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Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was the name of severalgay liberation groups, the first of which was formed inNew York City in 1969, immediately after theStonewall riots.[1] Similar organizations also formed in the UK, Australia and Canada. The GLF provided a voice for the newly-out and newly radicalized gay community, and a meeting place for a number of activists who would go on to form other groups, such as theGay Activists Alliance, Gay Youth New York, andStreet Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) in the US.[2] In the UK and Canada, activists also developed a platform for gay liberation and demonstrated forgay rights. Activists from both the US and UK groups would later go on to found or be active in groups includingACT UP, theLesbian Avengers,Queer Nation,Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, andStonewall.[3]
The United States Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was formed in the aftermath of theStonewall Riots. The riots are considered by many to be the prime catalyst for thegay liberation movement and the modern fight forLGBTQ rights in the United States.[4][5]
On June 28, 1969, inGreenwich Village,New York, the New York City police raided theStonewall Inn, a well knowngay bar, located onChristopher Street. Police raids of the Stonewall, and other lesbian and gay bars, were a routine practice at the time, with regular payoffs todirty cops andorganized crime figures an expected part of staying in business.[6] The Stonewall Inn was made up of two former horse stables which had been renovated into one building in 1930. Like all gay bars of the era, it was subject to countless police raids, asLGBTQ activities and fraternization were still largely illegal. But this time, when the police began arresting patrons, the customers began pelting them with coins, and later, bottles and rocks. The lesbian and gay crowd also freed staff members who had been put into police vans, and the outnumbered officers retreated inside the bar. Soon, the Tactical Patrol Force (TPF), originally trained to deal with war protests, were called in to control the mob, which was now using a parking meter as a battering ram. As the patrol force advanced, the crowd did not disperse, but instead doubled back and re-formed behind the riot police, throwing rocks, shouting "Gay Power!", dancing, and taunting their opposition. For the next several nights, the crowd would return in ever increasing numbers, handing out leaflets and rallying themselves. Soon the word "Stonewall" came to represent fighting for equality in the gay community.[citation needed] And in commemoration,Gay Pride marches are held every year on the anniversary of the riots.
In early July 1969, due in large part to theStonewall riots in June of that year, discussions in the gay community led to the formation of the Gay Liberation Front. According to scholarHenry Abelove, it was named GLF "in a provocative allusion to theAlgerian National Liberation Front and theVietnamese National Liberation Front."[7][8] On July 31, 1969 the core group of radical activists met again at Alternate U, a leftist meeting hall and lecture center on 6th Ave. at 14th Street. The meeting was attended by over 40 people includingMartha Shelley,Marty Robinson, Bill Katzenberg, Lois Hart, Suzanne BeVier, Ron Ballard,Bob Kohler, Marty Stefan, Mark Giles, Charles Pitts, Pete Wilson, Michael Brown, John O’Brien, Earl Galvin, Dan Smith, Jim Fouratt, Billy Weaver, Jerry Hoose, Leo Martello and others. Space usage at Alternate U was arranged with AU staffer, Susan Silverman, who also attended the meeting.[9]
Here, the decision was made to break away from existing gay and lesbian organizations and form the new group to be called the Gay Liberation Front, the name that Martha Shelley “officially” introduced at the meeting. All three words had powerful meanings. “Gay” implied the new radical, out-of-the-closet generation—no longer a quasi-apologetic “homophile group.” “Liberation” implied its broad and radical agenda, a word used at that time by the Women’s, Vietnamese, Black and other freedom movements. “Front” denoted an umbrella coalition uniting a diverse group of lesbian and gay people despite their differences in class, age, gender, race and ethnicity. The meeting then authorized Lois Hart, Michael Brown and Ron Ballard to compose a statement of purpose that appeared in the next issue of “Rat,” a prominent New York radical movement newspaper at that time. From the beginning, GLF stated its goals as confronting all forms of sexism and male supremacy which it held to be the source of LGBT oppression and to form coalitions with other radical groups working to create a world-wide social revolution.
On August 2, 1969, the group held a protest at theWomen's House of Detention inGreenwich Village and would go on to hold weekly protests there.[10][9]
One of GLF's early acts included organizing a march protesting coverage of gay people byThe Village Voice, which took place on September 12, 1969.[11][9] Long before the word "intersectionality" came into use, the GLF had a broad political platform, denouncingracism and declaring support for variousThird World struggles and theBlack Panther Party. They took ananti-capitalist stance and attacked thenuclear family and traditionalgender roles.[12] Continuing its protest on how the media portrayed LGBT people and the movement, GLF picketed the offices of Time Magazine following their publication of a cover story entitled “The Homosexual in America.”[13]
Come Out!, the first periodical published by the GLF, came out it November 1969.[14]
In 1970, several GLF women, such as Martha Shelley, Lois Hart, Karla Jay,[15] and Michela Griffo went on to form theRadicalesbians, alesbian activist organization. Their first protest was at the National Organization of Women’s Second Congress to Unite Women. The group protested NOW's exclusion of lesbians and lack of support for lesbian issues.[16]
In 1970, members of GLF New York, led byMark Segal andNova, formed the groupGay Youth for people under 21 years of age.
In 1970, thedrag queen caucus of the GLF, includingMarsha P. Johnson andSylvia Rivera, formed the groupStreet Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), during a GLF action, theWeinstein Hall occupation in a protest against NYU policies.[17] STAR focused on providing support for gay prisoners, housing for homeless gay youth and street people, especially other young "street queens".[18][6][19]
In 1970, several Black and Latinx members of the GLF, including graphic artist Juan Carlos Vidal and poet Néstor Latrónico, formed Third World Gay Revolution (T.W.G.R.), which attempted to vocalize and combat the triple oppression of heterosexism, racism, and classism experienced by queer people of color. Another chapter of T.W.G.R. opened in Chicago shortly after the original group formed in New York.[20][21][22]
In 1970, the GLF, led by Gary Alinder,protested the American Psychiatric Association's classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder.[23]
In 2019, in recognition of GLF New York's historic role in the post-Stonewall LGBTQ movement, and its central role in establishing the annual Pride March, NYC Pride announced that GLF would be one of the Grand Marshal's for the march commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Uprising.[24][25]
On October 31, 1969, sixty members of the GLF, the Committee for Homosexual Freedom (CHF), and the Gay Guerilla Theatre group staged a protest outside the offices of theSan Francisco Examiner in response to a series of news articles disparaging people in San Francisco'sgay bars and clubs.[26][27][28][29] The peaceful protest against theExaminer turned tumultuous and was later called "Friday of the Purple Hand" and "Bloody Friday of the Purple Hand".[29][30][31][32][33][34] Examiner employees "dumped a barrel of printers' ink on the crowd from the roof of the newspaper building", according toglbtq.com.[35] Some reports state that it was a barrel of ink poured from the roof of the building.[36] The protesters "used the ink to scrawl slogans on the building walls" and slap purple hand prints "throughout downtown [San Francisco]" resulting in "one of the most visible demonstrations of gay power" according to theBay Area Reporter.[29][31][34] According to Larry LittleJohn, then president ofSociety for Individual Rights, "At that point, the tactical squad arrived – not to get the employees who dumped the ink, but to arrest the demonstrators. Somebody could have been hurt if that ink had gotten into their eyes, but the police were knocking people to the ground."[29] The accounts ofpolice brutality include women being thrown to the ground and protesters' teeth being knocked out.[29][37] Inspired byBlack Hand extortion methods ofCamorragangsters andthe Mafia,[38] some gay and lesbian activists attempted to institute "purple hand" as a warning to stop anti-gay attacks, but with little success.[citation needed] In Turkey, the LGBT rights organization MorEl Eskişehir LGBTT Oluşumu (Purple Hand Eskişehir LGBT Formation), also bears the name of this symbol.[39]
In 1970 "The U.S. Mission" had a permit to use a campground in theSequoia National Forest. Once it was learned that the group was sponsored by the GLF, the Sequoia National Forest supervisor cancelled the permit, and the campground was closed for the period.[40]
... if we are to succeed in transforming our society we must persuade others of the merits of our ideas, and there is no way we can achieve this if we cannot even persuade those most affected by our oppression to join us in fighting for justice.
We do not intend to ask for anything.We intend to stand firm and assert our basic rights. If this involves violence, it will not be we who initiate this, but those who attempt to stand in our way to freedom.
TheUK Gay Liberation Front existed between 1970 and 1973.[42]
Its first meeting was held in the basement of theLondon School of Economics on 13 October 1970.Bob Mellors and Aubrey Walter had seen the effect of the GLF in the United States and created a parallel movement based on revolutionary politics.[43]Come Together, the organisation's newspaper, came out of its Media Workshop the same year.[44]
The GLF held its first demonstration on 27 November of the same year, when 150 people marched atHighbury Fields in London in protest at the arrest, and allegedentrapment, of activistLouis Eaks for importuning.[45]
By 1971, the UK GLF was recognized as a political movement in the national press, holding weekly meetings of 200 to 300 people.[46] The GLF Manifesto was published, and a series of high-profile direct actions, were carried out, such as the disruption of the launch of the Church-based morality campaign, Festival of Light.[47]
The disruption of the opening of the 1971Festival of Light was one of the most well-organisedGLF actions. The first meeting of the Festival of Light was organised byMary Whitehouse atMethodist Central Hall. Amongst GLF members taking part in this protest were the "Radical Feminists", a group ofgender non-conforming males indrag, who invaded and spontaneously kissed each other;[48] others released mice, sounded horns, and unveiled banners, and a contingent dressed as workmen obtained access to the basement and shut off the lights.[49]
Easter 1972 saw the Gay Lib annual conference held in theGuild of Students building at theUniversity of Birmingham.[50]
By 1974, internal disagreements had led to the movement's splintering. Organizations that spun off from the movement included theLondon Lesbian and Gay Switchboard,Gay News, andIcebreakers. The GLF Information Service continued for a few further years providing gay related resources.[43] GLF branches had been set up in some provincial British towns (e.g., Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Leeds, and Leicester) and some survived for a few years longer. TheLeicester Gay Liberation Front founded by Jeff Martin was noted for its involvement in the setting up of the local "Gayline", which is still active today and has received funding from theNational Lottery. They also carried out a high-profile campaign against the local paper, theLeicester Mercury, which refused to advertise Gayline's services at the time.[51][52]
The papers of the GLF are among theHall-Carpenter Archives at theLondon School of Economics.[53]
Several members of the GLF, includingPeter Tatchell, continued campaigning beyond the 1970s under the organisation ofOutRage!, which was founded in 1990 and dissolved in 2011, using similar tactics to the GLF (such as "zaps"[54] and performance protest[55]) to attract a significant level of media interest and controversy.[citation needed] It was at this point that a divide emerged within the gay activist movement, mainly due to a difference in ideologies,[3] after which a number of groups including Organization for Lesbian and Gay Alliance (OLGA), theLesbian Avengers,Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, Dykes And Faggots Together (DAFT),Queer Nation,Stonewall (which focused onlobbying tactics) andOutRage! co-existed.[3]
These groups were very influential following theHIV/AIDS pandemic of the 1980s and 1990s and the violence against lesbians and gay men that followed.[3]
The first gay liberation groups identifying with the Gay Liberation Front movement in Canada were inMontreal,Quebec. TheFront de Libération Homosexuel (FLH) was formed in November 1970, in response to a call for organised activist groups in the city by the publicationMainmise.[56]Another factor in the group's formation was the response from police against gay establishments in the city after thesuspension of civil liberties byPrime MinisterPierre Trudeau in the fall of 1970.[56] This group was short-lived; they were disbanded after over forty members were charged for failure to procure a liquor license at one of the group's events in 1972.[56]
AVancouver,British Columbia group calling itself the Vancouver Gay Liberation Front emerged in 1971, mostly out of meetings from a local commune, called Pink Cheeks. The group gained support fromThe Georgia Straight, a left-leaning newspaper, and opened a drop-in centre and published a newsletter.[56] The group struggled to maintain a core group of members, and competition from other local groups, such as the Canadian Gay Activists Alliance (CGAA) and theGay Alliance Toward Equality (GATE), soon led to its demise.[57]
Bøssernes Befrielsesfront [da] (BBF; lit.The Gays' Liberation Front) was founded inCopenhagen in 1971, the name inspired by the American Gay Liberation Front. BBF was opposed to the already-established gay rights group "Forbundet af 1948" for being too formal. BBF's activities included going to schools to educate about how it was like being gay, andcivil disobedience against the law that prohibited men from publicly dancing together, which was eventually repealed in 1973. The group regularly met at "Bøssehuset" (lit.The gay house) inChristiania.[58][59]
Women's Liberation andMāori activistNgahuia Te Awekotuku initiated the foundation of theAuckland Gay Liberation Front in March 1972, alongside fellowUniversity of Auckland students Nigel Baumber, Ray Waru, and others. In the following months Gay Liberation Fronts established inWellington,Christchurch andHamilton, with further groups founded inRotorua,Nelson,Taranaki, and other places between 1973 and 1977. Gay Liberation groups carried out numerousdirect action protests, includingguerilla theatre performances,zaps, disrupting meetings of anti-gay groups like theSociety for the Promotion of Community Standards, andpickets.[60] Supporting the wellbeing of gays and helping them to come out was an early concern of the movement, leading to the formation of counselling services such as Gay-Aid in Wellington and Gays-An in Christchurch. A "Gay Week" was held from 29 May to 3 June 1972, featuring guerrilla theatre, a forum, dance, and teach-in.[61]
Gay Liberation organizations were not always successful in these aims; sexism and transphobia in the movement also led to the establishment of separate lesbian-feminist and trans organizations, such as SHE -Sisters for Homophile Equality - founded in Christchurch in September 1973. Gay Liberation chapters also worked alongside groups such as Hedesthia, a social and political organization for transvestites and transsexuals.[62]
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Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha "Pay It No Mind" Johnson ... Both were self-identified drag queens.
Birmingham hosted the Gay Liberation Front annual conference in 1972, at the chaplaincy at Birmingham University Guild of Students.
