In 1613, during his first passage on theOttawa River, the great explorerSamuel de Champlain was the first European to speak of "the river that comes from the north", traveled for millennia by Aboriginals, but he did not name it. In 1721, Canadian surveyor Noël Beaupré recorded the river, but did not give it a name. In short, the name Gatineau was not used inNew France.[13]
In fact, it was not until 1783 that the river was mentioned as Lettinoe in a report by Lieutenant David Jones to the Governor of Quebec,Sir Frederic Haldimand. In 1817, a map byTheodore Davis shows Gatteno, a name taken up with Gatino, Gateno and Gattino on plans byPhilemon Wright, the founder ofHull Township, and by Lieutenant-ColonelJohn By, the engineer responsible for building theRideau Canal.
It was not until 1821 that the name Gatineau first appeared on a map of Nepean Township, Ontario. The same name appears again onWilliam Henderson's map of 1831, and on another drawn 30 years later by surveyor Thomas Devine. Thereafter, the river was always referred to as theGatineau.[13]
There are two hypotheses to explain the origin of the city's name. It would be either of Indigenous origin or of French origin:
The name of the river and the city would come from the Anishinaabemowin (language of the Algonquin Anishinaabeg) Tenagatino Zibi, according to the elders of Kitigan Zibi.[14]
In his 1889 article published in the Echo de la Gatineau,[15] Benjamin Sulte wrote: "One hundred years ago, the Gatineau family was extinct, or thereabouts; it is hardly likely that we waited for its disappearance to consecrate the memory of the three or four fur traders it produced. The custom must have been established during the lifetime of these men, and because they traded in these places. Of the latter fact, for instance, I am not certain." In his own words, Sulte writes that he is creating a myth and that the story that the Gatineau family gave the river its name is a myth, invented by Sulte himself. According to Sulte, the name Gatineau comes from the Gastineau family - not Gatineau - one of its members, Nicolas Gastineau sieur Duplessis (1627-1689).[16][17]
Hull (Lower Canada) on the Ottawa River; at the Chaudier [sic] Falls, 1830, byThomas Burrowes. Chaudière Falls and Bytown are visible in the background.
Prior to European settlement, the Gatineau area was inhabited by theAlgonquin people which is part of the largerAnishinaabe.[18] The current city of Gatineau is centred on an area formerly calledHull. It is the oldest European colonial settlement in theNational Capital Region, but this area was essentially not developed by Europeans until after theAmerican Revolutionary War, whenthe Crown granted land through theLeaders and Associates[19] program of the Lower Canada Executive, which brought settlement in theOttawa Valley.[20]
Hull was founded on the north shore of theOttawa River in 1800 byPhilemon Wright at theportage around theChaudière Falls, just upstream (or west) from the confluence of theGatineau andRideau rivers with the Ottawa River. Wright brought his family, four other families, and 25 (or 33, according to Philemon's own conflicting reports) labourers[21] with the hope of establishing an agricultural community. However, by 1806, Wright and his family took advantage of the largeforest stands and began theOttawa River timber trade, floating the first square timber raft down the Ottawa River to Québec City. For a while, the industry was under a monopoly known as theGatineau Privilege. The original settlement was calledWright's Town, Lower Canada, and was later renamed as Hull, when it was incorporated in 1875.Bytown, founded in 1832, stood across the river from Wright's Town. In 2002, after amalgamation, Hull became part of a larger jurisdiction named the City of Gatineau.
In 1820, beforeimmigrants from Ireland and Great Britain arrived in great numbers,Hull Township had a population of 707; these included 365 men, 113 women, and 229 children. The high number of men were related to workers in the lumber trade. In 1824, there were 106 families and 803 persons. During the rest of the 1820s, the population of Hull doubled, with the arrival of Protestant immigrants fromUlster, now Northern Ireland. By 1851, the population of the County of Ottawa was 11,104, of which 2,811 lived in Hull. By comparison, Bytown had a population of 7,760 in 1851. By 1861, Ottawa County had a population of 15,671, of which 3,711 lived in Hull.
Gradually,French Canadians also migrated to the township; their proportion of the population increased from 10% in 1850, to 50% in 1870, and 90% in 1920.[22] Industrial development in the mid-19th century attracted large numbers of French-Canadian workers to Hull.
The Gatineau River, like the Ottawa River, was a basic transportation resource for thedraveurs,timber rafters who transported logs via the rivers from lumber camps to downriver destinations. (TheGatineau River flows south into theOttawa River, which flows east to theSt. Lawrence River nearMontreal.) The log-filled Ottawa River, as viewed from Hull, was featured on the back of theCanadian one-dollar bill; the paper money was replaced by a dollar coin (the "loonie") in 1987. The last of the dwindling activity of the draveurs on these rivers ended a few years later.
Very little remains of the original 1800 settlement of Hull because the oldest sectors of the town were destroyed by several fires, especially thedestructive fire in 1900. The fire also seriously damaged thepont des Chaudières (Chaudière Bridge), but the bridge was rebuilt to join Ottawa to Hull atVictoria Island.
In the 1940s, during World War II, Hull, along with various other regions within Canada, such asSaguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, andÎle Sainte-Hélène, was the site ofprisoner-of-war camps.[23] Hull's prison was identified only by a number, as were Canada's other war prisons.[23][24] The prisoners of war (POWs) were organized by nationality and status:civilian or military status.[23] In the Hull camp, POWs were mostly Italian and German nationals who were detained by the government as potential threats to the nation during the war. As a result of theConscription Crisis of 1944, Canadians who hadrefused conscription were also interned in the camp.[23] The prisoners were required to perform hard labour, which included farming and lumbering the land.[23]
During the 1970s and early 1980s, the decaying old downtown core of Hull was redeveloped. Old buildings were demolished and replaced by a series of large office complexes. In addition, some 4,000 residents were displaced, and many businesses uprooted along what was once the town's main commercial area.[25]
On 11 November 1992, Ghislaine Chénier, Mayor by interim for the city of Hull, unveiledWar Never Again, a marble stele monument that commemorates the cost of war for the men, women and children of Hull.[26]
The city has numerous parks and green spaces.Gatineau Park, which occupies almost 360 square kilometers of forest, has beaches and facilities for hiking, biking and cross-country skiing. The Ottawa and Gatineau Rivers flow through Gatineau and Gatineau offers boat rides on the Ottawa River.[29] Gatineau Park has 165 km of pathways and more than 200 km of groomed cross-country ski trails, making it one of the largest trail networks in North America.[30]
Gatineau's entire territory is drained by theOttawa River, the main tributary of theSt. Lawrence. The river marks the city's southern boundary. To the southwest, it widens to formLac Deschênes. The city is also crossed by several rivers: theGatineau, theLièvre and the Blanche. The territory is also criss-crossed by a dozen streams, including theruisseau de la Brasserie, which forms an island in the downtown area.
There are several lakes in Gatineau, the most notable of which areLac Leamy,Lac Beauchamp, Lac des Fées, Lac de la Carrière andLac Pink. Pink is one of the fewmeromictic lakes in North America.
Gatineau has ahumid continental climate (KöppenDfb)[31] with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale.[32] The climate in Gatineau is cold and temperate. Gatineau receives significant precipitation, even during the driest month. The average temperature in this city is 6.5 °C (43.7 °F).[33]
Summer lasts from the end of June to the end of September.[33] The precipitation peaks in June, with an average of 102 mm.[34] From 21 May to 18 September, the warm season lasts 3.9 months, with an average daily high temperature above 20 °C. July is the hottest month in Gatineau, with average highs of 26 °C and lows of 15 °C.
The cold season lasts 3.2 months, from 3 December to 11 March, with an average daily high temperature of less than 1 degree Celsius. January is the coldest month in Gatineau, with an average low of -15 °C and a high of -5 °C.[34]
Data: 1991 - 2021 Min. Temperature °C (°F), Max. Temperature °C (°F), Precipitation / Rainfall mm (in), Humidity, Rainy days. Data: 1999 - 2019: avg. Sun hours
December has the highest relative humidity (78.52%). April is the month with the lowest relative humidity (63.29%). The wettest month is December (12.07 days), while February (9.43 days) is the driest.[33]
Gatineau is one of the two major parts of the National Capital Region (Région de la capitale nationale), also known as Canada's Capital Region and Ottawa–Gatineau; it is an official federal designation encompassing theCanadian capital ofOttawa, Ontario, the adjacent city of Gatineau, Quebec, and surrounding suburban andexurban areas.[35] It includes larger urban communities such asClarence-Rockland,Russell,North Grenville,Val-des-Monts andCantley. It also includes smaller villages such asBowman,Denholm,Lochaber andVal-des-Bois.
TheNational Capital Region has numerous attractions, including festivals, national museums, architecture, sports and entertainment. Gatineau is home to theCanadian Museum of History, one of Canada's most visited museums, designed by the architectDouglas Cardinal, a leading figure in contemporary Indigenous architecture.
As part of the2000–06 municipal reorganization in Quebec, the five municipalities that constituted theCommunauté urbaine de l'Outaouais (Outaouais urban community) were merged on 1 January 2002 to constitute the new city of Gatineau. They were:
Although Hull was the oldest and most central of the merged cities, the name Gatineau was chosen for the new city. The historic municipality of Gatineau had more residents than Hull, and this name was strongly associated with the area: it was the name of the former county, valley, hills, and park and the main river within the new city limits.
After the 2003 election, the newLiberal government ofJean Charest passed Bill 9, which created a process by which former municipalities could be reconstituted. Contrary to Charest's election promise of full de-amalgamation, Bill 9 restored only selected powers to the de-merged cities (e.g., animal control, garbage pickup, local street maintenance, some cultural facilities). The bigger expenses (e.g., police, fire, main streets, expansion programs) and the majority of the taxes remained in the hands of urban agglomerations. These are controlled by the central merged city because their larger populations give them greater voting weight. In order to hold a referendum on de-amalgamation, 10% of the eligible voters in each former municipality would have to sign a "register".
Residents of Aylmer, Buckingham, Hull and Masson-Angers all surpassed this threshold and sought referendums on de-merge. A simple majority of "yes" votes, based on a turnout of at least 35% of voters, is needed to de-merge. All of the above jurisdictions had the required turnout. A majority of voters in each jurisdiction rejected the de-merger.[36]
Division of population by sector in the city of Gatineau.
Gatineau
45.4%
Hull
29.2%
Aylmer
15.9%
Buckingham
5.1%
Masson-Angers
4.3%
Former municipality
# of Yes votes
Yes vote (%)
Total votes
Turnout (%)
Aylmer
7,412
26.48
12,844
45.89
Buckingham
1,779
20.27
4,302
49.02
Hull
7,820
15.71
19,885
39.94
Masson-Angers
2,563
34.8
3,900
52.88
North American telephone customers placing calls to Gatineau may not recognise the charge details on their bills. Theincumbent local exchange carrier,Bell Canada, continues to split Gatineau between five rate centres which have never been amalgamated. The city centre, the core of the pre-merger city of Hull, shares a rate centre with the pre-2001 territory of Ottawa, plus a few close-in suburbs. The "Gatineau" rate centre only serves the pre-merger city of Gatineau. Local calling was not possible between some portions of the "megacity" of Gatineau for some years after the merger.
In the2021 Census of Population conducted byStatistics Canada, Gatineau had a population of291,041 living in126,476 of its133,225 total private dwellings, a change of5.4% from its 2016 population of276,245. With a land area of 341.84 km2 (131.99 sq mi), it had a population density of851.4/km2 (2,205.1/sq mi) in 2021.[37]
According to the2011 census, the city of Gatineau had a population of 265,349. This was an increase of 9.6% compared to 2006. Most of the population live in the urban cores of Aylmer, Hull and the former Gatineau. Buckingham and Masson-Angers are more rural communities. Gatineau is the fourth largest city in Quebec afterMontreal,Quebec City, andLaval.
The Quebec part of Ottawa-GatineauCensus Metropolitan Area (CMA) – which includes various peripheral municipalities in addition to Gatineau – had a total population of 314,501. Between 2001 and 2006, there was a net influx of 5,205 people (equivalent to 2% of the total 2001 population) who moved to Gatineau from outside of the Ottawa – Gatineau area. There was also a net outmigration of 630 anglophones (equivalent to 2% of the 2001 anglophone population). Overall, there was a net influx of 1,100 people fromQuebec City, 1,060 fromMontreal, 545 fromSaguenay, 315 from Toronto, 240 fromTrois-Rivières, 225 fromKingston, and 180 fromSudbury.[38]
The 2001 census found that 4.3% of the population self-identified as having avisible minority status; among others, these include about 1.3% who self-identified asBlack, about 1.0% self-identifying asArab, 0.5% asLatin American, 0.4% asChinese, 0.3% asSoutheast Asian, 0.2% asSouth Asian, and about 0.1% asFilipino.(Statistics Canada terminology is used throughout.)[39]First Nations comprise 2.7% of the population.[40] The area is home to more than five thousand recent immigrants (i.e. those arriving between 2001 and 2006), who now comprise about two percent of the total population. 11% of these new immigrants have come fromColombia, 10% from China, 7% from France, 6% fromLebanon, 6% fromRomania, 4% fromAlgeria, 3% from the United States and 3% fromCongo.[41]
The cultural diversity of the city of Gatineau is noteworthy. The city welcomes between 800 and 1,000 newcomers to Canada each year. They come from some 60 countries and enrich the Gatineau identity.[29]
Canadians were able to self-identify one or more ethnocultural ancestries in the2001 census. (Percentages may therefore add up to more than 100%.) The most common response wasCanadian/Canadien; as the term "Canadian" is as much an expression of citizenship as of ethnicity, these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethnocultural ancestries. 43.1% of respondents gave a single response of Canadian/Canadien while a further 26.5% identified both Canadian/Canadien and one or more other ethnocultural ancestries. With regards to language, 10.4% of respondents gave a single response ofFrench, 1.1% gave a single response ofPortuguese, 1.0% gave a single response of Irish, 0.9% gave a single response ofLebanese, 0.8% gave a single response of English, 0.7% gave a single responses ofQuébécois and 0.7% gave a single response ofNorth American Indian. According toStatistics Canada, counting both single and multiple responses, the most commonly identified ethnocultural ancestries were: 70.7% North American, 37.8% French, 14.3% British Isles, 4.5% Aboriginal, 4.0% Southern European, 3.8% Western European, 1.9% Arab, 1.7% Eastern European, 1.0% East and Southeast Asian, 0.8% African, 0.7% Latin, Central and South American, 0.7% Caribbean and 0.5% Northern European.
Panethnic groups in the City of Gatineau (2001−2021)
The following statistics refer to the Quebec portion of the Ottawa–Gatineau CMA (as it was defined in the 2021 census). Counting both single and multiple responses, French was amother tongue for 78.27% of residents in 2021, English for 16.96%,Arabic for 2.74%, Portuguese for 0.85% and Spanish for 2.0%.[47] (Figures below are for single responses only.)[48]
Originally, Gatineau's economy was based almost entirely on pulp and paper. However, a number of federal and provincial government offices are located in Gatineau, due to its proximity to the national capital, and its status as the main town of theOutaouais region of Quebec.
In addition to housing a significant portion of federal government offices, Gatineau is also an important regional centre for the Outaouais region. The city serves as the location for the Superior Court of the District of Gatineau, which encompasses all neighboring municipalities. It also houses two of the region's major hospitals as well as numerous provincial colleges.
Other important economic sectors are health care, tourism, education, small business and the provincial public service. The health care and education sectors are particularly important because they represent the region's largest sources of permanent employment outside the federal government. The provincial public service also has a strong presence in the city, due to its status as the region's principal city. There are two hospitals in the city, one in the Hull sector and the other in the Gatineau sector, as well as numerous other clinics and health centers. There are also numerous primary and secondary schools scattered throughout the city. They are managed by four school boards, three of which are French-speaking and one English-speaking. The city is also a major tourist region, with over a million tourists a year visiting the city's museums, parks, lakes and other outdoor attractions.
The Gatineau-Ottawa metropolitan region has over 1,900 technology companies, employing close to 80,000 workers. There are also over 65 research centers and six universities with over 160,000 students (20% of whom are enrolled in science, engineering, and technology programs).[55]
Gatineau's economy relies on a few important sectors. A majority of jobs are accounted for between the federal government, construction and service industries. There is however a large effort to modernize the economy in the region through recent initiatives in the entrepreneurial and innovation ecosystem. TheInnovation Gatineau Institute is a regional innovation centre that boasts co-working space as well as startup incubation and acceleration programs to spur innovative business creation. In 2020, The HonourableMélanie Joly, Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages, visitedthe Outaouais region to announce a total of $1,553,448 in financial assistance. This funding will help expand the entrepreneurial ecosystem.[56]
Gatineau is home to many attractions and cultural events. It is home to national museums such as theCanadian Museum of History and theCanadian Children's Museum. Nightlife within the city of Gatineau is mostly centered in the "Vieux-Hull" sector behind the Federal office complexes ofdowntown. The area features many bars and restaurants within walking distance fromOttawa. It is a popular spot for young Ontarians asthe legal drinking age in Quebec is 18 (as opposed to 19 in Ontario).
Gatineau is home toLes Promenades, which is located at the intersection ofGréber andMaloney Boulevards, one of the city's busiest intersections; it is also just offAutoroute 50. It is the city's largest shopping mall by retail space and by shoppers.
La maison de la culture is a multidisciplinary complex housing the Salle Odyssée. This 830-seat auditorium is the city's main performance venue. The complex also houses the Art-Image exhibition center, the municipal library and many other cultural activities, such as dance and the Gatineau archives.[57]
The newest multidisciplinary complex is called the Centre Slush Puppy. A 4,000-seat arena, including three community ice rinks managed by the non-profit organization Vision Multisports Outaouais, the management model is based on the signing of a 45-yearemphyteutic lease. The building will be transferred to the City at the end of the lease. This arena not only hold theQMJHL hockey teamLes Olympiques, but also host larger artists such asFlo Rida[58]
TheCasino du Lac-Leamy is also one of the largest tourist attraction in the city. In August, the Casino hosts an internationalfireworks competition which opposes four different countries with the winner being awarded aPrix Zeus prize for the best overall show (based on several criteria)[59] and can return in the following year. At the beginning of September, on Labour Day weekend, Gatineau hosts an annualhot air balloon festival which fills the skies with colourful gas-fired passenger balloons. One of Gatineau's urban parks,Jacques Cartier Park, is used by theNational Capital Commission during the popular festival,Winterlude. In December, the Gatineau Playground Festival takes place at Complex Branchaud-Brière in Gatineau. This one-of-a-kind event provides children and adults with 67,000 square feet of gaming, sports, go-karts, trampolines, and other activities.[60]
As Gatineau is the smaller of the two cities in its CMA, most major artists perform in Ottawa. However, since the construction of the Centre Slush Puppy, there has been a demand for more events. The first of which wasFlo Rida; the rapper almost sold out the 5,000 capacity arena, with around 3,000 tickets sold.[61]
Gatineau is home to numerous French-speaking and English-speaking artists. Two of notable French artists areEva Avila andMartin Giroux.
There are many parks. Some of them are well gardened playgrounds or resting spaces while others, likeLac Beauchamp Park, are relatively wild green areas which often merge with the woods and fields of the surrounding municipalities. Streams of all sizes run through these natural expanses. Most of the city is on level ground but the Northern and Eastern parts lie on the beginnings of the foothills of the massiveCanadian Shield, orLaurentian Mountains. These are the "Gatineau Hills", and are visible in the background of the companion picture.
L'Intrépides de Gatineau, are a Midget AAA hockey team.
La Machine de l'Outaouais: aKin-Ball team of the Ligue Senior élite de Kin-Ball du Québec.
Évènements Nordiques Gatineau Nordic Events (ENGNE) representing the regions cross country ski community
Beginning in 2010, the city began hosting an elite women's two-race professional road cycling event, the Grand Prix Cycliste Gatineau, consisting of anindividual time trial and a mass-start road race on separate days. Both races are rated 1.1 by theUnion Cycliste Internationale, making them the highest ranked women's road cycling events in North America. As of 2020, the race reorganized as theTour de Gatineau, with the individual time trial portion now known as theChrono Féminin de Gatineau.[62][63]
TheGatineau City Council (French:Conseil municipal de Gatineau) is the city's main governing body. It comprises theMayor of Gatineau and 19 city councillors. The city serves as the seat of thejudicial district of Gatineau, which encompasses the entirety of the city of Gatineau as well as several outlying municipalities such asChelsea,Cantley andPontiac. The superior court serving theOutaouais region is located in Gatineau across from City Hall on the corner of Laurier and Hôtel-de-Ville. Most of the law firms that represent local businesses throughout the region are also based in Gatineau.
With more than 250 officers, theService de police de la Ville de Gatineau (SPVG) provides day-to-day policing for the city, in collaboration with other agencies such as theSûreté du Québec and theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police assisting as necessary. They are also responsible for patrolling sections of the highways located within the city limits, includingAutoroute 50 andAutoroute 5. The SPVG is equipped with a CID unit, marine unit, drugs unit, gang suppression unit, and atactical unit (Groupe d'intervention, or GI). Patrol officers are armed withSmith & Wesson M&P .40 calibre pistols. The SPVG uses the same vehicles as similar police forces throughout North America.
Ottawa and Gatineau have some of the lowest crime rates in Canada. In 2022, the national crime rate in Canada increased by 5% to 5,668 crimes per 100,000 people.
With a crime rate of 4,019 crimes per 100,000 people, Ottawa ranks 27th out of 35 cities in Canada. Gatineau is the 28th most dangerous city in Canada, with a crime rate of 3,737 crimes per 100,000 people.[66]
Ottawa and Gatineau have two distinct bus-based public transit systems with different fare structures,OC Transpo and theSociété de transport de l'Outaouais. Tickets are not interchangeable between the two, however passes and transfers from one system to the other do not require payment of a surcharge on any routes. There is aproposed LRT system that would connect Gatineau toBayview andRideau Centre Stations in Ottawa.[67]
Many Gatineau highways and major arteries feed directly into the bridges crossing over to Ottawa, but once there the roads lead into the dense downtown grid or into residential areas, with no direct connection toThe Queensway. This difficulty is further magnified by the lack of a major highway on the Quebec side of theOttawa River connecting Gatineau to Montreal, themetropolis of the province; most travellers from Gatineau to Montreal first cross over to Ottawa, and use Ontario highways to access Montreal. However, it is expected that sinceAutoroute 50 has been completed,[68] the new link between Gatineau and theLaurentides popular tourist area may serve as part of a Montreal by-pass by the north shore for Outaouais residents.
Theeducation system in Quebec is different from other systems in Canada. It consists of six years of primary schooling and five years of secondary schooling; after this, students must attend an additional school calledCEGEP, orCollège d'enseignement général et professionnel if they want to access the province’s universities. CEGEPs offer both pre-university (two-year) and technical (three-year) programs.
With 28.3% of its population over 20 years of age having completed university studies, Gatineau is well ahead of the rest of the Canada. Gatineau also has one of the highest bilingualism rates, with 63.5% of its population fluent in both English and French.[69]
The city of Gatineau, within its Hull neighborhood, houses the main campus of theUniversité du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), part of theUniversité du Québec network. The UQO counts over 5,500 students, mostly within its multiple social science programs. It is world-renowned[weasel words] for its cyber-psychology laboratory. Faced with a limited number of domains of study, many Quebec students attend other universities, either inOttawa orMontreal. Every year, the UQO hosts theBar of Quebec course for certification of new lawyers.
In 2019,McGill University announced the construction of a new campus for its Faculty of Medicine in theOutaouais region; the undergraduate medical education program will be run in French and it will allow students to complete their undergraduate medical training entirely in the Outaouais.[72] Official communication with politicians has been ongoing since 2016.[73] The new facility will be erected above the emergency room at the Gatineau Hospital, part of the Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de l'Outaouais, in addition to new offices for the associated Family Medicine Unit for residency training.[72][needs update] Although the preparatory year for students entering the undergraduate medical education program from CEGEP was initially planned to be offered solely at the McGill downtown campus in Montreal,[72][74] collaboration with theUniversité du Québec en Outaouais finally made it possible to offer the program entirely in Gatineau.[75]
Gatineau is thecity of licence for several television and radio stations serving the National Capital Region, which is a single media market. Many of the Ottawa-Gatineau region's TV and FM broadcast stations transmit fromCamp Fortune just north of Gatineau. All of the stations licensed directly to Gatineau broadcast in French.
Weekly newspapers published in Gatineau includeLe Bulletin d'Aylmer (bilingual) andThe West Quebec Post. Although Gatineau does not have its own daily newspaper, it is served by daily newspapers published in Ottawa, including the FrenchLe Droit and the EnglishOttawa Citizen andOttawa Sun.
^abcdeTremblay, Robert, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, et al. "Histoires oubliées – Interprogrammes : Des prisonniers spéciaux" Interlude. Aired: 20 July 2008, 14h47 to 15h00.
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