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Isotopes of gadolinium

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Isotopes ofgadolinium (₆₄Gd)

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
Isotope	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
¹⁴⁸Gd	synth	86.9 y^[2]	α	¹⁴⁴Sm
¹⁵⁰Gd	synth	1.79×10⁶ y	α	¹⁴⁶Sm
¹⁵¹Gd	synth	123.9 d	ε	¹⁵¹Eu
¹⁵¹Gd	synth	123.9 d	α	¹⁴⁷Sm
¹⁵²Gd	0.2%	1.08×10¹⁴ y	α	¹⁴⁸Sm
¹⁵³Gd	synth	240.6 d	ε	¹⁵³Eu
¹⁵⁴Gd	2.18%	stable
¹⁵⁵Gd	14.8%	stable
¹⁵⁶Gd	20.5%	stable
¹⁵⁷Gd	15.7%	stable
¹⁵⁸Gd	24.8%	stable
¹⁵⁹Gd	synth	18.479 h	β⁻	¹⁵⁹Tb
¹⁶⁰Gd	21.9%	stable

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Gd)

157.249±0.002^[3]
157.25±0.01 (abridged)^[4]

Naturally occurringgadolinium (₆₄Gd) is composed of 6 stableisotopes,¹⁵⁴Gd,¹⁵⁵Gd,¹⁵⁶Gd,¹⁵⁷Gd,¹⁵⁸Gd and¹⁶⁰Gd, and 1 long-livedradioisotope,¹⁵²Gd, with¹⁵⁸Gd being the most abundant (24.84%natural abundance). The predicteddouble beta decay of¹⁶⁰Gd hasnever been observed.

In all, 32 radioisotopes of gadolinium have been characterized, with the three most stable being alpha emitters:¹⁵²Gd (naturally occurring) with a half-life of 1.08×10¹⁴ years,¹⁵⁰Gd with a half-life of 1.79×10⁶ years, and¹⁴⁸Gd (theoretically notbeta-stable) with a half-life of 86.9 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than a year, the majority of these having half-lives less than two minutes. There are also 16 metastableisomers, with the most stable being^143mGd (t_1/2 = 110 seconds),^145mGd (t_1/2 = 85 seconds) and^141mGd (t_1/2 = 24.5 seconds).

The isotopes withatomic masses lower than the most abundant stable isotope,¹⁵⁸Gd, primarily decay byelectron capture to isotopes ofeuropium. For higher atomic masses, the primarydecay mode isbeta decay to isotopes ofterbium.

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[5] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 5]}			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
¹³⁴Gd	64	70
¹³⁵Gd	64	71	134.95250(43)#	1.1(2) s	β⁺ (98%)	¹³⁵Eu	(5/2+)
¹³⁵Gd	64	71	134.95250(43)#	1.1(2) s	β⁺,p (98%)	¹³⁴Sm	(5/2+)
¹³⁶Gd	64	72	135.94730(32)#	1# s [>200 ns]	β⁺?	¹³⁶Eu	0+
¹³⁶Gd	64	72	135.94730(32)#	1# s [>200 ns]	β⁺, p?	¹³⁵Sm	0+
¹³⁷Gd	64	73	136.94502(32)#	2.2(2) s	β⁺	¹³⁷Eu	(7/2)+#
¹³⁷Gd	64	73	136.94502(32)#	2.2(2) s	β⁺,p?	¹³⁶Sm	(7/2)+#
¹³⁸Gd	64	74	137.94025(22)#	4.7(9) s	β⁺	¹³⁸Eu	0+
^138mGd	2232.6(11) keV			6.2(0.2) μs	IT	¹³⁸Gd	(8−)
¹³⁹Gd	64	75	138.93813(21)#	5.7(3) s	β⁺	¹³⁹Eu	9/2−#
¹³⁹Gd	64	75	138.93813(21)#	5.7(3) s	β⁺, p?	¹³⁸Sm	9/2−#
^139mGd^{[n 10]}	250(150)# keV			4.8(9) s	β⁺	¹³⁹Eu	1/2+#
^139mGd^{[n 10]}	250(150)# keV			4.8(9) s	β⁺, p?	¹³⁸Sm	1/2+#
¹⁴⁰Gd	64	76	139.933674(30)	15.8(4) s	β⁺ (67(8)%)	¹⁴⁰Eu	0+
¹⁴⁰Gd	64	76	139.933674(30)	15.8(4) s	EC (33(8)%)	¹⁴⁰Eu	0+
¹⁴¹Gd	64	77	140.932126(21)	14(4) s	β⁺ (99.97%)	¹⁴¹Eu	(1/2+)
¹⁴¹Gd	64	77	140.932126(21)	14(4) s	β⁺, p (0.03%)	¹⁴⁰Sm	(1/2+)
^141mGd	377.76(9) keV			24.5(5) s	β⁺ (89%)	¹⁴¹Eu	(11/2−)
^141mGd	377.76(9) keV			24.5(5) s	IT (11%)	¹⁴¹Gd	(11/2−)
¹⁴²Gd	64	78	141.928116(30)	70.2(6) s	EC (52(5)%)	¹⁴²Eu	0+
¹⁴²Gd	64	78	141.928116(30)	70.2(6) s	β⁺ (48(5)%)	¹⁴²Eu	0+
¹⁴³Gd	64	79	142.92675(22)	39(2) s	β⁺	¹⁴³Eu	1/2+
					β⁺, p?	¹⁴²Sm
					β⁺,α?	¹³⁹Pm
^143mGd	152.6(5) keV			110.0(14) s	β⁺	¹⁴³Eu	11/2−
					β⁺, p?	¹⁴²Sm
					β⁺,α?	¹³⁹Pm
¹⁴⁴Gd	64	80	143.922963(30)	4.47(6) min	β⁺	¹⁴⁴Eu	0+
^144mGd	3433.1(5) keV			145(30) ns	IT	¹⁴⁴Gd	(10+)
¹⁴⁵Gd	64	81	144.921710(21)	23.0(4) min	β⁺	¹⁴⁵Eu	1/2+
^145mGd	749.1(2) keV			85(3) s	IT (94.3%)	¹⁴⁵Gd	11/2−
^145mGd	749.1(2) keV			85(3) s	β⁺ (5.7%)	¹⁴⁵Eu	11/2−
¹⁴⁶Gd	64	82	145.9183185(44)	48.27(9) d	EC	¹⁴⁶Eu	0+
¹⁴⁷Gd	64	83	146.9191010(20)	38.06(12) h	β⁺	¹⁴⁷Eu	7/2−
^147mGd	8587.8(5) keV			510(20) ns	IT	¹⁴⁷Gd	49/2+
¹⁴⁸Gd	64	84	147.9181214(16)	86.9(39) y^[2]	α^{[n 11]}	¹⁴⁴Sm	0+
¹⁴⁹Gd	64	85	148.9193477(36)	9.28(10) d	β⁺	¹⁴⁹Eu	7/2−
¹⁴⁹Gd	64	85	148.9193477(36)	9.28(10) d	α (4.3×10⁻⁴%)	¹⁴⁵Sm	7/2−
¹⁵⁰Gd	64	86	149.9186639(65)	1.79(8)×10⁶ y	α^{[n 12]}	¹⁴⁶Sm	0+
¹⁵¹Gd	64	87	150.9203549(32)	123.9(10) d	EC	¹⁵¹Eu	7/2−
¹⁵¹Gd	64	87	150.9203549(32)	123.9(10) d	α (1.1×10⁻⁶%)	¹⁴⁷Sm	7/2−
¹⁵²Gd^{[n 13]}	64	88	151.9197984(11)	1.08(8)×10¹⁴ y	α^{[n 14]}	¹⁴⁸Sm	0+	0.0020(1)
¹⁵³Gd	64	89	152.9217569(11)	240.6(7) d	EC	¹⁵³Eu	3/2−
^153m1Gd	95.1737(8) keV			3.5(4) μs	IT	¹⁵³Gd	9/2+
^153m2Gd	171.188(4) keV			76.0(14) μs	IT	¹⁵³Gd	(11/2−)
¹⁵⁴Gd^{[n 15]}	64	90	153.9208730(11)	Observationally Stable^{[n 16]}			0+	0.0218(2)
¹⁵⁵Gd^{[n 15]}	64	91	154.9226294(11)	Observationally Stable^{[n 17]}			3/2−	0.1480(9)
^155mGd	121.10(19) keV			31.97(27) ms	IT	¹⁵⁵Gd	11/2−
¹⁵⁶Gd^{[n 15]}	64	92	155.9221301(11)	Stable			0+	0.2047(3)
^156mGd	2137.60(5) keV			1.3(1) μs	IT	¹⁵⁶Gd	7-
¹⁵⁷Gd^{[n 15]}	64	93	156.9239674(10)	Stable			3/2−	0.1565(4)
^157m1Gd	63.916(5) keV			460(40) ns	IT	¹⁵⁷Gd	5/2+
^157m2Gd	426.539(23) keV			18.5(23) μs	IT	¹⁵⁷Gd	11/2−
¹⁵⁸Gd^{[n 15]}	64	94	157.9241112(10)	Stable			0+	0.2484(8)
¹⁵⁹Gd^{[n 15]}	64	95	158.9263958(11)	18.479(4) h	β⁻	¹⁵⁹Tb	3/2−
¹⁶⁰Gd^{[n 15]}	64	96	159.9270612(12)	Observationally Stable^{[n 18]}			0+	0.2186(3)
¹⁶¹Gd	64	97	160.9296763(16)	3.646(3) min	β⁻	¹⁶¹Tb	5/2−
¹⁶²Gd	64	98	161.9309918(43)	8.4(2) min	β⁻	¹⁶²Tb	0+
¹⁶³Gd	64	99	162.93409664(86)	68(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶³Tb	7/2+
^163mGd	138.22(20) keV			23.5(10) s	IT?	¹⁶³Gd	1/2−
^163mGd	138.22(20) keV			23.5(10) s	β⁻	¹⁶³Tb	1/2−
¹⁶⁴Gd	64	100	163.9359162(11)	45(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁴Tb	0+
^164mGd	1095.8(4) keV			589(18) ns	IT	¹⁶⁴Gd	(4−)
¹⁶⁵Gd	64	101	164.9393171(14)	11.6(10) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁵Tb	1/2−#
¹⁶⁶Gd	64	102	165.9416304(17)	5.1(8) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁶Tb	0+
^166mGd	1601.5(11) keV			950(60) ns	IT	¹⁶⁶Gd	(6−)
¹⁶⁷Gd	64	103	166.9454900(56)	4.2(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁷Tb	5/2−#
¹⁶⁸Gd	64	104	167.94831(32)#	3.03(16) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁸Tb	0+
¹⁶⁹Gd	64	105	168.95288(43)#	750(210) ms	β⁻	¹⁶⁹Tb	7/2−#
¹⁶⁹Gd	64	105	168.95288(43)#	750(210) ms	β⁻, n? (<0.7%)^[6]	¹⁶⁸Tb	7/2−#
¹⁷⁰Gd	64	106	169.95615(54)#	675+94 −75 ms^[6]	β⁻	¹⁷⁰Tb	0+
¹⁷⁰Gd	64	106	169.95615(54)#	675+94 −75 ms^[6]	β⁻, n? (<3%)^[6]	¹⁶⁹Tb	0+
¹⁷¹Gd	64	107	170.96113(54)#	392+145 −136 ms^[6]	β⁻	¹⁷¹Tb	9/2+#
¹⁷¹Gd	64	107	170.96113(54)#	392+145 −136 ms^[6]	β⁻, n? (<10%)^[6]	¹⁷⁰Tb	9/2+#
¹⁷²Gd	64	108	171.96461(32)#	163+113 −99 ms^[6]	β⁻	¹⁷²Tb	0+#
¹⁷²Gd	64	108	171.96461(32)#	163+113 −99 ms^[6]	β⁻, n? (<50%)^[6]	¹⁷¹Tb	0+#
This table header & footer: view

^^mGd – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer thanage of universe.
^^a ^b ^c# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
^Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^Order of ground state and isomer is uncertain.
^Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to¹⁴⁸Sm or EC to¹⁴⁸Eu
^Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to¹⁵⁰Sm
^primordial radionuclide
^Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to¹⁵²Sm
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^gFission product
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁵⁰Sm
^Believed to undergo α decay to¹⁵¹Sm
^Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to¹⁶⁰Dy with ahalf-life over 3.1×10¹⁹ years

Gadolinium-148

[edit]

As a pure alpha emitter with a half-life of86.9±3.9 year (the same asplutonium-238 within error),^[2] gadolinium-148 would be ideal forradioisotope thermoelectric generators. However, gadolinium-148 cannot be economically synthesized in sufficient quantities to power a RTG.^[7]

Gadolinium-153

[edit]

Gadolinium-153 has a half-life of 240.6 days and emits gamma radiation with strong peaks at 41keV and 102 keV. It is used as a gamma ray source forX-ray absorptiometry and fluorescence, for bone density gauges forosteoporosis screening, and for radiometric profiling in the Lixiscope portable x-ray imaging system, also known as the Lixi Profiler. Innuclear medicine, it serves to calibrate the equipment needed likesingle-photon emission computed tomography systems (SPECT) to makex-rays. It ensures that the machines work correctly to produce images of radioisotope distribution inside the patient. This isotope is produced in a nuclear reactor fromeuropium orenriched gadolinium.^[8] It can also detect the loss ofcalcium in the hip and back bones, allowing the ability to diagnose osteoporosis.^[9]

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^^a ^b ^cChiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea (2023). "Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148".Applied Radiation and Isotopes.194 110708. Elsevier BV.doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708.ISSN 0969-8043.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Gadolinium".CIAAW. 2024.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^gKiss, G. G.; Vitéz-Sveiczer, A.; Saito, Y.; et al. (2022)."Measuring the β-decay properties of neutron-rich exotic Pm, Sm, Eu, and Gd isotopes to constrain the nucleosynthesis yields in the rare-earth region".The Astrophysical Journal.936 (107): 107.Bibcode:2022ApJ...936..107K.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac80fc.hdl:2117/375253.
^National Research Council of the National Academies; Division on Engineering Physical Sciences; Aeronautics Space Engineering Board; Space Studies Board; Radioisotope Power Systems Committee (2009).Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.367.4042.doi:10.17226/12653.ISBN 978-0-309-13857-4.
^"PNNL: Isotope Sciences Program – Gadolinium-153".pnl.gov. Archived fromthe original on 2009-05-27.
^"Gadolinium".BCIT Chemistry Resource Center. British Columbia Institute of Technology. Archived fromthe original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved30 March 2011.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102

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Gadolinium-148

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