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Ge Xuan | |
|---|---|
| 葛玄 | |
 AQing dynasty portrait of Ge Xuan | |
| Born | 164 |
| Died | 244 (aged 80) |
| Other names | Xiaoxian (孝先) |
| Occupation | Daoist healer |
Ge Xuan[a] (164–244),courtesy nameXiaoxian, was a Chinese Taoist practitioner who lived during the easternHan dynasty (25–220) andThree Kingdoms periods (220–280). He was the ancestor ofGe Hong and a resident of Danyang Commandery in the state ofEastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Ge Xuan's paternal grandnephew,Ge Hong, gave him the title "Ge Xuan Gong", which translates as "Immortal Lord" or "Transcendent Duke". Ge Hong wrote extensively about his great-uncle, and said that somealchemical texts from hisBaopuzi originally came from him. Ge Xuan was described by his descendant,Ge Chaofu, as the first recipient of theLingbao sacred scriptures. He is remembered as a member of the Chinese Ge family and a prominent figure in the early development ofTaoism.
Ge Xuan was associated with a number of Taoist traditions. He belonged to a prominent family, and was considered intelligent. During his early childhood, Ge Xuan was an inquisitive student and read theConfucian classics and commentaries and other philosophical and historical records. Fascinated by the philosophies ofLaozi andZhuangzi, he learned about how theDao worked in daily life. At age 16, Ge Xuan was well known north of theYangtze River.[1][better source needed]
Ge Xuan's parents died when he was 16 years old, beginning his obsession with studying the Dao and how life works. He lived in isolation, in mountains and forests. His secluded environment allowed Ge Xuan to discipline himself mentally, spiritually, and physically. The Dao requires discipline of its followers, since it focuses on achieving longevity or even immortality. Ge Xuan visited Lingyue Mountain, Chicheng Mountain, andLuofu Mountain. He visited noteworthy people, ateGanoderma lucidum (a type of mushroom), setose thistle (Cirsium setosum)[b], ("服饵芝术",Fu Er Zhi Zhu) and practicedself-cultivation.[2][better source needed][3]
When he encountered the legendaryZuo Ci, Ge Xuan obtained mythological scriptures such as theImmortals' Book of Liquefied Gold of the Nine Elixirs. When he received this book, Ge Xuan began fasting and followed the commandments laid down by theUltimate. His subservience enabled him to meander through mountains and over seas, and hisling (靈) helped him conduct exorcisms and heal the sick.[4] Ge Xuan became a healer, offering magical potions which he hoped would confer immortality. Zuo Ci descended toTiantai Mountain and gave him theNuminous Treasure (36 volumes).[5][better source needed]
Ge Xuan's grandnephew Ge Hong, an alchemist who wrote theBaopuzi, wrote a biography of Ge Xuan in theBiographies of Divine Immortals (Shenxian Zhuan). In his biography, Ge Hong wrote that Ge Xuan was summoned to the court ofEastern Wu rulerSun Quan. A flotilla of boats capsized, and a number of people died. Many people thought that Ge Xuan was one of the casualties, but he returned a few days later and apologized for his absence. He said that he had been detained by the water deity,Wu Zixu, remaining submerged by holding his breath with his mastery ofembryonic breathing (胎息tāixī) and his ability to manipulate wind, rain, and rivers.[6]
ManyMahayana Buddhists consider Ge Xuan a founder of Daoism withZhang Daoling. Ge Hong wrote that Ge Xuan was part of the lineage ofalchemical texts – includingScripture of Great Clarity (Taiqing Jing),Scripture of the Nine Elixirs (Jiudan Jing), andScripture of the Golden Fluid (Jinye Jing) – which he transmitted to Ge Hong; Ge Xuan, however, did not concoct any elixirs himself. According toGe Chaofu, Ge Hong's grandnephew,[c] Ge Xuan received the Lingbao scriptures from the deities. Ge Xuan's descendants gave him the title of "Transcendent Duke of the Left of the Great Ultimate" (Taiji Zuo Xian Gong) because of his beliefs.[7][8] He remained an important figure in Daoism until theMiddle Ages, receiving posthumous titles from emperors.[9]
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Ge Xuan became a master of esoterica, excelling atbreathing exercises. These exercises were dependent ona diet whichavoided grains and alcohol. A number of legends are part of Ge Xuan'shagiography, the most common of which concern his supernatural gifts.Bilocation was one; during his parties, he would reportedly often talk with some of his guests and welcome (or send others off) at the same time.[10] Ge Xuan also reportedly had the gift oftelekinesis. He could point at an object and make it move (or disappear), and cause unseen objects to appear; at one party, drinking cups arrived and filled themselves with liquor.[11] He could also reportedlyhover three or four feet above the ground and walk in the air.[12]
In later life, one of Ge Xuan's responsibilities was to entertain the emperor. When he tired of this, he told his disciple Zhang Gong that he would leave the mortal world at noon on August 11. Ge Xuan prepared for histranscendence by wearing his finest clothing and lying down on his bed. After some time, Zhang Gong saw that his master's face still had color but he was no longer breathing. Over the next three days and nights, he carried out the after-death rituals. At midnight on the third night, a wind blew through Ge Xuan's room and extinguished the candles. When they were relit his body was gone, leaving only his clothes with the waistband still tied. The next day, it was learned that the wind had only blown through Ge Xuan's room.[13][better source needed]
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Ge Xuan reportedly compiled theClassic of Purity (Qingjing Jing),[d] in which he wrote, "The Inner Spirit of people loves purity, but the mind of people is often rebellious".[full citation needed] People cannot achieve purity because their minds are not clear and their desires are unrestrained. Ge Xuan wrote that desires make individuals selfish and dishonest; the mind creates illusions, which cause suffering.
Ge Xuan reportedly received texts fromZuo Yuanfang, who received them from a divine man who came to him while he was practicing purification of thought (靜思jìngsī) onMount Tianzhu.[14][better source needed] He passed theBook of The Nine Elixirs to his great-nephew, Ge Hong. The Lingbao account for Ge Xuan endured in an anonymous preface written during theSix Dynasties to theHeshang Gong-annotated version of theDao De Jing; the "Preface and Secret Instructions" are attributed to him.[15][better source needed] According to theBiography of Transcendent Duke Ge of the Great Ultimate, written by Zhu Chuo in 1377, nearly all early Dao literature may be traced to Ge Xuan.
Ge Xuan was recognized as the Supreme Immortal when his scripts were passed to Ge Hong. Although Ge Hong began composing theClassic of the Sacred Jewel (Lingbao Jing) around 379 CE, he said that they had been first revealed to Ge Xuan.[16] Ge Xuan is known as "the Perfect Sovereign and Protector", in correspondence with theDao,[7] and the "Immortal Elder Ge of the Supreme Ultimate".
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