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Gaius Asinius Pollio (75 BC – AD 4)[1] was aRoman soldier, politician, orator, poet, playwright,literary critic, and historian, whoselost contemporaneous history provided much of the material used by the historiansAppian andPlutarch. Pollio was most famously a patron ofVirgil and a friend ofHorace and poems to him were dedicated by both men.[2]
Asinius Pollio was born inTeate Marrucinorum, the modern currentChieti in Abruzzi, central Italy. According to an inscription, his father was called Gnaeus Asinius Pollio.[3] He had a brother named Asinius Marrucinus, whom Catullus calls out for his tastelesspractical joke,[4] whose name suggests a family origin among theMarrucini. Pollio may therefore have been the grandson ofHerius Asinius, aplebeian and a general of the Marrucini who fought on the Italian side in theSocial War.[5]
Pollio moved in the literary circle ofCatullus and entered public life in 56 BC by supportingLentulus Spinther. In 54, he unsuccessfullyimpeachedGaius Cato, a distant relative of the more famousCato the Younger. Gaius Porcius Cato had acted as the tool of thetriumvirsPompey,Crassus, andCaesar in his tribunate in 56.
Despite his initial support of Lentulus Spinther in thecivil war between Caesar and Pompey, Pollio sided with Caesar. He was present when Caesar deliberated whether to cross theRubicon and begin the war.[6] After Pompey and the Senate fled to Greece, Caesar sent Pollio to Sicily to relieve Cato of his command.[7] He andGaius Scribonius Curio were sent to Africa to fight the province's governor, the PompeianPublius Attius Varus. Despite the poisoning of the water supply by his opponents, Curio defeated Varus atUtica. Curio marched to face Pompey's ally KingJuba ofNumidia, and was defeated and killed, along with most of his men, at theBagradas River. Pollio managed to retreat to Utica with a small force.[8] He was present as Caesar's legate at theBattle of Pharsalus in 48 and recorded Pompeian casualties at 6,000.[9]
In 47, Pollio was probablytribune and resisted the efforts of another tribune,Publius Cornelius Dolabella, to cancel all debts. He returned to Africa the following year, this time with Caesar, in pursuit of Cato andMetellus Scipio.[10]
When Caesar was assassinated in 44, Pollio was leading his forces inHispania againstSextus Pompeius and distinguishing himself early in the campaign.[11] He had accepted the commission reluctantly because of a personal enmity with another of Caesar's allies.Marcus Aemilius Lepidus was appointed the new governor of the province,[12] but Pollio, while remaining loyal to Caesar's supporters, held out against him, announcing atCorduba that he would not hand over his province to anyone who did not have a commission from the Senate.[13] A few months later hisquaestor,Lucius Cornelius Balbus, absconded fromGades with the money intended to pay the soldiers and fled toMauretania.[14] Pollio was then so severely defeated by Pompeius that he had to escape the battlefield in disguise.[15]
As civil war brewed betweenMark Antony andOctavian, Pollio vacillated,[16] but ultimately threw in his lot with Mark Antony.[17] Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian soon joined forces in theSecond Triumvirate. In their series of bloodyproscriptions, Pollio's father-in-law, Lucius Quintius, was one of the first to be marked for assassination. He fled by sea, but committed suicide by throwing himself overboard.[18] In the division of the provinces,Gaul fell to Antony, who entrusted Pollio with the administration of Gallia Transpadana (the part ofCisalpine Gaul between thePo and theAlps).[19] In superintending the distribution of theMantuan territory amongst the veterans, he used his influence to save the property of the poet Virgil from confiscation.
In 40, Pollio helped to arrange the peace ofBrundisium by which Octavian and Antony were for a time reconciled. In the same year, Pollio entered upon hisconsulship, which had been promised him in 43 by the Second Triumvirate. Virgil addressed the famous fourtheclogue to him, although there is uncertainty regarding whether Virgil composed the poem in anticipation of Pollio's consulship or to celebrate his part in the Treaty of Brundisium. Virgil, like other Romans, hoped that peace was at hand and looked forward to a Golden Age under Pollio's consulship. However, Pollio did not complete his consular year. He and his co-consul were removed from office by Antony and Octavian in the final months of the year.
The following year, Pollio conducted a successful campaign against theParthini, anIllyrian people who adhered toMarcus Junius Brutus,[20] and celebrated a triumph on 25 October. Virgil's eightheclogue was addressed to Pollio while he was engaged in this campaign.
In 31, Octavian asked him to take part in theBattle of Actium against Antony, but Pollio, remembering the kindness that Antony had shown him, remained neutral.[21]
From the spoils of the war Pollio constructed the firstpublic library at Rome, in theAtrium Libertatis, also erected by him,[22] which he adorned withstatues of the most celebrated heroes. The library had Greek and Latin wings, and reportedly its establishment posthumously fulfilled one of Caesar's ambitions.
There was a magnificent art collection attached to this library.[23] Pollio loved Hellenistic art at its most imaginative. Like the library, theart gallery was open to the public.
After his military and political successes, Pollio appears to have retired into private life as a patron of literary figures and a writer. He was known as a severe literary critic, fond of an archaic style and purity.
In retirement, Pollio organized literary readings where he encouraged authors to read their own work, and he was the first Roman author to recite his own works. One of the most dramatic such readings brought the poet Virgil to the attention of the imperial family, when Virgil read from his work-in-progress theAeneid, and flattered the imperial family by his portrayal ofAeneas, whom the Julii Caesares believed to be their direct patrilineal ancestor. As a result, Virgil was praised by Augustus.[24]
Pollio may have died in his villa atTusculum. He was apparently a staunch republican, and thus held himself somewhat aloof from Augustus.[citation needed]
Married to Quinctia, daughter of Lucius Quinctius, who was proscribed and committed suicide in 43, Pollio had at least one daughter,Asinia, and one son,Gaius Asinius Gallus, the second husband ofVipsania Agrippina, the daughter ofMarcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Augustus's partner, second-in-command, and second son-in-law. Gallus and Vipsania had several sons together, two of whom were full consuls and a third wasconsul suffectus.
Although now lost, Pollio's contemporary history provided much of the material for the historians Appian and Plutarch.[citation needed] As such, he significantly influenced posterity's perception of his time—a key moment in Roman history. According to the poet Horace (Odes 2.1.1–4), he dated the start of the Civil Wars to the consulship ofQuintus Metellus Celer in 60 BC.
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, a Dutch statesman of the nineteenth century, wrote a thesis about Pollio at theUniversity of Leiden.
Pollio makes a cameo appearance inRobert Graves's novelI, Claudius, where he discusses the ethics of writing history with youngClaudius andTitus Livius.
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| Preceded by | Roman consul 40 BC (renounced) With:Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus | Succeeded by |
