| Garulfo | |
|---|---|
 Alain Ayroles and Bruno Maïorana at the European Comic Con, Strasbourg, France, in 2009 | |
| Main characters | Garulfo, a frog Prince Romuald of Miralonde Princess Hephilia of Brandelune |
| Publisher | Guy Delcourt (editor) (France) |
| Creative team | |
| Writers | Alain Ayroles |
| Artists | Bruno Maïorana |
| Colourists | Thierry Leprévost |
| Original publication | |
| Date of publication | 1995–2002 |
| Language | French |
Garulfo is a six-volumefantasygraphic novel created by writerAlain Ayroles, cartoonistBruno Maïorana and colorist Thierry Leprévost.
Garulfo is a humorous modernfable inspired by traditionalfolklore,legends andfairy tales. It is set in an imaginary world that resembles Europe between theMiddle Ages and theRenaissance. The lead character, Garulfo, is a frog who wants to become a man: a biped at the top of the food chain. With the help of a witch and a kiss from a maid he transforms into a prince. However, Garulfo soon realizes that man has a tendency to prey on his own kind, and that life as a frog was not so bad after all.[1] The themes of environmentalism and humanism run throughout, with philosophical perspectives[2] on privilege, social justice, poverty, economics, love, and death in the subtext.
The story of Garulfo takes inspiration from traditional folklore and fairy tales to deliver a humorous, yet critical, vision of human society through the naïve eyes of a frog.[3] It is divided into two books. The first tells of how Garulfo, an innocent frog tired of his condition and admiring of the human species, is metamorphasized into a charming prince - only to discover how cruel mankind can be.[1] The second is based on the forced cooperation between the naïve Garulfo and Romuald, a vain prince who has been turned into a frog by his fairy godmother in order to learn some humility. The series is packed with cultural, literary and historical references, many hidden in the detailed drawings. The three kingdoms in the story represent three periods from the early Middle Ages[4] through to the Renaissance; each is presented with historical accuracy although they remain firmly in the realm of fantasy.
Garulfo was born out of Alain Ayroles' desire to turn the classic fairy tale on its head. When he began to write it however, he realized that the tone contained more humor than wonder, which meant it would not work as a children's story. So, Ayroles chose to turn the idea into graphic novel. Initially, his plan was to take care of both the script and the drawings, so he did some sample pages and went to show them along with the script to several publishing houses. Although the script was welcomed, his drawing did not find approval with editors and Jean-Luc Loyer advised him to look for a cartoonist.[7][8] Ayroles approached his friend Bruno Maïorana and they pitched the project together to Delcourt who agreed to publish the story.
The series was originally intended to be calledThe Metamorphoses of Garulfo, presumably in homage to Ovid's poemMetamorphoses, but the title was too long for the width of the album cover and so it was eventually shortened to Garulfo. When he started writing the series, Ayroles imagined a rather dark and desperate ending in order to reflect the logic of a philosophical tale that casts a critical eye over the human species. Ayroles and Maiorana were prepared to do a seventh album if they could find "an idea strong enough to continue without it being artificial" but the series ended with the sixth album.[9]
Source:[10]
The authors have drawn from various stories of classical folklore. The most obvious is theFrog Prince. It is this very tale that gives Garulfo the idea to ask the witch to transform him into a human as soon as he finds her.[11] In Volume 3 two fairies present new-born Prince Romuald with magical gifts, but tradition has it that there should be three fairies. Invited out of necessity, the third ‘fairy’ gives him a prophecy - or a curse depending on the point of view. All in clear parallel with the tale ofSleeping Beauty. We also meetLittle Thumb, who has been living alone since he got lost in the woods. There is a cross-over here withHansel and Gretel when the princess leaves trail of pearls in the woods. While the ogre, who also owns the famousseven league boots, relates to the story of the Little Thumb, but the character is close to that of the beast inBeauty and the Beast. The character of Romuald also has much in common with the beast, despite his handsome face. The last characters to intrude from a fairy tale are the Marquis de Carabas and Master Felix, who are taken fromPuss in Boots.[10]
The balcony scene in Book II is inspired byEdmond Rostand's playCyrano de Bergerac where Cyrano whispers lines to the uninspired Christian for the beautiful Roxanne, except that here the roles are reversed. At the end of the second volume in the scene where the dragon is destroying Brandelune, a character is escaping from a collapsed building, chains hanging from his wrists with his outfit and hair in every way the same as those of the king – thereby tempting the reader to think of a hidden twin and myths of theMan in the Iron Mask. There is also a clear reference to the legend ofSaint George and the Dragon, which is subverted by the drawings of Bruno Maïorana.[10]
The buildings, customs, vocabulary and fashions of the period are meticulously researched. Alain Ayroles even uses the notion of Medieval time usingvespers minus ten for 5.50 pm and 30compline for about 9.30 am.[10]
The tournament is attended by the Knight of Guesclin, historicallyBertrand du Guesclin a noble of Brittany who at 15 years old was banned from participating in tournaments. In disguise, he defeated all his opponents before refusing to fight his father.[10][12]
The list of nobles held by the advisor to the King of Brandelune is full of famous names:
Garulfo being chased by the pike recreates the famous scene fromJaws with his zoom on the future victim. There is a scene reminiscent ofAlien Resurrection.[12] The King of Brandelune orders Garulfo's head cut off with the same energy as Disney'sQueen of Hearts fromAlice in Wonderland. Garulfo's escape with Pipa is an ode toswashbuckling characters likeZorro: the threatened heroes, blocked on the stairs, swing onto a chandelier and are catapulted from a table across the room. An aviation combat scene also takes place between the Grand Duke and a heron using air force jargon. Later, the ogre climbs to the top of a tower carrying the blonde princess at arm's length in a tribute toKing Kong. In Brandelune Castle, a tapestry shows a typical scene from a children'scartoon.[10]
Garulfo is not aparody. Although Ayroles' story is inspired by many fairy tales it never turns to pastiche. Much of the storytelling and visual humour is inspired byMonty Python and the films ofTerry Gilliam.[3] The tales by Italian authorItalo Calvino are also one of Ayroles key influences.The Comics Journal describes the Garulfo series as"a real hoot; fast-paced action collides with silliness, situation comedy, jokes, plot twists and visual gags".[13]
Garulfo's six volumes were published in French by Delcourt between1995 and2002 in the Terres de Legends collection. An omnibus edition was published for Book I in 2003 and Book II in 2004. Two special large format, black and white collectors editions were released in 2014 by Snorgleux Editions. The series was pre-published in BoDoï as well as Pavilion Rouge. More than 743,000 copies of Garulfo andDe cape et de crocs, Ayroles' other flagship series, had been sold by 2006.[14] Book I has been published in Italian and Korean while both I and II are available in German (Bielefeld Splitter), Danish, and Dutch (Zelhem).
In 1998 writer Alain Ayroles won thePetit Robert prize for best comics writer atQuai des Bulles for Garulfo andDe cape et de crocs.[15] By 2000 Garulfo had reached "cruising speed" with a solid fanbase[9] and by 2006 had become instrumental in Delcourt's ongoing publishing success story. Readers in France have consistently awarded Garulfo 5-star reviews throughout its publication, including for the omnibus editions that were released after the series was completed.[16]
In 2009 at theAngoulême International Comics Festival artwork from Garulfo was displayed as part of the "Theatre of marvels" exhibition.[17]
Garulfo, illustrated byBruno Maïorana, colors by Thierry Leprévost:
