Left: fylfot. Right: gammadion.

Thefylfot orfylfot cross (/ˈfɪlfɒt/FILL-fot) and its mirror image, thegammadion, are types of truncatedswastika, associated with medievalAnglo-Saxon culture. It is a cross with perpendicular extensions, usually at 90° or close angles, radiating in the same direction. However – at least in modern heraldry texts, such as Friar and Woodcock & Robinson (see§ Bibliography) – the fylfot differs somewhat from the archetypal form of the swastika: always upright and typically with truncated limbs, as shown in the figure at right.

The most commonly citedetymology for this is that it comes from the notion common among 19th-centuryantiquarians, but based on only a single 1500 manuscript, that it was used tofill empty space at thefoot ofstained-glasswindows inmedievalchurches.^[1][2] This etymology is often cited in modern dictionaries (such as theCollins English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster Online^[3]).

The fylfot, together with its sister figures, the gammadion and theswastika, has been found in a great variety of contexts over the centuries. It has occurred in both secular and religious contexts in the British Isles, elsewhere in Europe, in Asia Minor^[4] and in Africa.^[5]

The gammadion is associated more with Byzantium, Rome and Graeco-Roman culture on the one hand, whereas the fylfot is associated more with Celtic and Anglo-Saxon culture on the other.^{[citation needed]} Although the gammadion is very similar to the fylfot in appearance, it is thought to have originated from the conjunction of four capital 'Gammas' (Γ, the third letter of the Greek alphabet) but that the similarity of the symbols is coincidental.^[6]

Both of these swastika-like crosses may have been indigenous to the British Isles before the Roman invasion. Certainly they were in evidence a thousand years earlier but these may have been largely imports.^[7] They were certainly substantially in evidence during the Romano-British period with widespread examples of the duplicated Greek fret motif appearing on mosaics.^[8] After the withdrawal of the Romans in the early 5th century there followed the Anglo-Saxon and Jutish migrations.

The fylfot is known to have been very popular amongst these incoming tribes from Northern Europe, as it is found on artefacts such as brooches, sword hilts and funerary urns.^[9] Although the findings at Sutton Hoo are most instructive about the style of lordly Anglo-Saxon burials, the fylfot or gammadion on the silver dish unearthed there clearly had an Eastern provenance.^[10]

The fylfot was widely adopted in the early Christian centuries. It is found extensively in the Roman catacombs. An example of its usage is to be found in the porch of the parish church ofGreat Canfield, Essex, England.^[11] As the parish guide states, the fylfot or gammadion can be traced back to the Roman catacombs where it appears in both Christian and pagan contexts.^[12] More recently it has been found on grave-slabs in Scotland and Ireland.^[13] A particularly interesting^[how?] example was found inBarhobble, Wigtownshire in Scotland.^[14]

Gospel books also contain examples of this form of the Christian cross.^[15] The most notable examples are probably theBook of Kells and theLindisfarne Gospels. An example of this decoration occurs on theArdagh Chalice.^[16]

From the early 14th century on, the fylfot was often used to adorn Eucharistic robes. During that period it appeared on the monumental brasses that preserved the memory of those priests thus attired.^[17] They are mostly to be found in East Anglia and the Home Counties.^[18]

In the 15th century, Thomas Froxmere designedstained glass memorial window for himself and his wife Catherine Cornwallis in theparish church ofDroitwich Spa inWorcestershire.^[19] The window no longer exists, but Froxmere's sketch of it is preserved in theLansdowne manuscripts in theBritish Library. The design has figures of him and his wife with annotations. The wife is depicted above abreaking wheel, and the husband, wearing an heraldictabard, kneels above anermine swastika.^[19] Froxmere's notes describe the symbol as afylfot. His instructions to theglazier are:let me stond in the [m]edyll pane on the […] a rolle abo[ve my heed] in the hyest [pane] upward the fylfot in the nedermost pane under ther I knele.^[20][21] According toHenry Bradley in 1897:

It seems to me very likely that fylfot in this passage (which it must be remembered is the sole authority for the word) is nothing more or less than "fill-foot," and means simply a pattern for filling up the foot of a compartment of a window. There is no reason to suppose that fylfot was the name of this particular device or pattern as distinguished from any other that might be used for the same purpose; for all we know, the word may even have been invented for the occasion, though the probability is rather that it was already a current term among the artists in stained glass.

— The derivation of "Fylfot",The Athenaeum, 1897^[20]

According toJohn Goodall in 1978, the swastika may evoke fourset squares, relating toThomas the Apostle, who was considered to have been a builder, while the wheel relates Catherine to her own namesakeCatherine of Alexandria.^[21] According toClive Cheesman in 2019, "In Froxmere's sketch, the swastika is not on ashield but is free-standing like abadge, and indeed there is no indication that it is meant to be hereditary, or heraldic, at all."^[19]

Probably its most conspicuous usage has been its incorporation in stained glass windows notably in Cambridge and Edinburgh. In Cambridge it is found in the baptismal window of theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre, together with other allied Christian symbols, originating in the 19th century.^[22] In Scotland, it is found in a window in theScottish National War Memorial in Edinburgh. The work was undertaken byDouglas Strachan and installed during the 1920s. He was also responsible for a window in the chapel ofWestminster College, Cambridge. A similar usage is to be found in theCentral Congregational Church inProvidence, Rhode Island, USA, installed in 1893.

The fylfot is sometimes found on church bells in England. It was adopted by the Heathcote family in Derbyshire as part of their iconographic tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries.^{[citation needed]} This is probably an example where pagan and Christian influence both have a part to play as the fylfot was amongst other things the symbol of Thor, the Norse god of thunder^{[23][unreliable fringe source?]} and its use on bells suggests it was linked to the dispelling of thunder in popular mythology.^{[24][unreliable source]}

In modern heraldry texts, the fylfot is typically shown with truncated limbs, rather like across potent that's had one arm of eachT cut off. It's also known as across cramponned,~nnée, or~nny, as each arm resembles acrampon or angle-iron (compareGerman:Winkelmaßkreuz). Examples of fylfots in heraldry are extremely rare, and the charge is not mentioned in Oswald Barron's article on "Heraldry" in most 20th-century editions ofEncyclopædia Britannica. Parker (1894) includes it in hisA glossary of terms used in heraldry, noting that only one instance occurs on coats of arms, that of Chamberlayne.^[6]

A 20th-century example (with four heraldic roses) can be seen in theLotta Svärd emblem.

From its use in heraldry – or from its use by antiquaries – fylfot has become an established word for this symbol, in at least British English.

However, it was only rarely used. Wilson, writing in 1896, says, "The use of Fylfot is confined to comparatively few persons in Great Britain and, possibly, Scandinavia. Outside of these countries it is scarcely known, used, or understood".^[26]

In more recent times,fylfot has gained greater currency within the areas of design history and collecting, where it is used to distinguish the swastika motif as used in designs and jewellery from that used in Nazi paraphernalia. After the appropriation of the swastika by Nazi organisations, the termfylfot has been used to distinguish historical and non-Nazi instances of the symbol from those where the term swastika might carry specific connotations. The word "swastika" itself was appropriated into English fromSanskrit in the late 19th century.^[27] However, the word and symbol continue to have major religious significance for Buddhists, Hindus, Jains and other eastern faiths. For this reason, some^[who?] have campaigned to have all uses of the word in a Nazi context changed to use theGerman:Hakenkreuz [hooked cross].^[28]

Hansard for 12 June 1996 reports a House of Commons discussion about the badge ofNo. 273 Fighter Squadron,Royal Air Force.^[29][30] In this,fylfot is used to describe the ancient symbol, andswastika used as if it refersonly to the symbol used by the Nazis.

• Stephen Friar (ed.),A New Dictionary of Heraldry (Alpha Books 1987ISBN 0-906670-44-6); figure, p. 121
• Thomas Woodcock and John Martin Robinson,The Oxford Guide to Heraldry (Oxford 1990ISBN 0-19-285224-8); figure, p. 200

Look upfylfot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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• Crosses in heraldry
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