Futurist architecture is an early-20th century form ofarchitecture born inItaly, characterized by long dynamic lines, suggesting speed, motion, urgency and lyricism: it was a part ofFuturism, an artistic movement founded by the poetFilippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first manifesto, theManifesto of Futurism, in 1909. The movement attracted not only poets, musicians, and artists (such asUmberto Boccioni,Giacomo Balla,Fortunato Depero, andEnrico Prampolini) but also a number of architects. A cult of theMachine Age and even a glorification ofwar and violence were among the themes of the Futurists; several prominent futurists were killed after volunteering to fight inWorld War I. The latter group included the architectAntonio Sant'Elia, who, though building little, translated the futurist vision into an urban form.[1]
In 1912, three years after Marinetti's Futurist Manifesto, Antonio Sant'Elia and Mario Chiattone take part to theNuove Tendenze[3] exhibition inMilan. Antonio Sant' Elia and Mario Chiattone were pioneers of architecture in futurism. Sant'Elia and Chiattone met in 1909 in Brera, where they were both studying architecture. Between 1913 and 1914 they shared a studio building and they participated in the first exhibition of the group Nuove Tendenze at the Famiglia Artistica in Milan (1914) as a founder-member. His exhibits included The Building of a Modern Metropolis and Bridge and Studies of Volume (watercolor and encre-de-Chine on paper). Although less abstract in character than Sant'Elia's Città Nuova drawings, scholars have said that they are among the most memorable images of Futuristic architecture.[4]
In 1914 the group presented their first exposition with a "Message" by Sant'Elia, that later, with the contribution ofFilippo Tommaso Marinetti, became theManifesto dell'Architettura Futurista ("Manifesto of Futurist Architecture").[2] Boccioni unofficially worked on a similar manifesto, but Marinetti preferred Sant'Elia's paper.
Later in 1920, another manifesto was written byVirgilio Marchi,Manifesto dell'Architettura Futurista–Dinamica (Manifesto of Dynamic Instinctive Dramatic Futurist Architecture).[2] Ottorino Aloisio worked in the style established by Marchi, one example being hisCasa del Fascio inAsti.
Another futurist manifesto related to architecture is theManifesto dell'Arte Sacra Futurista ("Manifesto of Sacred Futurist Art") byFillia (Luigi Colombo)[2] andFilippo Tommaso Marinetti, published in 1931. On 27 January 1934 it was the turn of the Manifesto of Aerial Architecture by Marinetti,Angiolo Mazzoni and Mino Somenzi.[2] Mazzoni had publicly adhered to futurism only the year before. In this paper theLingotto factory by Giacomo Matté-Trucco is defined asthe first Futurist constructive invention.[2] Mazzoni himself in those years worked on a building considered today a masterpiece[5] of futurist architecture, like theHeating plant and Main controls cabin atSanta Maria Novella railway station, inFlorence.
TheArt Deco style of architecture with its streamlined forms was regarded as futuristic when it was in style in the 1920s and 1930s. The original name for both early and late Art Deco wasArt Moderne – the name "Art Deco" did not become popularized until 1968 when the term was used in a book byBevis Hillier. TheChrysler Building is a notable example of Art Deco futurist architecture.
After World War II, Futurism was considerably weakened and redefined itself thanks to the enthusiasm towards theSpace Age, theAtomic Age, thecar culture, and the wide use ofplastic. For example, this trend is found in the architecture ofGoogies in the 1950s inCalifornia. Futurism in this case is not a style, but a rather free and uninhibited architectural approach, which is why it was reinterpreted and transformed by generations of architects the following decades, but in general it includes amazing shapes with dynamic lines and sharp contrasts, and the use of technologically advanced materials.
Pioneered from late 1960s and early 1970s by Finnish architectsEero Saarinen;[6][7] andAlvar Aalto,[8] American architect Adrian Wilson[9] andCharles Luckman;[10][11] Danish architectsHenning Larsen[12] andJørn Utzon;[13] the architectural movement was later namedNeo-Futurism by French architectDenis Laming. He designed all of the buildings inFuturoscope, whose Kinemax is the flagship building.[14] In the early 21st century, Neo-Futurism has been relaunched by innovation designer Vito Di Bari with his vision of "cross-pollination of art and cutting edge technology for a better world" applied to the project of the city of Milan at the time of the UniversalExpo 2015.[15][citation needed][promotion?]In popular literature, the term futuristic is often used without much precision to describe an architecture that would have the appearance of the space age as described in works of science fiction or as drawn in science fictioncomic strips orcomic books. Today it is sometimes confused withblob architecture orhigh-tech architecture. The routine use of the term futurism – although influenced by Antonio Sant'Elia's vision of Futurist architecture – must be well differentiated from the values and political implications of the Futurist movement of the years 1910–1920. The futurist architecture created since 1960 may be termedNeo-Futurism, and is also referred as Post Modern Futurism or Neo-Futuristic architecture.
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