bramson for the Kovno province. In total, there were twelve Jewish deputies in the Duma, falling to three in the Second Duma (February 1907 to June 1907), two in the Third Duma (1907–1912) and again three in the fourth, elected in 1912, none of them being affiliated to the Bund.[43]
The Bund eventually came to strongly opposeZionism,[44] arguing that emigration toPalestine was a form ofescapism. The Bund did not advocate separatism. Instead, it focused on culture, rather than a state or a place, as the glue ofJewish "nationalism". In this they borrowed extensively from theAustro-Marxist school, further alienating the Bolsheviks and Lenin. The Bund also promoted the use ofYiddish as a Jewish national language and to some extent opposed the Zionist project of revivingHebrew.[45][46]
The Bund won converts mainly among Jewish artisans and workers, but also among the growing Jewishintelligentsia. It led a trade union movement of its own. It joined with thePoalei Zion (Labour Zionists) and other groups to form self-defense organisations to protect Jewish communities againstpogroms and government troops. During theRussian Revolution of 1905 the Bund headed the revolutionary movement in the Jewish towns, particularly inBelarus andUkraine.
The Bund recognized theYiddish language as a social identifier. To maintain itsnational-cultural autonomy, the Bund advocated for the Polish Jewish minority to use its own language and maintain its cultural institutions in areas where it was considered a sizable portion of the local population.[47]
As a Germanic language, Yiddish also helped maintain the Bund's European identity. This can be compared to theanti-Yiddish campaign taking place in Palestine during the early twentieth century, where Yiddish newspapers were banned and physical attacks took place against Yiddish speakers.[47]
The Bund had a major role in maintaining and developing Yiddish, includingYiddish literature and other secular cultural uses of the language. The Bund was the first political party to publish a Yiddish paper –Der yidisher arbeyter – in tsarist Russia in 1896.[47]
Less than a year after the founding of the party, its Foreign Committee was set up inGeneva. Also within the same timespan, Bundist groups began to constitute themselves internationally. However, the Bund did not construct any world party (as didPoalei Zion). On the contrary, the Bund argued that it was a party for action inside the Russian empire. The Bundist groups abroad were not included into the party structures. In 1902, a United Organization of Workers' Associations and Support Groups to the Bund Abroad was founded. The groups affiliated to the United Organization played an important role in raising funds for the party.[48]
Between 1901 and 1903, the Foreign Committee was based in London.[48]
The United Organization, the Foreign Committee as well as the Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad were all dissolved at the time of theRussian Revolution of 1917.[48]
When Poland fell under German occupation in 1914, contact between the Bundists in Poland and the party centre inSt. Petersburg became difficult. In November 1914 the Bund Central Committee appointed a separate Committee of Bund Organizations in Poland to run the party in Poland.[49] Theoretically the Bundists in Poland and Russia were members of the same party, but in practice the Polish Bundists operated as a party of their own.[50] In December 1917 the split was formalized, as the Polish Bundists held a clandestine meeting inLublin and reconstituted themselves asa separate political party.[51]
The Bund was the only Jewish party that worked within thesoviets.[52] Like other socialist parties in Russia, the Bund welcomed theFebruary Revolution of 1917, but it did not support theOctober Revolution in which the Bolsheviks seized power. Like Mensheviks and other non-Bolshevik parties, the Bund called for the convening of theRussian Constituent Assembly long demanded by all Social Democratic factions.[53] The Bund's key leader inPetrograd during these months wasMikhail Liber, who was to be roundly denounced by Lenin. With theRussian Civil War and the increase in anti-Semitic pogroms by nationalists andWhites, the Bund was obliged to recognise theSoviet government and its militants fought in theRed Army in large numbers.
At the time of the 1917 upheavals, Mikhail Liber was elected president of the Bund.[54]
The 10th conference of the Bund was held in Petrograd 14–17 April 1917.[55] It was the first Bund conference to be held openly inside Russia.[55] 63 delegates had decisive voting rights at the conference, 20 had consultative votes.[55] Isaiah Eisenstadt (Yudin),Arn Vaynshteyn (Rakhmiel),Mark Liber,Henrik Erlich andMoisei Rafes were the delegates of the Central Committee at the conference.[55] The Brushworkers' Union had two delegates. The other delegates with decisive votes represented 37 cities across the country – three delegates each fromVitebsk,Minsk,Mohilev,Kiev,Kharkov,Petrograd (includingMax Weinreich), Moscow (includingAleksandr Zolotarev),Yekaterinoslav, two delegates each fromOdessa,Berdichev,Gomel,Kremenchuk,Nizhny Novgorod and one delegate each fromSlutsk,Bobruisk, Gorodok,Nevel,Polotsk,Smolensk,Zhitomir,Mariupol,Bakhmut, Alexandrovsk,Simferopol,Rostov-on-Don,Kazan,Tambov,Samara,Baku,Tomsk/Novonikolayevsk,Saratov,Ufa,Novomoskovsk,Bogorodsk,Voronezh, andRivne.[55]
In May 1917, a new Central Committee of the Bund was formed, consisting of Goldman, Erlich, Medem, and Jeremiah Weinsthein. One Central Committee member, Medem, was in Poland at the time and could not travel to Saint Petersburg to meet with the rest of the committee.[56]
Four Bund bureaus were represented as such among the 60 delegates to the May 1918Menshevik Party conference: Moscow (Abramovich), Northern (Erlich), Western (Goldshtein, Melamed), and Occupied Lands (Aizenshtadt).[57]
The political changes at the time of the Russian revolution resulted in splits in the Bund. In Ukraine, Bund branches in cities likeBobruisk,[clarification needed]Ekaterinoslav andOdessa had formed 'leftwing Bund groups' in late 1918. In February 1919, these groups (representing the majority in the Bund in Ukraine) adopted the nameCommunist Bund (Kombund), re-constituting themselves as an independent party.Moisei Rafes, who had been a leading figure of the Bund in Ukraine, became the leader of the UkrainianKombund.[58][59][60] The Communist Bund supported theSoviet side in theRussian Civil War.[61][62] Other members of the Bund (representing the minority in the Bund in Ukraine) at the end of 1918 formed the Social Democratic Bund (Bund-SD). Leaders of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Bund – Sore Foks,A. Litvak (seeLitvak),David Petrovsky (Lipets) openly opposed the Communist ideology and policy of confiscation of property, usurpation of political power, arrests and persecution of political opponents.[63]
The Bund also had elected officials at the local level. During the 1917October Revolution andRussian Civil War, the mayor of the predominantly Jewish Ukrainian town ofBerdychiv (53,728 inhabitants, 80% of whom were Jewish at the 1897 census) was a Bundist,David Petrovsky (Lipets).[64]
The 11th Bund conference was held in Minsk on 16–22 March 1919, with delegates from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia and Lithuania.[65] The conference was marked by a sharp division in the party, with a sector of the Bund being increasing in line with the Bolsheviks.[65] There were 48 delegates with decisive voting rights and 19 with consultative vote.[65] The delegates with decisive votes represented Minsk 5 delegates, Vilna 5, Gomel 5,Baranavichy 4, Bobruisk 2, Kiev 2, Yekaterinoslav 2,Kletsk 2,Nyasvizh 2 and one each from Kharkov, Riga, Moscow,Mohyliv,Konotop, Kurenets,Haradok,Shklow,Ufa/Samara,Smolensk,Rechytsa,Penza,Igumen,Mozyr,Pukhavichy,Ivianiec,Voronezh, Vitebsk and Dvinsk.[65]
The first local Bund organizations inLatvia had been established on 1900 inDaugavpils and on 1902 inRiga. In the autumn of 1904, the Riga Committee of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party and the Riga Committee of the Bund signed a co-operation agreement and founded the Riga Federative Committee. The main liaisons were the engineer Jānis Ozols ("Zars") and the railwayman Samuel Klevansky ("Maksim"). Bund was active during the 1905 Russian revolution, organizing demonstrations and fighting units.[66]
In December 1918 the Latvia District Committee of the Bund began publishing the newspaperUndzer Tsayt ('Our Time').[67] As Latvia declared independence, the Bund held the position that Latvian independence should only be a temporary solution and that the area should eventually become part of a democratic socialist Russia.[67] The Bund obtained two seats in thePeople's Council of Latvia, represented by A. Sherman and M. Papermeister.[67] Moreover, the party obtained four seats in the provisional city council ofRiga.[67]
In 1919, a separateLatvian Bund party was formed.[68]
After the issuing of theFirst Universal of the Central Rada (Council) of Ukraine, the Southern Bureau of the Bund issued a statement rejecting the declaration of Ukrainian autonomy.[69] The Bund feared that minorities, such as the Jews, would suffer if a centralized Ukrainian state emerged.[70] Rather the Bund proposed that the Russian Provisional Government convene an all-Ukrainian territorial conference with representatives of both the Rada and non-Ukrainian forces, to establish an autonomous administration.[69]
The Bund was among the political parties that participated in theRada (Council) of theBelarusian People's Republic, which declared independence in 1918 on territories occupied by theGerman Imperial Army.[71] During the 24–25 March 1918 session of the Rada, the Bund argued against declaring independence from Russia.[72] Bund memberMojżesz Gutman became aMinister without portfolio in the government of the newly created republic and drafted its constitution.[citation needed] The Bund later left the government bodies of the Belarusian People's Republic.[citation needed]
The remainder Bund in Russia its 12th conference on 12–19 April 1920 inGomel, where the majority adopted a Communist position and the anti Bolshevik minority reconstituted themselves as separate party (theBund (S.D.)).[73][74]
The fourteen point of the resolution "On the Present Situation and the Tasks of Our Party" of the Gomel conference stated that
Summing up the experience of the last year, the Twelfth Conference of the Bund finds:
- that the Bund, in principle, had adopted the communist platform since the Eleventh Conference,
- that the Programme of the Communist Party, which is also the programme of the Soviet government, corresponds with the fundamental platform of the Bund,
- that a ’united socialist front’ with principled opponents of Soviet power, who draw a line between the proletariat and its government, is impossible,
- that the moment has come when the Bund can relinquish its official oppositional stand and take upon itself responsibility for the Soviet government's policy.[75]
The resolution on organisational questions stated that
The logical consequence of the political stand adopted by the Bund is the latter's entry into the [Russian Communist Party] on the same basis as the Bund's membership of the R.S.D.L.P.. The conference authorised the C.C. of the Bund to see to it, as an essential condition, that the Bund preserve within the R.C.P. the status of an autonomous organisation of the Jewish proletariat.[75]
In Lithuania, the majority of the Bund had become Communists and at a conference held inKaunas 18–19 April 1921 the Bund organization in Lithuania was declared dissolved and its members encouraged to join theCommunist Party of Lithuania.[76] The anti-Communist minority of the party in Lithuania abandoned Bundist politics altogether.[77]
Esther Frumkin and Aron Isaakovich (Rakhmiel) Vainsthein were the key leaders of the Communist Bund 1920–1921.[78] Communist Bund organs, such asDer Veker, were published irregularly in Belarus.[79]
Following the Gomel Conference, a process of negotiations for a merger between the Communist Party and the Communist Bund took place.[78][80] As noted above, the Communist Bund argued that it should be affiliated as an autonomous organization within the Communist Party on the same terms as the Bund had joined theRussian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903.[80] Furthermore, the Bund demanded that a commission be set up to discuss the terms of the merger.[81] The Communist Party ceded to this request and a 7-member commission was formed (3 Communist Party representatives, 3 Bund representatives and 1 Comintern representative as arbiter).[81] On 6 May 1920, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (bolshevik) discussed the question of "The Conditions for the Bund's Admission to Membership of the R.C.P." and resolved "thatKamenev,Stalin and Preobrazhensky be authorised to receive the representatives of the Bund and hear their proposals".[75] Within the Communist Party, its Jewish section (Yevsektsiya) strongly opposed the Bund and argued against allowing the Bund to form an autonomous body within the party.[81]
On 9 June 1920, the Communist faction of theFareynikhte party merged into the Communist Bund.[82]
Eventually the Comintern arbiter in the unity commission was convinced by the Yevsektsiya argumentation, and the Comintern ordered the Bund to dissolve itself.[81] At an Extraordinary All-Russian Bundist Conference, held in Minsk on 5 March 1921, the delegates representing some 3,000 party members debated disbanding the Communist Bund.[75][83][84] Vainsthein spoke in favour of disbanding the Communist Bund and merging with the Communist Party.[85] Perel represented the minority view, arguing that the Bund should be retained as a separate party.[85] 47 delegates voted against Perel's proposal, 23 delegates abstained from voting.[85] In April 1921 theCommunist International called on all Bundists to join the Communist Party.[78] The Communist Bund was subsequently disbanded.[85] In Belarus, theCommunist Party of Byelorussia agreed to provide automatic party membership to any Bundist that joined the party, and one Bundist was included in the CP(b)B Central Bureau and two Bundists in CP(b)B District Committees.[84] Symbolically marking the merger, a ceremony was held in a theatre in Minsk on 19 April 1921, where Bundists handed over their banners to the CP(b)B.[84]Der Veker became the organ of theYevsektsiya (Jewish section of the Communist Party) in the Byelorussian SSR.[84] After their party was dissolved, many former members of the Communist Bund joined the RCP(b) as individuals.[86]
Around 1923, the remnants of the Bund (S.D.) had ceased to function in Soviet Russia.[74] Many former Bundists, likeMikhail Liber andDavid Petrovsky, perished during Stalin's purges in the 1930s. The Polish Bundists continued their activities until 1948. During the latter half of the 20th century the Bundist legacy was represented through theInternational Jewish Labor Bund, a federation of local Bundist groups around the world. A leader of theWarsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 was BundistMarek Edelman.
InWest Belarus, areas that came under Polish rule between the two world wars, the remnants of the Russian Bund eventually merged into the Polish Bund, while many activists chose to join thePolish Communist Party.
Among the exiled Bundists who went on with Socialist politics in America wasBaruch Charney Vladeck (1886–1938), elected to the New York Board of Aldermen as aSocialist in 1917, defeated in 1921 but re-elected in 1937 to the newly formedNew York City Council running on theAmerican Labor Party ticket. He was also the manager ofThe Jewish Daily Forward from 1918 till his death.[88]
Moishe Lewis (1888–1950) was a Bundist leader in his Polish (nowBelarusian) hometownSvislosz before he emigrated to Canada in 1922.[89] He was the father ofDavid Lewis (1909–1981), a leader of theNew Democratic Party in Canada.
The American Labour leaderDavid Dubinsky (1892–1982), though never formally a member of the party, had joined the bakers' union, which was controlled by the Bund, and was elected assistant secretary within the union by 1906. He made his way to the United States in 1911. He later became a member of theSocialist Party of America, helped found theAmerican Labor Party in 1936 and was from 1932 till 1966 the leader of theInternational Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.[90]
Between 1913 and 1917, working under the name Max Goldfarb,David Petrovsky (1886–1937) was a member of the Central Committee of theJewish Socialist Federation of America, a member of theSocialist Party of America, and the labor editor ofThe Forward.
Sara Szweber (1875–1966) was active in the Bund émigré community and took part in Bund's fourth World Congress at the age of ninety.[91]
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