Gary was named after lawyerElbert Henry Gary, who was the founding chairman of the United States Steel Corporation. U.S. Steel had established the city in 1906 as acompany town to serve its steel mills.[8] Since the 1970s, Gary and otherRust Belt cities have lost a high number of people as the steel industry has gone through restructuring and manufacturing jobs moved offshore. As a result of this economic shift, the city's population has declined 61% since the 1960 census.[9]
Although initially a very diverse city, Gary currently has one of the nation's highest percentages of African Americans.[10] Between 1970 and 2010, Gary had the nation's highest Black population per capita.[11] The city has a legacy of African-American cultural and historical accomplishments. In 1945, Gary was the first city in theMidwest (and one of the first in the United States) to fully integrate its public school system.[12] It elected the country's first Black mayor,Richard Hatcher in 1968, and in 1972 hosted the first and largestNational Black Political Convention.
Gary, Indiana, was founded in 1906 by theU.S. Steel corporation as the home for its new plant,Gary Works. The city was named after lawyerElbert Henry Gary, who was the founding chairman of the United States Steel Corporation.[14]
Gary was the site of civil unrest in the1919 General Steel Strike. On October 4, 1919, a riot broke out onBroadway, the main north–south street through downtown Gary, between steel workers and strike breakers brought in from outside. Indiana governorJames P. Goodrich declared martial law three days later. Shortly after that, over 4,000 federal troops under the command of Major GeneralLeonard Wood arrived to restore order.[15]
The steel industry's jobs provided Gary with rapid growth and a diverse population within the first 26 years of its founding. According to the1920 United States census, 29.7% of Gary's population at the time was classified as foreign-born, mostly from eastern European countries, with another 30.8% classified as native-born with at least one foreign-born parent. By the1930 United States census, the first census in which Gary's population exceeded 100,000, the city was the fifth largest in Indiana and comparable in size toSouth Bend,Fort Wayne, andEvansville. At that time, 78.7% of the population was classified as white, with 19.3% as foreign-born and another 25.9% as native-born with at least one foreign-born parent. In addition to white internal migrants, Gary had attracted numerous African-American migrants from the South in theGreat Migration, and 17.8% of the population was classified as black. Some 3.5% were classified as Mexican (now likely to be identified as Hispanic, as they included citizens and immigrants of other Spanish-speaking ethnicities).[16]
Gary's fortunes have risen and fallen with those of the steel industry. The growth of the steel industry brought prosperity to the community, and industrial workers gained middle-class standards of living. Broadway was known as a commercial center for the region. Department stores and architecturally significant movie houses were built in the downtown andGlen Park neighborhoods.
But in the 1960s, as manufacturing jobs moved offshore, Gary entered a period of decline. This also occurred in many other American urban centers that were reliant on one particular industry. Gary's decline was brought on byreduced employment in the steel industry overall, which caused U.S. Steel to lay off many workers from the Gary area.
The U.S. Steel Gary Works employed over 30,000 in 1970; the workforce declined to 6,000 by 1990, and to 5,100 by August 2015. Attempts to shore up the city's economy with major construction projects, such as aHoliday Inn hotel and theGenesis Convention Center, failed to reverse the decline.[17][18]
In July 1968, riots broke out in Gary following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. The governor ordered 3,000National Guard members to assist local police with restoring order to the city.Curfews were enforced, and a ban ongasoline and liquor sales helped calm the violence. During the unrest, more than 110 people were arrested, at least three stores were set on fire, and at least 15fire-bombings were reported.[19]
A rapid racial change occurred in Gary during the late 20th century. Political power reflected Gary's racial demographics: the Black and Hispanic share of the city's population increased from 21% in 1930 to 39% in 1960, and to 53% in 1970. Black and Hispanic people primarily lived in the Midtown section just south of downtown (per the 1950 Census, 97% of Gary's black population lived in this neighborhood).
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Gary had the highest percentage of African-American residents among U.S. cities with a population of 100,000 or more, 84% (as of the2000 census).
The city's population has fallen well below 100,000 residents. In 2013, the Gary Department of Redevelopment estimated that one-third of all homes in the city were unoccupied and/or abandoned.[21]
U.S. Steel continues to be a major steel producer but has a small fraction of its previous workforce.
While Gary has been unable to establish or replace the manufacturing base, it has worked to diversify. Two casinos opened along the Gary lakeshore in the 1990s, to create an entertainment destination. Their success has been adversely affected by the state closingCline Avenue, an important means of access to the area.
Today, Gary faces the difficulties of aRust Belt city, including high unemployment and decaying infrastructure.[citation needed]
Gary has closed 21 public schools.[22] While some school buildings have been reused, most remain unused since closing. As of 2014, Gary is considering closing additional schools in response to budget deficits.[23][24]
Gary Chief of Police Thomas Houston was convicted of excessive force and abuse of authority in 2008. He died in 2010 while serving a three-year, five-month federal prison sentence.[25][26]
In April 2011, 75-year-old mayorRudolph M. Clay announced that he would suspend his campaign for reelection as he was being treated for prostate cancer. He endorsed rivalKaren Freeman-Wilson, who won the Democratic mayoral primary in May 2011.[27] Freeman-Wilson won election with 87 percent of the vote and her term began in January 2012; she is the first woman elected mayor in the city's history.[28] She was reelected in 2015.[29] She was defeated in her bid for a third term in the 2019 Democratic primary by Lake County AssessorJerome Prince. Since no challengers filed for the November 2019 general election, Prince's nomination was effectively tantamount to election. He officially succeeded Freeman-Wilson on January 1, 2020, two days after being sworn in as the city's 21st mayor on December 30, 2019.[30][31]
In May 2021, a $300 millionHard Rock Casino opened in the city. Branded as Hard Rock Casino Northern Indiana, the location includes memorabilia from the local entertainment family, theJackson 5, and a 1,950-seat Hard Rock Live performance hall.[32]
The city is located at the southern end of the former lake bed of the prehistoricLake Chicago and the currentLake Michigan. Most of the city's soil, nearly one foot below the surface, is pure sand. The sand beneath Gary and on its beaches is of such volume and quality that for over a century, companies have mined it, especially for the manufacture of glass.[33]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 50.663 square miles (131.22 km2), of which 49.932 square miles (129.32 km2) is land and 0.731 square miles (1.89 km2) is water.[2]
Gary contains the western portion of Indiana Dunes National Park, includingMiller Woods,[36] the western part ofLong Lake, and the Paul H. Douglas Center for Environmental Education.[37] Much of this is within Gary'sMiller Beach neighborhood, although the park's western tip extends to downtown Gary.[38]
Gary is listed by theKöppen-Geiger climate classification system ashumid continental (Dfa). In July and August, the warmest months, high temperatures average 84 °F (29 °C) and peak just above 100 °F (38 °C), and low temperatures average 63 °F (17 °C). In January and February, the coldest months, high temperatures average around 29 °F (−2 °C) and low temperatures average 13 °F (−11 °C), with at least a few days of temperatures dipping below 0 °F (−18 °C).
The weather in Gary is greatly regulated by its proximity toLake Michigan. Weather varies yearly. In the summer months Gary is humid. The city's yearly precipitation averages about 40 inches. Summer is the rainiest season. Winters vary but are predominantly snowy. Snowfall in Gary averages approximately 25 inches per year. Sometimes large blizzards hit because of "lake effect snow", a phenomenon whereby large amounts of water evaporated from the lake deposit onto the shoreline areas as inordinate amounts of snow.
Downtown Gary is separated by Broadway into two distinctive communities. Originally, the City of Gary consisted of The East Side, The West Side, The South Side (the area south of the train tracks near 9th Avenue), and Glen Park, located further South along Broadway. The East Side was demarcated by streets named after the States in order of their acceptance into the Union. This area contained mostly wood-frame houses, some of the earliest in the city, and became known in the 20th century for its ethnic populations from Europe and large families. The single-family houses had repeating house designs that alternated from one street to another, with some streets looking very similar. Among the East Side's most notable buildings were Memorial Auditorium (a large red-brick and stone civic auditorium and the site of numerous events, concerts and graduations), The Palace Theater, Emerson School, St. Luke's Church, H.C. Gordon & Sons, and Goldblatt's Department stores, in addition to the Fair Department Store. All fronted Broadway as the main street that divided Gary.
The West Side of Gary, or West of Broadway, the principal commercial street, had streets named after the presidents of the United States in order of their election. Lytton's, Hudson's ladies store, J.C. Penney, and Radigan Bros Furniture Store developed on the west side of Broadway. Developed later, this side of town was known for its masonry or brick residences, its taller and larger commercial buildings, including the Gary National Bank Building, Hotel Gary (now Genesis Towers), The Knights of Columbus Hotel & Building (now affordable housing fronting 5th Avenue), the Tivoli Theater (demolished), the U.S. Post Office, Main Library, Mercy and Methodist Hospitals and Holy Angels Cathedral and School. The West Side also had a secondary principal street, Fifth Avenue, which was lined with many commercial businesses, restaurants, theaters, tall buildings, and elegant apartment buildings. The West Side was viewed as having wealthier residents. The houses dated from about 1908 to the 1930s. Much of the West Side's housing were for executives of U.S. Steel and other prominent businessmen. Notable mansions were 413 Tyler Street and 636 Lincoln Street. Many of the houses were on larger lots. By contrast, a working-class area was made up of row houses made of poured concrete which were arranged together and known as "Mill Houses"; they were built to house steel mill workers.
'I Love Gary' – Pop Up Arts Display Gateway Park (2019)
The areas known as Emerson and Downtown West combine to form Downtown Gary. It was developed in the 1920s and houses several pieces of impressive architecture, including the Moe House, designed byFrank Lloyd Wright, and another, theWynant House (1917), which was destroyed by fire. A significant number of older structures have been demolished in recent years because of the cost of restoration. Restructuring of the steel and other heavy industry in the late 20th century resulted in a loss of jobs, adversely affecting the city.
Abandoned buildings in the downtown area include historic structures such asUnion Station, thePalace Theater, andCity Methodist Church. A large area of the downtown neighborhood (including City Methodist) was devastated by a major fire on October 12, 1997.[41][42]Interstate 90 was constructed between downtown Gary and the United States Steel plant.
Ambridge Mann is a neighborhood located on Gary's near west side along 5th Avenue. Ambridge was developed for workers at the nearby steel plant in the 1910s and 1920s. It is named after the American Bridge Works, which was a subsidiary of U.S. Steel. The neighborhood is home to a huge stock of prairie-style and art deco homes. The Gary Masonic Temple was located in the neighborhood, along with the Ambassador apartment building. Located just south ofInterstate 90, the neighborhood can be seen while passing Buchanan Street.
Brunswick is located on Gary's far west side. The neighborhood is located just south of Interstate 90 and can also be seen from the expressway. The Brunswick area includes the Tri-City Plaza shopping center on West 5th Avenue (U.S. 20). The area is south of theGary Chicago International Airport.
Downtown West is located in north-central Gary on the west side of Broadway just south ofInterstate 90. TheGenesis Convention Center, theGary Police Department, the Lake Superior Court House, and the Main Branch of the Gary Public Library are located along 5th Avenue. A new 123-unit mixed-income apartment development was built using aHUDHOPE VI grant in 2006. TheAdam Benjamin Metro Center is located just north of 4th Avenue. It is operated by theGary Public Transportation Corporation and serves as a multi-modal hub. It serves both as the Downtown Gary South Shore train station and an intercity bus stop.
Tolleston is one of Gary's oldest neighborhoods, predating much of the rest of the city. It was platted by George Tolle in 1857 when the railroads were constructed in this area. This area is west of Midtown and south of Ambridge Mann. Tarrytown is a subdivision located in Tolleston between Whitcomb Street and Clark Road.
Black Oak is located on the far southwest side of Gary, in the vicinity of the Burr Street exit to theBorman Expressway. It was annexed in the 1970s. Prior to that, Black Oak was an unincorporated area informally associated withHammond, and the area has Hammond telephone numbers. After three referendums, the community voters approved annexation, having been persuaded by Mayor Hatcher that they would benefit more from services provided by the city than from those provided by the county. In the 21st century, it is the only majority-white neighborhood in Gary.
Glen Park is located on Gary's far south side and is made up mostly of mid-twentieth-century houses. Glen Park is divided from the remainder of the city by the Borman Expressway. The northern portion of Glen Park is home to Gary's Gleason Park Golf Course and the campus ofIndiana University Northwest. The far western portion of Glen Park is home to the Village Shopping Center. Glen Park includes the 37th Avenue corridor at Broadway.
Midtown is located south of Downtown Gary, along Broadway. In the pre-1960s days ofde facto segregation, this developed historically as a "black" neighborhood as African Americans came to Gary from the rural South in theGreat Migration to seek jobs in the industrial economy.
Commercial district in theMiller Beach neighborhood
Aetna is located on Gary's far east side along theDunes Highway. Aetna predates the city of Gary. Thiscompany town was founded in 1881 by the Aetna Powder Works, an explosives company. Their factory closed after the end of World War I.
The Town of Aetna was annexed by Gary in 1928, around the same time that the city annexed the Town of Miller. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Gary's prosperous industries helped generate residential and other development in Aetna, resulting in an impressive collection ofart deco architecture. The rest of the community was built after World War II and the Korean War in the 1950s, in a series of phases. On its south and east, Aetna borders the undeveloped floodplain of theLittle Calumet River.
Emerson is located in north-central Gary on the east side of Broadway. Located just south ofInterstate 90, Gary City Hall is located in Emerson, along with the Indiana Department of Social Services building and the Calumet Township Trustee's office. A 6,000-seat minor league baseball stadium for theGary SouthShore RailCats,U.S. Steel Yard, was constructed in 2002, along with contiguous commercial space and minor residential development.
Miller Beach, also known simply as Miller, is on Gary's far northeast side. Settled in the 1850s and incorporated as an independent town in 1907, Miller was annexed by the city of Gary in 1918. Miller developed around the old stagecoach stop and train station known by the 1850s as Miller's Junction and/or Miller's Station. Miller Beach is racially and economically diverse. It attracts investor interest due to the many year-round and summer homes within walking distance ofMarquette Park andLake Michigan. Prices for lakefront property are affordable compared to those in Illinois suburban communities. Lake Street provides shopping and dining options for Miller Beach visitors and residents. East Edge, a development of 28 upscale condominium, townhome, and single-family homes, began construction in 2007 at the eastern edge of Miller Beach along County Line Road, one block south of Lake Michigan.[43]
Gary city, Indiana – racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of the2020 census, there were 69,093 people, 28,610 households, and 16,459 families residing in the city.[48] Thepopulation density was 1,388.9 inhabitants per square mile (536.3/km2). There were 37,274 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 10.6%White, 80.2%African American, 0.4%Native American, 0.2%Asian, 0.0%Pacific Islander, 3.3% from some other races and 5.2% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino of any race were 7.6% of the population.[49] 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18, 7.0% were under 5 years of age, and 18.5% were 65 and older.
As of the2010 census, there were 80,294 people, 31,380 households, and 19,691 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,610.2 inhabitants per square mile (621.7/km2). There were 39,531 housing units at an average density of 792.7 per square mile (306.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.8%African American, 10.7%White, 0.3%Native American, 0.2%Asian, 1.8% fromother races, and 2.1% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino people of any race were 5.1% of the population.Non-Hispanic Whites were 8.9% of the population in 2010,[50] down from 39.1% in 1970.[51]
There were 31,380 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.2% were married couples living together, 30.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.23.
The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 28.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.8% were from 25 to 44; 27.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.
As of the2000 census, there were 102,746 people, 38,244 households, and 25,623 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,045.5 inhabitants per square mile (789.8/km2). There were 43,630 housing units at an average density of 868.6 per square mile (335.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 84.03%African American, 11.92%White, 0.21%Native American, 0.14%Asian, 0.02%Pacific Islander, 1.97% fromother races, and 1.71% from two or more races.Hispanic orLatino people of any race were 4.93% of the population.
There were 38,244 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.2% were married couples living together, 30.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.28.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.0 males.
Themedian income for a household in the city was $27,195, and the median income for a family was $32,205. Males had a median income of $34,992 versus $24,432 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,383. About 22.2% of families and 25.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.9% of those under age 18 and 14.1% of those age 65 or over.
Meredith Willson's 1957 Broadway musicalThe Music Man featured the song "Gary, Indiana", in which lead character (andcon man) Professor Harold Hill wistfully recalls his purported hometown, then prosperous. Hill claims to be an alumnus of "Gary Conservatory of Music, Class of '05", but this is later revealed to be another of his lies. The City of Gary was not founded until 1906. Willson's musical, set in 1912, was adapted both as afilm of the same name released in 1962, and as atelevision film, produced in 2003.
TheHistory Channel documentaryLife After People was filmed in Gary, exploring areas that have deteriorated or been abandoned because of the loss of jobs and residents.[54]
InJohn Mellencamp's 1985 song, "Minutes to Memories", an old man on a bus, recalling his humble life, tells the young man beside him, "I worked my whole life in the steel mills of Gary."
OnBeyoncé's 2024 Grammy Winning Album of the Year,Cowboy Carter, the song "YA YA", Gary is mentioned as the intermediary stop on a 3-city tour along theChitlin' Circuit.
The Gary Public Library System consists of the main library at 220 West 5th Avenue and several branches: Brunswick Branch, W. E. B. DuBois Branch, J. F. Kennedy Branch, Tolleston Branch, and Woodson Branch.[56] In March 2011, the Gary Library Board voted to close the main library on 5th Avenue and the Tolleston branch in what officials said was their best economic option. The main library closed at the end of 2011. The building now houses a museum.[57]
Lake County Public Library operates the Black Oak Branch at 5921 West 25th Avenue in the Gary city limits.[58] In addition,Indiana University Northwest operates the John W. Anderson Library on its campus.[59]
Most areas of Gary are within theGary Community School Corporation. Other areas within the city are administered byLake Ridge Schools Corporation,[62] which is the school system for the Black Oak neighborhood and unincorporated Calumet Township. Due to annexation law, Black Oak residents retained their original school system and were not required to attend Gary public schools. In 1927, it was mandated that Black students attend a separate high school.[63] A few parts of Gary to the southeast are in theRiver Forest Community School Corporation.[62]
Charter schools in Indiana, including those in Gary, are granted charters by one of a small number of chartering institutions. Indiana charter schools are generally managed in cooperation between the chartering institution, a local board of parents and community members, salaried school administrators, and a management company.Charter schools in Gary as of 2011 include Thea Bowman Leadership Academy, Charter School of the Dunes, Gary Lighthouse Charter School (formerly Blessed Sacrament Parish and Grade School), and 21st Century Charter.
Gary is served by two major newspapers based outside the city, and by a Gary-based, largely African-American interest paper. These papers provide regional topics, and cover events in Gary.
ThePost-Tribune, originally theGary Post-Tribune, is now based in the nearby town ofMerrillville.
The Times, previously known as theHammond Times. Offices and facilities forThe Times are in nearbyMunster.
TheGary Crusader, based in Gary and largely focused on African-American interests and readership
The INFO Newspaper, based in Gary and largely focused on African-American interests and readership
Gary is served by five local broadcasters plus government access and numerous Chicago arearadio andTV stations, and by other nearby stations in Illinois and Indiana.
WPWR-TV (Channel 50) is the ChicagoMyNetworkTV affiliate but is licensed to Gary. Studios and transmitters are co-located withWFLD's in Chicago, and are also owned byFox Television Stations.
WYIN (Channel 56) is aPBS affiliate licensed to Gary. Their studios are in Merrillville.
WGVE (FM 88.7) is owned by theGary Community School Corporation, and is used primarily as a teaching facility. Programming is maintained by students in the broadcast program at the Gary Career Center. WGVE also carries limitedNPR programming.
WLTH (AM 1370) primarily carries talk programming, as well as other local programs.
WWCA (AM 1270) is aRelevant Radio owned-and-operated radio station, carrying programming from the Catholic-oriented Relevant Radio network.
Gary Public Transportation Corporation (GPTC) is a public transit system that offers service to numerous stops throughout the city and neighboring suburbs. GPTC also has express service, such as theBroadway Metro Express to locations outside the city, including connections to Chicago transit. Front-door pickup is available for disabled citizens at no extra cost.
Gary/Chicago International Airport is operating as the "third airport" for the Chicago area. With a runway that was inaugurated in 2015,[13] it previously underwent a federally funded expansion, and the administration has been courting airlines aggressively. TheNational Guard has based its Chicago area air operation there as well.[66]
Michael Jackson's childhood home in Gary, Indiana, shortly after his death in 2009
Gary is the hometown of theJackson family, a family of musicians who influenced the sound of modernpopular music. In 1950,Joseph andKatherine Jackson moved fromEast Chicago, Indiana[67] into their two-bedroom house at 2300 Jackson Street. They had married on November 5, 1949. Their entertainer children later recorded a song entitled "2300 Jackson Street" (1989). The Jackson children include:
^"National Park Service book on sand"(PDF).Nps.gov. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on February 15, 2017.Concerns "Major Sand Mining Companies" and theirsand sucking operations along the Indiana coast of Lake Michigan from c. 1890 to the present
^Sdunzik, Jennifer (2018).A State-By-State History of Race and Racism in the United States. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. pp. 283–288.ISBN978-1440856006.
^"Gary Indiana"(PDF).US Sister Cities by State with Affiliated African Countries. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on November 21, 2015. RetrievedMarch 28, 2015.
^"State".The Kokomo Tribune. Kokomo, Indiana. November 25, 1991. p. 21.
Barnes, Sandra L.The cost of being poor: A comparative study of life in poor urban neighborhoods in Gary, Indiana (State University of New York Press, 2012).
Lane, James (2006).Gary's First Hundred Years: A Centennial History of Gary, Indiana 1906-2006. Valparaiso, Indiana: Home Mountain Printing.ISBN0-9773511-1-4.
Lane, James B.; Cohen, Ronald D. (2003).Gary, Indiana : a pictorial history. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Co. Publishers.ISBN9781578642106.
Mohl, Raymond A., and Neil Betten. "The failure of industrial city planning: Gary, Indiana, 1906–1910".Journal of the American Institute of Planners 38.4 (1972): 203–214.
Mohl, Raymond A.; Betten, Neil (1986).Steel city : urban and ethnic patterns in Gary, Indiana, 1906–1950. New York: Holmes & Meier.ISBN978-0841910775.
Moralez, Felicia. "From Immigrants to Citizens: Mexicans and Settlement Houses in Gary, Indiana, 1919-1965" (PhD. Diss. University Of Notre Dame, 2018) doi:10.7274/w6634171g3k
O'Hara, S. Paul. " 'The Very Model of Modern Urban Decay': Outsiders' Narratives of Industry and Urban Decline in Gary, Indiana".Journal of Urban History 37.2 (2011): 135–154.doi:10.1177/0096144210391613.
O'Hara, S. Paul (2011).Gary, the most American of all American cities. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press.ISBN9780253222886.
Rich, Wilbur C.Black mayors and school politics: The failure of reform in Detroit, Gary and Newark (Garland Science, 2021)online.
Trafny, John.Gary's West Side. Charleston SC, Chicago, IL, Portsmouth HN and San Francisco, CA. (Arcadia, 2006)
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