Gay pulp fiction, orgay pulps, refers to printed works, primarily fiction, that include references to malehomosexuality, specifically malegay sex, and that are cheaply produced, typically inpaperback books made of wood pulp paper;lesbian pulp fiction is similar work about women.Michael Bronski, the editor of an anthology of gay pulp writing, notes in his introduction, "Gay pulp is not an exact term, and it is used somewhat loosely to refer to a variety of books that had very different origins and markets".^[1] People often use the term to refer to the "classic" gay pulps that were produced before about 1970, but it may also be used to refer to the gay erotica or pornography in paperback book or digest magazine form produced since that date.

Many early gay pulps were reissues of literary novels with gay themes, such as this 1958 Pyramid Books edition ofNever the Same Again.

Gay pulps are part of the expansion of cheap paperback books that began in the 1930s and "reached its full force in the early 1950s."^[1] Mainstream publishers packaged the cheap paperbacks to be sold in train and bus stations, dimestores,drugstores,grocery stores, andnewsstands, to reach the market that had boughtpulp magazines in the first half of the twentieth century. Designed to catch the eye, the paperback books featured vivid cover art and often dealt with taboo subjects:prostitution,rape,interracial romances,lesbianism, and malehomosexuality. Michael Bronski has noted thatlesbian pulp fiction were far more numerous and popular than those that dealt with male homosexuality; he attributes this difference to the fact that while both lesbian and heterosexual women read the lesbian pulps, a major part of the market for these novels was heterosexual men. According to Bronski, "The trajectory of the gay male pulps is very different. There was no burgeoning market for gay male novels in the 1950s because they apparently had little crossover appeal for a substantial heterosexual readership."^[1]

Still, some gay pulps were published by mainstream publishers throughout the 1950s and early 1960s. These were often reprints of literary novels that involved references to homosexuality, such asCharles Jackson's 1946 novel,The Fall of Valor, andGore Vidal's 1948 novel,The City and the Pillar, which first appeared in paperback in 1950. Likewise,Blair Niles' 1931 novelStrange Brother appeared in paperback in 1952.

The first paperback original to deal with homosexuality was 1952'sMen into Beasts, a nonfiction work byGeorge Viereck. Viereck, a poet, was sent to prison duringWorld War II for his work as a paid propaganda agent ofNazi Germany.Men into Beasts is a general memoir of the indignities and brutalities of life in prison, but a significant part of it deals withsituational homosexuality andmale rape in prison.^[2] The cover of the book features a discreetly posed nude man, on his knees in a prison cell, being beaten by two prison guards. The text on the back of the book blames prison riots on "homosexual slavery—inmates being forced to practice abnormal acts with sex deviates who roamed the prisons at will."^[2]

Beginning around 1964, the more than a decade of challenges to U.S.censorship laws applied to literary novels such asLady Chatterley's Lover,Portnoy's Complaint, andNaked Lunch had redefined legal standards for obscenity.^[2]Susan Stryker cites Tom Norman's bibliography of American gay erotic paperbacks to note that thirty gay paperback books were published in 1965, and that over a hundred were in 1966. Many of these publishers had their roots in publishingbeefcake, or "male physique" magazines in the 1950s, precursors to explicit gaypornographic magazines.^[2]

Most of the new gay paperbacks were explicitly pornographic, writing designed to provoke sexual responses, rather than literary writing, and they came from small, gay presses, such as the Guild Press,Greenleaf Classics, and the Publisher's Export Company, rather than from mainstream national publishers. For example, Greenleaf (under editorEarl Kemp) published a series of eroticspy parodies calledThe Man from C.A.M.P., written byVictor J. Banis. Banis says once Kemp and Greenleaf proved how much of a market there was for this type of fiction, other publishers soon joined in.^[3]

Among "the more provocative titles and noms de plume" published in this decade include:Summer in Sodom, by Edwin Fey;Gay Whore, by Jack Love;Hollywood Homo, by Michael Starr;The Short Happy Sex Life of Stud Sorell, by Orlando Paris;It's a Gay, Gay, Gay, Gay World, by Guy Faulk;Gay on the Range, by Dick Dale;Queer Belles, by Percy Queen; andGay Pals, by Peter Grande.^[4]

Sometimes, these past ephemera can become useful community history resources. As Susan Stryker and Michael Meeker note in a new preface to Lou Rand'sThe Gay Detective (1965),San Francisco area LGBT historians found that the paperback in question turned out to be a valuable document in describing past prominent if closeted social figures, ethnic conflicts overpolice corruption and the emergence of anarcoticsunderworld in their city, as well as referring to bygone LGBT venues.^[5]

Some of the titles issued by these presses in the late 1960s blurred the lines between literary gay fiction and pornography. While all of them include more explicit sexual content than literary novels or mainstream, non-sexual paperback fiction (Westerns, romances, etc.) of the time, some aspired to higher literary merit and include attempts at more careful characterizations, settings, and plots. Susan Stryker cites in this category Chris Davidson andRichard Amory, who both wrote for Greenleaf Classics. Davidson put gay porn twists on familiar genres:A Different Drum features sex between Yankee and Confederate soldiers in theAmerican Civil War;Go Down, Aaron has a Jew subjected to sex sadism in the Third Reich; andCaves of Iron is about prison sex. Richard Amory, meanwhile, in theSong of the Loon has aLast of the Mohicans-type story, but with the lone frontiersman and the Indians having sex.^[2] Gay historian John Howard has identifiedCarl Corley as a similar writer of pulp pornography that was "more sober, more earnest", and that was usually set in Corley's nativeAmerican South.^[4]Victor J. Banis wrote a gay detective series,The Man from C.A.M.P., whose novels feature Jackie Holmes as a gay international superspy. This series turns the popular, conventional spy-genre novel on its head.^[2]

• Lesbian pulp fiction
• LGBTQ literature
• Yaoi

• Austen, Roger (1977).Playing the Game: The Homosexual Novel in America (1st ed.). Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company.ISBN 978-0-672-52287-1.
• Bronski, Michael (2003).Pulp Friction: Uncovering the Golden Age of Gay Male Pulps (1st ed.). New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin.ISBN 978-0-312-25267-0.
• Gunn, Drewey Wayne (2013).The Gay Male Sleuth in Print and Film: A History and Annotated Bibliography (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-8588-2.
• Gunn, Drewey Wayne, ed. (2009).The Golden Age of Gay Fiction (1st ed.). Albion, NY: MLR Press.ISBN 978-1-60820-048-1.
• Gunn, Drewey Wayne; Harker, Jaime, eds. (2013).1960s Gay Pulp Fiction: The Misplaced Heritage (1st ed.). Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.ISBN 978-1-62534-045-0.
• Howard, John (1999).Men Like That: A Southern Queer History (1st ed.). University of Chicago Press.ISBN 978-0-226-35470-5.
• Norman, Tom (1994).American Gay Erotic Paperbacks: A Bibliography. Burbank, CA.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Rand, Lou (1961). Susan Stryker and Martin Meeker (ed.).The Gay Detective (2003 reprint ed.). San Francisco: Cleis Press.ISBN 978-1-57344-169-8.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Slide, Anthony (2003).Lost Gay Novels: A Reference Guide to Fifty Works from the First Half of the Twentieth Century (1st ed.). Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press.ISBN 978-1-56023-413-5.
• Stryker, Susan (2001).Queer Pulp: Perverted Passions from the Golden Age of the Paperback (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.ISBN 978-0-8118-3020-1.
• Young, Ian (2007).Out in Paperback: A Visual History of Gay Pulps (1st ed.). Toronto, Ont.: LMB Editions.ISBN 978-0-9781765-1-8.

• The Fales Library Guide to the Gay and Lesbian Pulp Fiction Collection (accessed December 19, 2017)
• The Loon Society, devoted to the works of Richard Amory (accessed January 29, 2010)
• Young, Ian.The Paperback Explosion: How Gay Paperbacks Changed America (accessed January 29, 2010)
• Gay On The Range: An archive of gay paperback artwork from the 50s and 60s (accessed January 29, 2010)
• Conquering the Demon Within: The History of GLBT Horror Pulps (accessed January 29, 2010)

• Gay fiction
• Gay history
• Pulp fiction
• Novels about gay topics
• Gay male erotica

• CS1: unfit URL
• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
• CS1 maint: location missing publisher
• CS1 errors: ISBN date