 Ruins of the pavilion at Piazza Sallustio | |
   Gardens of Sallust Shown within Augustan Rome | |
| Coordinates | 41°54′29″N12°29′49″E / 41.90808°N 12.49692°E /41.90808; 12.49692 |
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TheGardens of Sallust (Latin:Horti Sallustiani) was an ancient Roman estate including alandscapedpleasure garden developed by the historianSallust in the 1st century BC.[1] It occupied a large area in the northeastern sector ofRome, in what would becomeRegion VI, between thePincian andQuirinal hills, near theVia Salaria and laterPorta Salaria. The modernrione is now known asSallustiano.
Lucullus started the fashion of building luxurious garden-palaces in the 1st century BC with the construction of hisgardens (horti) on thePincian Hill. Thehorti were a place of pleasure, almost a small palace, and offered the rich owner and his court the possibility of living in isolation, away from the hectic life of the city but close to it. The most important part of thehorti was undoubtedly the planting, very often astopiary in geometric or animal shapes. Among the greenery there were often pavilions, arcades for walking away from the sun, fountains, spas, temples and statues, often replicas of Greek originals.
In the 3rd century AD the total number ofhorti occupied about a tenth of Rome and formed a green belt around the centre.
The property originally belonged toJulius Caesar as theHorti Caesaris,[2] but after his death it was acquired by the historian Sallust, one of his closest friends, who developed it using his wealth acquired as governor of the province ofAfrica Nova (newly conqueredNumidia). In 36 BC on the death of the historian, the residence passed to his adopted great-grandson of the same name, and eventually to Claudius as imperial property[3][4] but was maintained for several centuries by theRoman Emperors as a public amenity.[5] The gardens were enriched with many additional structures andmonumental sculptures in the four centuries during which they evolved. Many emperors chose it as a temporary residence, as an alternative to the official seat on the Palatine Hill.
Pliny writes that the remains of the guardians of thehorti, Posio and Secundilla, were found there in the reign of Augustus and measured 10 feet 3 inches tall.[6]
The EmperorNerva died of a fever in the villa of thehorti in 98, and the emperorsHadrian andAurelian had major works done there. The latter in particular had aporticus miliarensis built, probably a complex of portico, garden and riding stables, where he went to ride. Other restorations were carried out in the third century.
It remained an imperial resort until it was sacked in 410 by theGoths underAlaric, who entered the city at the gates of theHorti Sallustiani. The complex was severely damaged and never rebuilt.[7][full citation needed] However, the gardens were not finally deserted until the 6th century.[8]
During the planting of 16th century vineyards and especially in the early 17th century when CardinalLudovico Ludovisi, nephew ofPope Gregory XV, purchased the site and constructed theVilla Ludovisi, many important sculptures were discovered.
In the late 19th century the building fever of the construction of Rome as the capital included the destruction of modern villas that populated the Quirinale. It was a lost opportunity to study the archaeology of the site. The ancient topography was irrevocably altered with the filling of the valley between the Pincio and Quirinal hills where thesehorti existed.[9]
Nevertheless, excavations led to the partial discovery of anymphaeum probably dating from Hadrian's renovation of the horti. Its walls were encrusted with enamels, pumice and shells, which framed small landscapes and scenes with animals and flowers painted in bright colours. The sculptural decoration included a round altar with four Seasons and the beautiful group of Artemis and Iphigenia with a doe, now in Copenhagen.
Also part of the later complex was the temple ofVenus Erycina which stood at the bottom of the valley, a Republican building located just outside thePorta Collina and incorporated in thehorti under Caesar. This small temple was reminiscent of a Hellenistictholos, a very common type in the late Republican age and a typical element of large suburban villas. The connection to Venus, goddess of love, fertility and nature, and therefore protector of horti suited a large villa such as the Sallustian.
Thehorti also housed a hippodrome (circus) built byAurelian.[10]
A remarkably well-preserved pavilion of the villa can be seen at the centre of present-day Piazza Sallustio, 14 m below present street level. It was probably a summertriclinium like theSerapeum ofHadrian's Villa. The main part of the building was a large circular hall (11 m in diameter by 13 in height), covered by a dome with alternating concave and flat segments (a very rare form, found only in the Serapeum). The walls host three niches on each side, two of which were open as passages for side rooms, probablynymphaea. A few years after construction, the remaining niches were closed and covered with marble panels, which also covered the walls. The floor was also marble, while the dome and the upper part of the walls were decorated with stucco. A grandiose basilica room was framed by two side buildings on two floors, while the upper part of the building had a large panoramic terrace, linked to a gallery.
It was one of the main nuclei in a spectacular location at the bottom of the valley dividing the Quirinale from the Pincio. It was supported by thick walls with arches and buttresses resting on theServian Walls where the Via Sallustiana runs today, and resting against the hill behind and connected to other remains of poorly preserved buildings.
To the south there is a semi-circular covered room divided into three areas with partitions, two of which still retain ancient mosaics in black and white and the remains of wall paintings probably from a later time; the third room towards the south is occupied by a flight of stairs to the two upper floors, while the north one was interspersed with a room used as a latrine.
The brick stamps of this building confirm a date of 126. The dating is significant because it shows the developments of imperial private architecture after theDomus Augustana, and the evolution from theDomus Aurea model over nearly 50 years.
Among the other remains in the complex is acryptoporticus with wall paintings, now in the garage of the American Embassy on the side on via Friuli, and a wall with niches along via Lucullo. A large Hadrianic cistern also survives under Collegio Germanico at the corner of Via San Nicola da Tolentino and Via Bissolati[11] consisting of two levels: the first, 1.8 m high, acts as a substructure to the second (overall 39 x 3.3 m).
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Testimony of the importance and wealth of the Horti Sallustiani are the great works of art found, many of them ancient Greek originals, even though numerous robberies took place over the centuries.
The sculpture found in the 16th and 17th centuries included:
Almost all the works found in the late 19th century were sold to the great collectors of Europe and America, first of allJacobsen, founder of the Glyptothek of Copenhagen, with the mediation of antique and art dealers who worked for illicit export, violating thePacca edict on the protection of the works found. Later work of identifying numerous works preserved in Italian and foreign museums has made it possible to trace them back to the Horti Sallustiani.[12]
The works found later[13] included:
The Niobid, an original of the 5th century BC, is believed be one of the numerous works brought to Rome from Greece by Augustus as spoils of war and which played a large part in the evolution of the taste and style of Roman art. It is similar to the figures of the pediment of the temple of Apollo Daphnephoros inEretria and perhaps is also linked to the dying Niobid and the running Niobid of theNy Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen. The Niobid should have decorated the pediment of a Greek temple but was found hidden to save it from the barbarian raids that devastated the area in the 5th century AD.
TheNike Ludovisi and the famous Ludovisi Throne,[14] both Greek originals brought to Rome, may have been placed in theTemple of Venus Erycina which was later incorporated into thehorti. The throne came from the sanctuary ofAphrodite (Venus) atLocri; in 1982 it was shown to fit exactly into remaining blocks in the temple's foundations. Some verses ofOvid suggest the transfer of the cult statue fromMagna Graecia to Rome.
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Media related toHorti Sallustiani (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
| Preceded by Gardens of Maecenas | Landmarks of Rome Gardens of Sallust | Succeeded by Stadium of Domitian |
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