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General Court (European Union)

Coordinates:49°37′16″N6°08′35″E / 49.6210°N 6.1431°E /49.6210; 6.1431
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Part of the Court of Justice of the European Union

Court of Justice of the European Union
General Court
Map
Established1989
JurisdictionEuropean Union andNorthern Ireland[a]
LocationPalais de la Cour de Justice,Kirchberg,Luxembourg City,Luxembourg
Authorised byTreaties of the European Union
Appeals toEuropean Court of Justice
Number of positions54 judges(2 per member state)
5 vacant
Websitecuria.europa.eu
President
CurrentlyMarc van der Woude
Since27 September 2019
Vice-President
CurrentlySavvas Papasavvas
Since27 September 2019
Registrar
CurrentlyVittorio Di Bucci
Since5 June 2023
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TheGeneral Court, informally known as theEuropean General Court (abbr.EGC), is a constituent court of theCourt of Justice of the European Union. It hears actions taken against theinstitutions of the European Union by individuals and member states, although certain matters are reserved for theEuropean Court of Justice. Decisions of the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice, but only on a point of law. Prior to the coming into force of theLisbon Treaty on 1 December 2009, it was known as theCourt of First Instance.

Competence

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The General Court hears disputes (such as those by persons who have been refused a trade mark byEUIPO, the EU Trade Mark and designs registry).

The creation of the General Court instituted ajudicial system based on two levels ofjurisdiction: all cases heard atfirst instance by the General Court may be subject to a right of appeal to the Court of Justice on points of law only.

In view of the increasing number of cases brought before the General Court in the last five years, to relieve it of some of the caseload, theTreaty of Nice, which entered into force on 1 February 2003, provides for the creation of 'judicial panels' in certain specific areas.

On 2 November 2004 the Council adopted a decision establishing theEuropean Union Civil Service Tribunal. This new specialised tribunal, composed of seven judges, heard and determined at first instance disputes involving theEuropean Civil Service. Its decisions were subject to appeal before the General Court on points of law only. In exceptional cases, decisions of the General Court in this area could be reviewed by the Court of Justice. The European Union Civil Service Tribunal was duly constituted into law on 2 December 2005. Despite the success in its mandate,[2] it was dissolved on 1 September 2016,[3] leading to the doubling of the number of judges at the General Court.[3]

Composition

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Since February 2020 the General Court is composed of 54 Judges; this follows a 2016 reform which increased the number of judges to two per member state by 2019, and the departure of the UK from the EU at the end of January 2020. The Judges are appointed for a renewable term of six years by common accord of the governments of the Member States. As of February 2020[update], there are 49 Judges in post: 23 member states have nominated both their judges, whilst Latvia, Poland, and Slovakia have nominated just one, and Slovenia has nominated neither.

The members of the General Court elect their president and the presidents of the Chambers of five Judges from among their number for a renewable period of three years.

There are no permanentAdvocates General attached to the General Court (unlike theEuropean Court of Justice, which has eleven Advocates General). However, the task of an Advocate General may be performed in a limited number of cases by a Judge nominated to do so. In practice this has been done occasionally.

List of presidents

[edit]
ElectedTerm endedJudge
25 September 198918 September 1995PortugalJosé Luís da Cruz Vilaça
18 September 19954 March 1998ItalyAntonio Saggio
4 March 199817 September 2007DenmarkBo Vesterdorf
17 September 200726 September 2019LuxembourgMarc Jaeger
27 September 2019IncumbentNetherlandsMarc van der Woude

List of vice-presidents

[edit]
ElectedTerm endedJudge
17 September 201319 September 2016FinlandHeikki Kanninen
20 September 201626 September 2019NetherlandsMarc van der Woude
27 September 2019IncumbentCyprusSavvas Papasavvas

List of judges

[edit]
NameCountryElectedCurrent term endsOther
Viktor KreuschitzAustria Austria20132022
Gerhard HesseAustria Austria20192022
Paul NihoulBelgium Belgium20162022
Geert De BaereBelgium Belgium20172022
Mariyana KanchevaBulgaria Bulgaria20112025[4]
Alexander KornezovBulgaria Bulgaria20162025[4]President of the Tenth Chamber
Vesna TomljenovićCroatia Croatia20132025[5]President of the Second Chamber
Tamara PerišinCroatia Croatia20192025[5]
Savvas PapasavvasCyprus Cyprus20042022Vice-president of the General Court (2019–2022)
Anna MarcoulliCyprus Cyprus20162022President of the Sixth Chamber
Petra Škvařilová-PelzlCzech Republic Czech Republic20192025
David PetrlíkCzech Republic Czech Republic20212025
Sten Frimodt NielsenDenmark Denmark20072022
Jesper SvenningsenDenmark Denmark20162022President of the Eighth Chamber
Lauri MadiseEstonia Estonia20132022
Iko NõmmEstonia Estonia2019[5]2022[5]
Heikki KanninenFinland Finland20092022President of the First Chamber
Vice-president of the General Court (2013–2016)
Tuula PynnäFinland Finland2019[5]2022[5]
Stéphane GervasoniFrance France20132025[4]President of the Fourth Chamber
Laurent TruchotFrance France2019[4]2025[4]Judge (2007–2013)
Johannes LaitenbergerGermany Germany20192025
Gabriele SteinfattGermany Germany20192025[5]
Dimitris GratsiasGreece Greece20102022
Constantinos IliopoulosGreece Greece20162022
TBAHungary Hungary
Zoltán CsehiHungary Hungary20162022
Suzanne KingstonRepublic of Ireland Ireland20212025[6]
Colm Mac EochaidhRepublic of Ireland Ireland20172025[5]
Roberto MastroianniItaly Italy20192025
Ornella PorchiaItaly Italy20192025
TBALatvia Latvia
Inga ReineLatvia Latvia20162025[4]
Rimvydas NorkusLithuania Lithuania20192025
Virgilijus ValančiusLithuania Lithuania20162019*
Marc JaegerLuxembourg Luxembourg19962022President of the General Court (2007–2019)
Dean SpielmannLuxembourg Luxembourg20162022President of the Fifth Chamber
Eugène ButtigiegMalta Malta20122025
Ramona FrendoMalta Malta20192025
Marc van der WoudeNetherlands Netherlands20102022President of the General Court (2019–2022)
Vice-president of the General Court (2016–2019)
René BarentsNetherlands Netherlands20162022
Krystyna Kowalik-BańczykPoland Poland20162022
Nina PółtorakPoland Poland20162016*
Ion GâleaRomania Romania20212022
Mirela StancuRomania Romania2019[4]2022[4]
Ricardo Da Silva PassosPortugal Portugal20162022President of the Seventh Chamber
Maria José CosteiraPortugal Portugal20162022President of the Ninth Chamber
Juraj SchwarczSlovakia Slovakia20092022
TBASlovakia Slovakia
Maja BrkanSlovenia Slovenia20212025[7]
Damjan KukovecSlovenia SloveniaTBA
José Martín y Pérez de NanclaresSpain Spain20192025
Miguel Sampol PucurullSpain Spain20192025
Ulf Christophe ÖbergSweden Sweden20162025[4]
Fredrik SchalinSweden Sweden20162025[4]

* Judge continues to hold the office until their successor takes up the duties according to the Article 5(3) of the Protocol No. 3 on the Statute of the Court of Justice of the EU

List of former judges

[edit]
NameCountryElectedTerm endedRef.
Josef AziziAustria Austria19 January 199516 September 2013[8]
Koen LenaertsBelgium Belgium25 September 19896 October 2003[9]
Franklin DehousseBelgium Belgium6 October 200319 September 2016[9]
Teodor TchipevBulgaria Bulgaria12 January 200729 June 2010[10]
Irena PelikánováCzech Republic Czech Republic12 May 200426 September 2019[9]
Jan M. PasserCzech Republic Czech Republic19 September 20166 October 2020[11]
Bo VersterdorfDenmark Denmark25 September 198917 September 2007[9]
Küllike JürimäeEstonia Estonia12 May 200423 October 2013[9]
Virpi TiiliFinland Finland8 January 19956 October 2009[9]
Jacques BiancarelliFrance France25 September 198918 September 1995[9]
André PotockiFrance France18 September 199519 September 2001[9]
Hubert LegalFrance France19 September 200117 September 2007[9]
Heinrich KirschnerGermany Germany25 September 19896 February 1997[9]
Jörg PirrungGermany Germany11 June 199717 September 2007[9]
Alfred DittrichGermany Germany17 September 200726 September 2019[9]
Christos G. YerarisGreece Greece25 September 198918 September 1992[9]
Andreas KalogerpoulosGreece Greece18 September 199217 September 1998[9]
Michail VilarasGreece Greece17 September 199825 October 2010[9]
Ottó CzúczHungary Hungary12 May 200419 September 2016[9]
Barna BerkeHungary Hungary19 September 20162 August 2021[12]
Donal BarringtonRepublic of Ireland Ireland25 September 198910 January 1996[9]
John CookeRepublic of Ireland Ireland10 January 199615 September 2008[9]
Kevin O'HigginsRepublic of Ireland Ireland15 September 200816 September 2013[9]
Anthony M. CollinsRepublic of Ireland Ireland16 September 2013[13]7 October 2021[14]
Antonio SaggioItaly Italy25 September 19894 March 1998[9]
Paolo MengozziItaly Italy4 March 19983 May 2006[9]
Enzo Moavero MilanesiItaly Italy3 May 200615 November 2011[9]
Guido BerardisItaly Italy17 September 201231 August 2019[9]
Ezio PerilloItaly Italy19 September 201626 September 2019[9]
Ingrida LabuckaLatvia Latvia12 May 200425 February 2020
Vilenas VadapalasLithuania Lithuania12 May 200416 September 2013[9]
Egidijus BieliūnasLithuania Lithuania16 September 201326 September 2019[9]
Romain SchintgenLuxembourg Luxembourg25 September 198911 July 1996[9]
Ena CremonaMalta Malta12 May 200422 March 2012[10]
Peter George XuerebMalta Malta6 June 20168 October 2018[9]
Cornelis Paulus BriëtNetherlands Netherlands25 September 198917 September 1998[9]
Arjen MeijNetherlands Netherlands17 September 199813 September 2010[10]
Irena Wiszniewska-BialeckaPoland Poland15 May 200419 September 2016[8]
Nina PółtorakPoland Poland13 April 201631 August 2016[8]
José Luis Da Cruz VilaçaPortugal Portugal25 September 198918 September 1995[8]
Rui Manuel Gens De Moura RamosPortugal Portugal19 September 199531 March 2003[8]
Maria Eguénia Martins De Nazaré RibeiroPortugal Portugal31 March 200319 September 2016[8]
Valeriu M. CiucaRomania Romania12 January 200726 November 2010[10]
Andrei PopescuRomania Romania26 November 201019 September 2016[8]
Octavia Spineanu-MateiRomania Romania19 September 20167 October 2021[10]
Daniel ŠvábySlovakia Slovakia21 May 20046 October 2010[10]
Verica TrstenjakSlovenia Slovenia7 July 20046 October 2006[8]
Miro PrekSlovenia Slovenia6 October 200626 September 2019[8]
Rafael Garcia-Valdecasas Y FernándezSpain Spain25 September 198917 September 2007[9]
Santiago Soldevila FragosoSpain Spain17 September 200716 September 2013[9]
Ignacio Ulloa RubioSpain Spain16 September 201326 September 2019[9]
Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo Ibáñez-MartínSpain Spain13 April 201626 September 2019[9]
Pernilla LindhSweden Sweden18 January 19956 October 2006[8]
Nils WahlSweden Sweden6 October 200628 November 2012[8]
Carl WetterSweden Sweden18 March 201319 September 2016[8]
Former Member State
David A. O. EdwardUnited Kingdom United Kingdom25 September 198910 March 1992[8]
Christopher William BellamyUnited Kingdom United Kingdom10 March 199215 December 1999[8]
Nicholas James ForwoodUnited Kingdom United Kingdom15 December 19997 October 2015[8]
Ian Stewart ForresterUnited Kingdom United Kingdom1 October 201531 January 2020

List of registrars

[edit]
ElectedTerm endedJudge
27 September 19896 October 2005European UnionGermanyHans Jung
6 October 200530 April 2023European UnionFranceEmmanuel Coulon
5 June 2023IncumbentEuropean UnionItalyVittorio Di Bucci

Jurisdiction

[edit]

The General Court, like the Court of Justice, has the task of ensuring that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of theTreaties of the European Union and the provisions adopted by the competent Union institutions.

To fulfil its main task, the General Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine at first instance all direct actions brought by individuals and the Member States, with the exception of those to be assigned to a 'judicial panel' and those reserved for the Court of Justice.

Categories of direct actions

[edit]
  • Actions for annulment

(against acts of the Union institutions)

  • Actions for failure to act

(against inaction by the Union institutions)

  • Actions for damages

(for the reparation of damage caused by unlawful conduct on the part of a Union institution)

  • Actions based on an arbitration clause

(disputes concerning contracts in public or private law entered into by the Union, containing such a clause)

  • Actions concerning the civil service (disputes between the Union and its officials and other servants) – from 2005 to 2016 these cases were transferred to theEuropean Union Civil Service Tribunal, but returned to the General Court when its size was doubled

Subject-matter of direct actions: all matters, including:

  • agriculture
  • State aid
  • competition
  • commercial policy
  • regional policy
  • social policy
  • institutional law
  • trade mark and design right law
  • transport

Procedure

[edit]

The General Court has its own Rules of Procedure. The 1991 rules were replaced by revised Rules of Procedure which came into effect on 1 July 2015.[15] In the main, the Court's procedure includes a written phase and an oral phase. The proceedings are conducted in a language at the petitioner's choosing. As in theEuropean Court of Justice, the working language of the Court is nevertheless French, and this includes the language the judges deliberate in and the drafting language of preliminary reports and judgments.[16]

The Court is separated into 9 divisions (called 'chambers') sat by 3-judge benches, except for the 7th division whose bench is sat by 4 judges. Each chamber has an extended composition of 5 judges. Cases are assigned by the President of the Court to a relevant divisional presiding judge. The presiding judge assigned to the case then chooses a judge-reporter (judge-rapporteur) from the judges of the division, whose clerks write a preliminary report (rapport préalable) based on the parties' pleadings and applicable law.

At the close of the written phase and, as the case may be, on adoption of measures of inquiry, the case is argued orally in open court. The proceedings are interpreted simultaneously, if necessary, into various official languages of the European Union. The judges then deliberate based on a draft judgment prepared by the judge-reporter. The Court's final judgment is handed down in open court.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Under the terms of the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, concluded as part of theBrexit withdrawal agreement, the CJEU – and hence the EGC – continues to have jurisdiction over the operation of EU law applying to Northern Ireland in relation tocustoms and the movement of goods,technical regulations,VAT and excise, theSingle Electricity Market andState aid, and may hear applications for preliminary rulings made by Northern Irish courts.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^House of Lords European Union Committee (1 June 2020).9th Report of Session 2019–21: The Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland (Report).House of Lords. p. 65. Archived fromthe original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved2 January 2021.The Protocol will also confer full jurisdiction on the CJEU to oversee the operation of EU law applying to Northern Ireland in relation to customs and the movement of goods, technical regulations, VAT and excise, the Single Electricity Market and State aid; including the jurisdiction to hear applications for preliminary rulings submitted by the courts of Northern Ireland. The UK will have the right to participate in these proceedings as if it were a Member State.
  2. ^Butler, Graham (2019). "An Interim Post-Mortem: Specialised Courts in the EU Judicial Architecture after the Civil Service Tribunal".International Organizations Law Review.16.doi:10.1163/15723747-2019010.S2CID 201398728.
  3. ^ab"REGULATION (EU, Euratom) 2016/1192 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 6 July 2016 on the transfer to the General Court of jurisdiction at first instance in disputes between the European Union and its servants".Official Journal of the European Union. 200/138. 26 July 2016. Retrieved1 February 2018.
  4. ^abcdefghij"Court of Justice of the European Union: Eleven members appointed".
  5. ^abcdefgh"Member states' representatives appoint 14 judges to the General Court".
  6. ^"EU Court of Justice: nine judges of the General Court appointed".consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved26 December 2021.
  7. ^"Entry into office of a new member of the General Court of the European Union"(PDF).Court of Justice of the European Union. PRESS RELEASE No 119/21. 6 July 2021.
  8. ^abcdefghijklmno"CURIA – Mandati od leta 1989 – Sodišče Evropske unije".curia.europa.eu. Retrieved16 January 2020.
  9. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafag"CURIA – Former Members". CVRIA. Retrieved2 May 2010.
  10. ^abcdef"CURIA – Former Members". CVRIA. Retrieved11 October 2012.
  11. ^"EU Court of Justice: three judges and an advocate-general appointed".consilium.europa.eu (in Slovenian). Retrieved17 December 2020.
  12. ^"Meghalt Berke Barna, az Európai Unió Törvényszékének bírája, az Igazságügyi Minisztérium egykori államtitkára".telex (in Hungarian). 2 August 2021. Retrieved2 August 2021.
  13. ^"Anthony Michael Collins".CURIA. Archived fromthe original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved26 December 2021.
  14. ^"CURIA – Presentation of the Members – Court of Justice of the European Union".curia.europa.eu. Archived fromthe original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved26 December 2021.
  15. ^General Court of the European Union,New procedural rules adopted by the General Court, Press Release 73/15, published 19 June 2015, accessed 15 November 2022
  16. ^Mattila, Heikki E. S. (2006).Comparative legal linguistics – Heikki E. S. Mattila – Google Boeken. Ashgate Publishing.ISBN 9780754648741. Retrieved27 January 2012.

External links

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