Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak | |
|---|---|
 Spivak in 2012 | |
| Born | (1942-02-24)24 February 1942 (age 83) |
| Spouses | |
| Education | |
| Education | University of Calcutta (MA) Cornell University (PhD) |
| Alma mater | Cornell University |
| Thesis | The Great Wheel: Stages in the Personality of Yeats's Lyric Speaker[1] (1967) |
| Doctoral advisor | Paul de Man[2] |
| Philosophical work | |
| Era | Contemporary philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Continental philosophy,postcolonialism,deconstruction |
| Main interests | Literary criticism,feminism,Marxism,postcolonialism |
| Notable ideas | Strategic essentialism, theSubaltern, theOther |
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Bengali pronunciation:[ɡajotrit͡ʃɔkɾobortispiβak];FBA (/ˈspɪvæk/;[3] born 24 February 1942) is an Indianscholar,literary theorist, andfeminist critic.[4] She is aUniversity Professor atColumbia University and a founding member of the establishment's Institute for Comparative Literature and Society.[5]
Considered as one of the most influentialpostcolonialintellectuals, Spivak is best known for her essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" and her translation of and introduction toJacques Derrida'sDe la grammatologie.[6][7] She has also translated many works ofMahasweta Devi into English, with separate critical notes on Devi's life and writing style, notablyImaginary Maps andBreast Stories.
Spivak was awarded the 2012Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for being "a critical theorist and educator speaking for thehumanities againstintellectualcolonialism in relation to theglobalized world."[8][9][10] In 2013, she received thePadma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award given by theRepublic of India.[11] In 2025, Spivak received theHolberg Prize for "her groundbreaking work in the fields of literary theory and philosophy", per the selection committee.[12]
Although associated withpostcolonialism, Spivak confirmed her separation from the discipline in her bookACritique ofPostcolonialReason (1999), a position she maintains in a 2021 essay titled "How the Heritage of Postcolonial Studies Thinks Colonialism Today", published byJanus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies.[13]
Spivak was born on 24 February 1942 asGayatri Chakravorty inCalcutta, India, into aBengaliBrahmin family.[14][15] Her father was Pares Chandra Chakravorty, a doctor, and mother was Sivani Chakravorty, a charitable worker.[16] Her great-great-grandfather was Biharilal Bhaduri, a physician advocatinghomeopathy and a close friend of the Bengali reformerIshwar Chandra Vidyasagar.[17][18][19][20] After completing her secondary education atSt. John's Diocesan Girls' Higher Secondary School, Spivak attendedPresidency College, Kolkata under theUniversity of Calcutta, from which she graduated in 1959.[16]
Spivak has been married twice—first to Talbot Spivak (1937–2006), a fellow Cornell student, from 1964 to 1977, and then until 1992 to historianBasudev Chatterji.[15] Her first husband published an autobiographical novel centred on their early marriage,The Bride Wore the Traditional Gold, in 1972.[21][22][23] She has no children.[15]
In 1959, upon graduation, she secured employment as an English tutor for forty hours a week. Her MAthesis was on the representation of innocence inWordsworth withM.H. Abrams. In 1961, Spivak joined the graduate program in English atCornell University in the United States, travelling on money borrowed on a so-called "life mortgage". In 1962, unable to secure financial aid from the department of English, she transferred to a new program calledComparative Literature, although she had insufficient preparation in French and German. Herdissertation was under the guidance of the program's first director,Paul de Man, titledMyself Must I Remake: The Life and Poetry ofW.B. Yeats.[16] In 1963–1964, she attendedGirton College, Cambridge, as a research student under the supervision of ProfessorT.R. Henn, writing on the representation of the stages of development of the lyric subject in the poetry of Yeats. She presented a course in the summer of 1963 on "Yeats and the Theme of Death" at the Yeats Summer School inSligo, Ireland. (She returned there in 1987 to present Yeats' position within post-coloniality.)[citation needed] While at Cornell, she served as the second female member of theTelluride Association.[23]
In the Fall of 1965, Spivak became anassistant professor in the English department of theUniversity of Iowa. She received tenure in 1970. She did not publish herdoctoral dissertation, "The Great Wheel: Stages in the Personality of Yeats's Lyric Speaker" (Cornell, 1967), but decided to write a critical book on Yeats that would be accessible to her undergraduate students without compromising her intellectual positions. The result was her first book, written for young adults,Myself Must I Remake: The Life and Poetry of W.B. Yeats.[24]
In 1967, on her regular attempts at self-improvement, Spivak purchased a book, by an author unknown to her, entitledDe la grammatologie. She decided to translate this book, and wrote a long translator's preface. This publication was immediately a success, and the "Translator's Preface" began to be used around the world as an introduction to the philosophy ofdeconstruction launched by the author,Jacques Derrida, whom Spivak met in 1971.[25]
In 1974, at the University of Iowa, Spivak founded the MFA in Translation in the department of Comparative Literature.[26] The following year, she became the Director of the Program in Comparative Literature and was promoted to a full professorship. In 1978, she was National Humanities Professor at theUniversity of Chicago. She received many subsequent residentialvisiting professorships and fellowships. In 1978, she joined theUniversity of Texas at Austin as professor of English and Comparative Literature.
In 1982, she was appointed as the Longstreet Professor in English and Comparative Literature atEmory University. In 1986, at theUniversity of Pittsburgh, she became the first Mellon Professor of English. Here, she established the Cultural Studies program. From 1991, she was a member of faculty atColumbia University as Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities, where, in 2007, she was made University Professor in the Humanities.[27]
Since 1986, Spivak has been engaged in teaching and training adults and children among the landless illiterates on the border ofWest Bengal andBihar/Jharkhand. She has stated that this sustained attempt in practical work has allowed her the limits of high theory more clearly. In 1997, her friend Lore Metzger, a survivor of theThird Reich, left her $10,000 in her will, to help with the work of rural education. With this, Spivak established the Pares Chandra and Sivani Chakravorty Memorial Foundation for Rural Education, to which she contributed the majority of her Kyoto Prize.[21]
In May 2018, Spivak signed a collective letter toNew York University to defendAvital Ronell, a colleague of Spivak, against the charge of sexual abuse from NYU graduate student Nimrod Reitman. Spivak and the other signatories called the case a "legal nightmare" for Ronell and charged Reitman with conducting a "malicious campaign" against her. More specifically, the letter suggested that Ronell should be excused on the basis of the significance of her academic contributions. Many signatories were also concerned of the utilisation of feminist tools, likeTitle IX, to take down feminists.[28]Judith Butler, the chief signatory, subsequently apologised for certain aspects of the letter.[29][30] NYU ultimately found Ronell guilty of sexual harassment and suspended her for a year.
In May 2024, Spivak was involved in a controversy where she repeatedly corrected the pronunciation of aDalit graduate student Anshul Kumar who asked her a question as part of a discussion at an event inJawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Anshul Kumar shared in a Dalit blog about feeling humiliated and insulted during the incident.[31] Spivak remarked in an interview that Anshul Kumar "had not identified himself as a Dalit".[32] Dalit scholar Anilkumar Payyappilly Vijayan called the student's reaction "a strategy of counter-violence" against "the structural violence built into the very edifice of postcoloniality on which many dominant class intellectuals [like Spivak] have been comfortably placed".[33]
Spivak rose to prominence with her translation ofDerrida'sDe la grammatologie, which included a translator's introduction that has been described as "setting a new standard for self-reflexivity in prefaces".[34] After this, as a member of the "Subaltern Studies Collective", she carried out a series of historical studies and literary critiques of imperialism and international feminism. She has often referred to herself as a "practicalMarxist-feminist-deconstructionist".[35] Her predominant ethico-political concern has been for the space occupied by the subaltern, especially subaltern women, both in discursive practices and in institutions of Western cultures.Edward Said wrote of Spivak's work, "She pioneered the study in literary theory of non-Western women and produced one of the earliest and most coherent accounts of that role available to us."[36]
Spivak has often been criticised for her cryptic prose.[37][38]Terry Eagleton laments that
If colonial societies endure what Spivak calls 'a series of interruptions, a repeated tearing of time that cannot be sutured', much the same is true of her own overstuffed, excessively elliptical prose. She herself, unsurprisingly, reads the book's broken-backed structure in just this way, as an iconoclastic departure from 'accepted scholarly or critical practice'. But the ellipses, the heavy-handed jargon, the cavalier assumption that you know what she means, or that if you don't she doesn't much care, are as much the overcodings of an academic coterie as a smack in the face for conventional scholarship.[39]
Writing for theNew Statesman, Stephen Howe complained that "Spivak is so bewilderingly eclectic, so prone to juxtapose diverse notions without synthesis, that ascribing a coherent position to her on any question is extremely difficult."[15]Judith Butler, in a response critical of Eagleton's position, cited Adorno's comment on the lesser value of the work of theorists who "recirculate received opinion", and opined that Spivak "gives us the political landscape of culture in its obscurity and proximity", and that Spivak's supposedly "complex" language has resonated with and profoundly changed the thinking of "tens of thousands of activists and scholars", and continues to do so.[40]
Her essay, "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988), established Spivak among the ranks of feminists who consider history, geography, and class when thinking about women. In "Can the Subaltern Speak?", Spivak discusses the lack of an account of theSati practice, leading her to reflect on whether thesubaltern can even speak.[41] Spivak writes about the process, the focus on the EurocentricSubject as they disavow the problem of representation; and by invoking the Subject of Europe, these intellectuals constitute the subaltern 'Other of Europe' as anonymous and mute. In all her work, Spivak's main effort has been to try to find ways of accessing thesubjectivity of those who are being investigated. She is hailed[by whom?] as a critic who has feminised and globalised the philosophy ofdeconstruction, considering the position of thesubaltern (a word used byAntonio Gramsci as describing ungeneralisable fringe groups of society who lack access to citizenship).
In the early 1980s, she was also hailed as a co-founder ofpostcolonial theory, which she refused to accept fully. HerA Critique of Postcolonial Reason, published in 1999, explores how major works of Europeanmetaphysics (e.g.,Kant,Hegel) not only tend to exclude the subaltern from their discussions, but actively prevent non-Europeans from occupying positions as fully human subjects.[42] In this work, Spivak launched the concept of "sanctioned ignorance" for the "reproducing and foreclosing of colonialist structures". This concept denotes a purposeful silencing through the "dismissing of a particular context as being irrelevant"; an institutionalised and ideological way of presenting the world.[43]
Spivak coined the term "strategic essentialism", which refers to a sort of temporarysolidarity for the purpose of social action. For example, women's groups have many different agendas that potentially make it difficult for feminists to work together for common causes. "Strategicessentialism" allows for disparate groups to accept temporarily an "essentialist" position that enables them able to act cohesively and "can be powerfully displacing and disruptive."[44]
However, while others have built upon the idea of "strategic essentialism", Spivak has been unhappy with the ways the concept has been taken up and used. In interviews, she has disavowed the term, although she has not completely deserted theconcept itself.[45][46]
In speeches given and published since 2002, Spivak has addressed the issue of terrorism and suicide bombings. With the aim of bringing an end to suicide bombings, she has explored and "tried to imagine what message [such acts] might contain", ruminating that "suicidal resistance is a message inscribed in the body when no other means will get through".[47] One critic has suggested that this sort of stylised language may serve to blur important moral issues relating to terrorism.[48] However, Spivak stated in the same speech that "single coerced yet willed suicidal 'terror' is in excess of the destruction of dynastic temples and the violation of women, tenacious and powerfully residual. It has not the banality of evil. It is informed by the stupidity of belief taken to extreme."[47]
Apart from Derrida, Spivak has also translated the fiction of the Bengali author,Mahasweta Devi, the poetry of the 18-century Bengali poetRamprasad Sen, andA Season in the Congo byAimé Césaire, a poet, essayist, and statesman fromMartinique. In 1997, she received a prize for translation into English from theSahitya Akadami from the National Academy of Literature in India.[49]
She has been aGuggenheim fellow, has received numerous academic honours including anhonorary doctorate fromOberlin College,[50] and has been on the editorial board of academic journals such asBoundary 2. She was elected to theAmerican Philosophical Society in 2007.[51] In March of that same year, Columbia University PresidentLee Bollinger appointed Spivak University Professor, the institution's highest faculty rank. In a letter to the faculty, he wrote:
Not only does her world-renowned scholarship—grounded in deconstructivist literary theory—range widely from critiques of post-colonial discourse to feminism, Marxism, and globalization; her lifelong search for fresh insights and understanding has transcended the traditional boundaries of discipline while retaining the fire for new knowledge that is the hallmark of a great intellect.
Spivak has served on the advisory board of numerous academic journals, includingJanus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies published byMemorial University of Newfoundland,differences,Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society,Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies published byRoutledge, andDiaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies.[52][53][54] Spivak has received 11honorary doctorates from theUniversity of Toronto,University of London,Oberlin College,Universitat Rovira Virgili,Rabindra Bharati University,Universidad Nacional de San Martín,University of St Andrews,Université de Vincennes à Saint-Denis, Presidency University,Yale University, andUniversity of Ghana-Legon. In 2012, she became the only Indian recipient of theKyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy in the category of Arts and Philosophy, while in 2021 she was elected acorresponding fellow of the British Academy.[55] In 2025, Spivak received theHolberg Prize.[12]
Spivak has advised many significant post-colonial scholars. ProfessorsJenny Sharpe and Mark Sanders are among her former students.[42]: xxiii [56]
Phire Esho, Chaka, a 1961 book of love poems byBinoy Majumdar, was addressed and dedicated to her.[57]
Her name appears in the lyrics of theLe Tigre song "Hot Topic".[58]
A Critical Theorist and Educator Speaking for the Humanities Against Intellectual Colonialism in Relation to the Globalized World.
Known as the 'Nobel of the arts,' the Kyoto Prize is an international award presented annually to individuals who have contributed significantly to the scientific, cultural and spiritual betterment of mankind in categories of advanced technology, basic sciences and arts and philosophy.
Spivak's simultaneous critique and endorsement of Subaltern Studies's essentialism suggests that humanism can be activated in the service of the subaltern; in other words, when put into practice by the dispossessed themselves, essentialism can be powerfully displacing and disruptive.
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