The history of Dutch intelligence can trace itself back to 1914 with the creation of the Generale Staf III (GS III) during the outbreak ofWorld War I.[2]The year following the end of the war, GS III was replaced by the Centrale Inlichtingendienst (CI) in 1919.[3] AfterNazi Germany invaded the Netherlands, theDutch government-in-exile deemed the CI to be inadequate for their war efforts and so created the Bureau Inlichtingen (BI) in 1942.
After the war, in 1945, Netherlands replaced the Bureau of National Security (Bureau voor Nationale Veiligheid) and in 1947, was later known as the Domestic Security Service (Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst) (BVD) which would be the predecessor of the AIVD. For the gathering of intelligence abroad, the Foreign Intelligence Service —Buitenlandse Inlichtingendienst (BID), renamed toInlichtingendienst Buitenland (IDB) in 1972 — had existed since 1946. This service was located inVilla Maarheeze in Wassenaar, just north of The Hague. IDB was dissolved in 1994 after heavy internal turmoil. The foreign intelligence task was eventually handed over to the BVD, which in doing so turned into a combined intelligence and security service. For this reason, it was rebrandedAlgemene Inlichtingen en Veiligheidsdienst (AIVD) on 29 May 2002.
The AIVD focuses mostly on domestic non-military threats to Dutchnational security, whereas theDefence Intelligence and Security Service (MIVD) focuses on international threats, specifically military and government-sponsored threats such as espionage. The AIVD is charged with collecting intelligence and assisting in combating domestic and foreign threats to national security.
A review board for the use of special powers by intelligence and security services (Dutch:Toetsingscommissie Inzet Bevoegdheden, TIB) appointed by theSecond Chamber of theStates General.
An oversight committee (Dutch:Commissie van Toezicht op de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten, CTIVD) also appointed by theSecond Chamber of theStates General.
The Committee for the Intelligence and Security Services (Dutch:Commissie voor de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten, CIVD), comprising the leaders of all political parties represented in theSecond Chamber of theStates General, although until 2009 the Socialist Party (SP) was not and did not want to be part of this committee.[8]
The AIVD publishes an annual report which includes its budget. The published version contains redactions where information is deemed sensitive.
The AIVD can be forced by the courts to publish any records held on a private citizen, but it may keep secret information that is relevant to current cases. No information that is less than five years old will be provided under any circumstance to private citizens about their records.
monitoring specific people and groups of people, such as political and religious extremists
sourcing intelligence to and from foreign and domestic intelligence services
performing background checks on individuals employed in "positions of trust", specifically public office and higher-up or privileged positions in industry (such as telecommunications, banks, and the largest companies) – this includes members of parliamentary oversight committees
investigating incidents such as terrorist bombings and threats
giving advice and warning about risks to national security, including advising on the protection of national leadership
Netherlands National Communications Security Agency, advising on communication security for government users
telephone and internet taps authorized by the minister of internal affairs (as opposed to a court order)
infiltration (rarely by employees of the service, but rather by outsiders who would have easy access to a particular group)
the use ofinformants (existing members of groups that are recruited)
open sources intelligence
unfettered access to police intelligence
the use of foreign intelligence service liaisons who reside in the Netherlands under a diplomatic status (including fulldiplomatic immunity) to collect intelligence in excess of the AIVD's authority
The latter is technically the same as sourcing intelligence from a foreign intelligence service; this method has not been confirmed.
The AIVD operates in tight concert with the Regional Intelligence Service (Regionale Inlichtingen Dienst, RID), to which members of the police are appointed in every police district. It also co-operates with over one hundred intelligence services.
Soon after the arrest of the Dutch businessmanFrans van Anraat, who has been convicted of complicity in war crimes for selling raw materials for the production of chemical weapons to Iraq during the reign ofSaddam Hussein, Dutch newspapers reported that van Anraat had been an informer of the Dutch secret service AIVD and has enjoyed AIVD's protection.
Not having enough focus and intelligence on political violence or environmental groups, particularly following the murder ofPim Fortuyn by an environmental radical
Delivering hand grenades to members of theHofstadgroep through alleged informer Saleh Bouali
Investigating family members of the Queen that had had a family rift (Princess Margarita andEdwin De Roy van Zuydewijn [nl]), though this was not ordered by the minister of internal affairs, but rather by the Queen's office
Losing a laptop and a floppy disk with classified information from a regional office of the AIVD. The disk was found by an employee of a car rental agency, and subsequently given to Dutch crime-journalistPeter R. de Vries. Information on the disks indicated that the service collected information on Dutch politicianPim Fortuyn and members of his party, as well as on left-wing activists. Among other things, the documents accuse Pim Fortuyn of having sex with underage Moroccan boys.
During theCold War the BVD had a reputation for interviewing potential employers of persons they deemed suspicious for any reason, thereby worrying corporations about the employment of these persons. Reasons for being suspect included leftist ideals, membership of theCommunist Party, or a spotty military record (such as being aconscientious objector with regard toconscription), although no evidence of the latter has ever been produced.[10]
In 2024 it was reported that the AIVD andMIVD had recruited journalists to act as their agents domestically and abroad, for which they were paid. This was confirmed in a CTIVD Oversight Committee report. TheDutch Association of Journalists criticized this, with its general-secretary Thomas Bruning saying: "I am ashamed of those who cooperate with this."[11][12] The CTIVD also criticized the use of journalists by the AIVD and MIVD, saying they did not properly take into account the risks involved in this activity, particularly in high-risk foreign countries.[13]
In the Lair of the Cozy Bear (allegedly a translation of the Dutch novelIn het hol van de Cozy Bear) relates the story of the infiltration of Cozy Bear told from the perspective of an American liaison officer attached to the AIVD.
In the Dutch indie animationOngezellig, Coco, one of the main characters of the show, accidentally hacks the AIVD website while trying to do her homework.
Media related toAlgemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst at Wikimedia Commons