Gábor A. Somorjai | |
|---|---|
 Somorjai, c. 2001 | |
| Born | (1935-05-04)May 4, 1935 Budapest, Hungary |
| Died | July 7, 2025(2025-07-07) (aged 90) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Budapest University of Technology and Economics |
| Notable work | University of California, Berkeley |
| Awards | Wolf Prize in Chemistry(1998) National Medal of Science(2001) Irving Langmuir Award(2007) William H. Nichols Medal(2015) Enrico Fermi Award(2023) |
Gabor A. Somorjai (May 4, 1935 – July 7, 2025) was a Hungarian-born American professor of chemistry at theUniversity of California, Berkeley, and was a leading researcher in the field ofsurface chemistry andcatalysis, especially the catalytic effects of metal surfaces on gas-phase reactions ("heterogeneous catalysis"). For his contributions to the field, Somorjai won theWolf Prize in Chemistry in 1998,[1] theLinus Pauling Award in 2000,[2] theNational Medal of Science[citation needed] in 2002, thePriestley Medal in 2008,[3] the 2010BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Science and theNAS Award in Chemical Sciences in 2013.[citation needed] In April 2015, Somorjai was awarded theAmerican Chemical Society'sWilliam H. Nichols Medal.[4]
Somorjai was born inBudapest in 1935 toJewish parents. He was saved from the Nazis when his mother sought the assistance ofRaoul Wallenberg in 1944 who issued Swedish passports to Somorjai's mother, himself and his sister saving them from the Nazi death camps.[5] While Somorjai's father ended up in the camp system, he was fortunate to survive but many of Somorjai's extended family were killed in the concentration camps.
He was studying chemical engineering at theBudapest University of Technology and Economics in 1956. As a participant in the1956 Hungarian Revolution, Somorjai left Hungary to go to the US after the Soviet invasion.[6] Along with other Hungarian immigrants, Somorjai enrolled in graduate study at Berkeley and obtained his doctorate in 1960. He joinedIBM'sThomas J. Watson Research Center staff inYorktown Heights, New York for a few years but returned to Berkeley as an assistant professor in 1964.
The introduction of new technology such aslow-energy electron diffraction revolutionised the study of surfaces in the 1950s and 1960s. However, early studies were limited to surfaces such as silicon, important for its electrical properties. In contrast, Somorjai was interested in surfaces such asplatinum known for its chemical properties.
Somorjai discovered that the defects on surfaces are wherecatalytic reactions take place. When these defects break, new bonds are formed between atoms leading to complex organic compounds such asnaphtha to be converted into gasoline as an example. These findings led to greater understanding of subjects such as adhesion, lubrication, friction and adsorption. His research also has important implications such asnanotechnology.
In the 1990s, Somorjai started working with physicistY. R. Shen on developing a technique known asSum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy[7] to study surface reactions without the need for a vacuum chamber. He is also studying surface reactions in nanotechnology at the atomic and molecular level usingatomic force microscopy andscanning tunnelling microscopy, both of which can be used without vacuum.
Somorjai's expertise in surfaces was used as a consultant to the2002 Winter Olympics where he gave advice on how to make ice-skating surfaces as fast as possible. Somorjai's research had shed new light on ice, demonstrating that skaters skated on a top layer of rapidly vibrating molecules,[8] rather than on a layer of liquid water on top of the ice acting as a lubricant, which had previously been the generally accepted explanation for the slipperiness of ice.
During his career, Somorjai published more than one thousand papers and three textbooks on surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis. He was the most-often cited person in the fields of surface chemistry and catalysis.
Somorjai died on July 7, 2025, at age 90.[9]
Somorjai was elected to theNational Academy of Sciences in 1979 and theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1983. He was awarded the Wolf Foundation Prize in Chemistry in 1998 for his contribution to chemistry, sharing the honor with ProfessorGerhard Ertl of theFritz-Haber Institute in Berlin. Somorjai was awarded theNational Medal of Science for his contribution as a chemist in 2002. TheAmerican Chemical Society also awarded him the Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry and the Adamson Award in Surface Chemistry. In 2002, he was awarded the status of University Professor across the University of California network, an honor he shares with two dozen other academics. In 2004, he won theF.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research of theAmerican Chemical Society. In 2008, he received thePriestley Medal, the highest award of theAmerican Chemical Society, for his "extraordinarily creative and original contributions to surface science and catalysis".[3] In 2009, he was named a Miller Senior Fellow of theMiller Institute at the University of California Berkeley. He was awarded the prestigious 2010BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Science. In addition, he was also awarded in 2010 the ENI New Frontiers of Hydrocarbons Prize and the Honda Prize. The recipient of the 2007Nobel Prize in Chemistry,Gerhard Ertl, and other members of the surface science community, were surprised and mystified by the Nobel Prize committee's decision to pass over Somorjai, awarding the prize for surface-chemistry to Ertl alone.[10][11][12] In 2009, Somorjai was recipient of theReed M. Izatt and James J. Christensen Lectureship. In 2013, Somorjai was awarded the National Academy of SciencesNAS Award in Chemical Sciences.[13] In April 2015, Somorjai was awarded theAmerican Chemical Society'sWilliam H. Nichols Medal.[4] Most recently, in 2023, Somorjai was recipient of theEnrico Fermi Award along withDarleane C. Hoffman.
The Gabor A. Somorjai Award for Creative Research in Catalysis, consisting of US$5,000 and a certificate, is given annually to recognize outstanding research in the field ofcatalysis. The award is sponsored by the Gabor A. and Judith K. Somorjai Endowment Fund.[14]
Previous recipients have been:[15]
Established in 2011, the Gabor A. and Judith K. Somorjai Visiting Miller Professorship Award is one of the programs of the Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science at the University of California Berkeley. The Somorjais' wishes in the establishment of this award is to support visiting scientists in the broad field of chemical sciences for a one-month term in the Miller Institute.[17] The first award was granted in 2013 to Angelos Michaelides.
Recipients include :
