Galashians[a] (Ingush:Галашкахой,romanized: Galashkakhoy), were a historicalIngush ethnoterritorialsociety,[b] which formed in the middle of the 18th century. The name comes from the village ofGalashki, which is geographically located in the very center of the society. Galashians were located in the middle and lower reaches of the riverAssa and the basin of the riverFortanga.
The Galashian society formed in the second half of 18th century[22] from the mountain Ingush that settled in lowlands betweenAssa andFortanga rivers.[23] TheOrstkhoy and Ghalghai (Tsorin andKhamkhin)societies played the greatest role in the formation of the Galashian society.[24][c] The settlements of the Galashians are first recorded on the map of 1768, where they are marked asGalachi at the confluence of the Assa river into theSunzha river.[27]
During theCaucasian War, the Galashians bitterly resisted the Russian expansion in the region and were commonly referred as "un-ruly"[28] or "half-conquered" by theRussian Empire, as they never really did bow under the Russian rule and continued on making raids on Russian royal fortifications and settlements.[29]
The Galashians actively participated on the side ofImamate,[18] so on March 1840, the Galashian andKarabulak (Orstkhoy)societies participated in the uprising ofChechnya and with their deputies together withChechens solemnly swore allegiance toImam Shamil in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya,Urus-Martan, thus becoming part of the Imamate.[9]
From the knowledgeable mudir, adherent of Islam Muhammadamin to his generous brothers and glorious friends, the valiant, zealous, brave inhabitants of Kalai and Arashdi – salam is constant.
And then – obedience to the imam is the duty of every person, and helping Islam is the duty of men.
You should obey the one who is placed over you, and he is our faithful brother Muhammadmirza.[30]
The Galashians were conquered in the end of Caucasian War after numerous punitive expeditions.[31]
Chronology of major events:
1830 — Punitive expedition ofAbkhazov to mountainous Ingushetia,[32] during which the Galashian society was also affected.[31]
1832 — Due to the collaboration ofIngush withGhazi Muhammad and the murder of a bailiff, Rozen led a punitive expedition on Ingush and went throughDzheyrakh andMetskhal aroundKhamkhi andTsori,[33] during which the Galashian society was also affected.[31]
1840 — theKarabulak (Orstkhoy) and Galashian societies joined the uprising of Chechnya and with their deputies together with Chechens solemnly swore allegiance toImam Shamil in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya,Urus-Martan.[9] Thus Galashkinskoe Naibstvo was established.
January 1847 — Russian troops under the command of General Nesterov made a punitive expedition to Galashian Gorge.[34]
1858 — The Galashians together with theNazranians took part in one of the episodes of the Great Caucasian War — theNazran uprising, which ended unsuccessfully and the leaders of the uprising were either executed or exiled.[35][36][31]
After the end of the war — Galashians, alongside Akkins, Tsorins and Ghalghaï were forcibly evicted/resettled to lowlands and their lands were given toCossacks.[31]
After theRussian Revolution of 1917, when the Cossack stripes that divided theIngush societies were mostly eliminated, the official significance of territorial societies weakened, and soon after the formation of theIngush Autonomous Oblast, it completely disappeared. Nevertheless, for some time the Ingush who inhabited the foothill lands and especially theGalashkinsky District [ru], continued to be called Galashians.[37]
^Also known asGalash (Галашъ),Galashi (Галаши) andShadgoyians.[2]
^Galashians, including under the names such as Galashi, Galash, Shadgoyians, were mentioned as an Ingush society by Blaramberg,[3] "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",[4]Karl Koch,[5] "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",[6] I. Ivanov,[7] Volkonsky,[8] Rzhevusky,[9] Vertepov,[10] Pantyukhov,[11] Kovalevsky,[12]Dmitry Milyutin,[13] Martirosian,[14] Soviet Ethnography,[15] Krupnov,[16] Volkova,[17] Dagestani branch of theAcademy of Sciences of the Soviet Union,[18] G. Anchabadze,[19] Berzhnoy, Dobaev, Kraynyuchenko[20] and V. A. Kuznetsov.[21]
^According to other sources, Galashians are simply a branch of theKarabulaks (Orstkhoy).[25][26]
"Къ племени Ингушей, занимающихъ плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7)Галашевцы, 8) дальніе Кисты…"
"Ингушевское племя состояло изъ слѣдующихъ обществъ: кистинскаго, джераховскаго, назрановскаго,карабулакскаго (впослѣдствіи назвавшегосягалашевскимъ), галгаевскаго, цоринскаго, акинскаго и мереджинскаго; всѣ эти общества вмѣстѣ имѣли свыше тридцати тысячъ душъ."
^abСборник документов 1959, p. 125 ("Ведомость о численности народонаселения Кавказа и степени их покорности Царскому правительству. Июнь 1833 г." (ЦГИА Гр. ССР ф. 2, on. 1, д. 2459, лл. 63—69. Подлинник)).
"Кавказскій край" [Caucasian territory].Военно-статистическое обозрѣніе Россійской имперіи: издаваемое по высочайшему повеленію при 1-м отделеніи Департамента Генеральнаго штаба [Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire: published by the highest command at the 1st branch of the Department of the General Staff] (in Russian). Vol. 16: Part 1. St Petersburg: Типографія Департамента Генеральнаго штаба. 1851. pp. 1–274.
Вертепов, Г. А. (1892). "Ингуши. Историко-статистическій очеркъ". In Максимов, Е.; Вертепов, Г. А. (eds.).Туземцы Сѣвернаго Кавказа. Историко-статистическіе очерки. Выпускъ первый. Осетины, ингуши, кабардинцы [Natives of the North Caucasus. Historical and statistical essays. First issue. Ossetians, Ingush, Kabardians] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Типографія Областнаго правленія Терской Области. pp. 71–138.
Пантюхов, И. И. (1901).Ингуши: антропологическій очеркъ [Ingush: an anthropological essay] (in Russian). Тифлисъ: Типографія К. П. Козловскаго. pp. 1–35.
Ковалевскій, П. И. (1914).Народы Кавказа [Peoples of the Caucasus]. Кавказъ (in Russian). Vol. 1. St Petersburg: Типографія М. И. Акинфіева. pp. 1–346.
Мартиросиан, Г. К. (1928).Нагорная Ингушия [Upland Ingushiya] (in Russian). Владикавказ: Государственная типография Автономной Области Ингушии. pp. 1–153.
Бережной, Сергей Евгеньевич; Добаев, И. П; Крайнюченко, Павел Владимирович (2003). Волкова, Н. Г. (ed.)."Ислам и исламизм на юге России" [Islam and Islamism in the South of Russia](PDF).Южно-Российское обозрение (in Russian) (17). Ростов-на-Дону: СКНЦ ВШ: 1–243 (as PDF).ISBN9785878721448.
Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.).История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4nd ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600.ISBN978-5-98864-056-1.
Гаджиев, В. Г.; Рамазанов, Х. Х. (1959). Даниялов, Г.-А. Д. (ed.).Движение горцев Северо-Восточного Кавказа в 20—50 гг. XIX века: сборник документов [The movement of the highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus in the 20–50s of 19th century: collection of documents](PDF) (in Russian). Махачкала: Дагестанское книжное изд-во. pp. 1–787.
Генко, А. Н. (1930)."Из культурного прошлого ингушей" [From the cultural past of the Ingush].Записки коллегии востоковедов при Азиатском музее [Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum] (in Russian). Vol. 5. Ленинград: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 681–761.
Чудиновъ, В. (1889)."Окончательное покореніе осетинъ" [The final conquest of the Ossetians]. In Чернявскій, И. С. (ed.).Кавказскій сборникъ [Caucasian Collection] (in Russian). Vol. 13. Тифлисъ: Типографія Окружнаго штаба Кавказскаго военнаго округа. pp. 1–122.
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