TheIndian Government is undertaking several initiatives to upgrade its aging railway infrastructure and enhance its quality of service. TheRailway Ministry has announced plans to invest₹5,400,000 crore (equivalent to₹57 trillion or US$680 billion in 2023) to upgrade the railways by 2030.[1] Upgrades include 100% electrification of railways, upgrading existing lines with more facilities and higher speeds, expansion of new lines, upgrading railway stations, introducing and eventually developing a largehigh-speed train network interconnecting major cities in different parts ofIndia and development of various dedicated freight corridors to cut down cargo costs within the country.
TheResearch Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) is undertaking all research, designs and standardisation work for modernisation,National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRCL) is overlooking the implementation of high-speed train programs across the country,Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCI) is the agency undertaking development of freight corridors around the country andIndian Railway Stations Development Corporation (IRSDC) is engaged in railway stations upgrade and development programs.
India is gradually replacing traditional Mail, Express and Superfast trains with modern semi-high-speed (Vande Bharat) and high-speed (Bullet Train) trains, over 25 years by 2040 in the following phases which will need over ₹50–100 lakh crore for full modernization (per NITI Aayog) as highspeed track upgradation is slowing down the transition because as of 2025 60% of Indian Railways tracks are still not fit for speed over 130 kmph.[2][3]
Asemi-high-speed rail network will be introduced for connecting important routes, including Delhi–Agra, Delhi–Kanpur, Chennai–Hyderabad, Nagpur–Secunderabad, Mumbai–Pune–Solapur–Hyderabad and Mumbai–Goa. Initially, the trains will operate at a maximum speed of 160 km/h, which will be increased to 200 km/h after the rails are strengthened and fenced off. TheGatimaan Express began services on April 5, 2016, after safety clearances were obtained on its first route.[4][5] Currently,Vande Bharat Express is the fastest train running on 66 routes with highest trail speed of 183 km/h, with potential of reaching up to 200 km/h.[6]
Mission Raftaar was announced in the Railway Budget of 2016-17 with the target of increasing the average speed of freight and superfast mail/express trains. The railway is focusing on the New Delhi-Mumbai and New Delhi-Howrah routes as part of the Golden Quadrilateral. Mission Raftar compromises several measures have been taken to achieve the medium- and long-term goals of Mission Raftaar, including the construction of tracks, bridges, rail flyovers, bypasses, right-powering of trains, third and fourth line construction, replacement of conventional loco-hauled trains by MEMUs, changes in timetable, and modification of the 1×25 KV traction system to the 2×25 KV traction system, among others.[7][8]
The country has made target of having 4,500Vande Bharat trains running across India by 2047.[9] Indian Railways have planned to introduceVande Bharat trains in inner parts of India such as Ranchi-Puri, Raipur-Ranchi, Indore-Pune, Raipur-Varanasi, Pune-Goa, Goa-Mysore, Gokarna-Bangalore, Agartala-Guwahati, Indore-Lucknow to increase connectivity and economic development.[10][11] Indian Railways will soon start the upgradation of tracks with high strength rails (R-350).The railways has started the work to increase the design speed limit of the next-generationVande Bharat sleeper trains to 220 kmph and work has also started to improve the Delhi-Mumbai and Delhi-Howrah lines to allow trains to run at 160 km/h.[12]
Dedicated freight corridors of 3,300 km length will alsobe completed thus freeing the dual use high demand trunk routes for running more high-speed passenger trains.[13] The project will continue to figure on the high priority list of all the government agencies associated with it. DFCs will help India reduce its high logistics costs from some 13-15 per cent of the GDP and help it move towards the target of 8 per cent.[14]
Till date in the commissioned sections, a total of 4000 trains have been run. Some of the trains in the section are achieving the average speed of 99.38 kmph in EDFC and the average speed is 89.50 kmph in WDFC.[15][16][17] Passenger train such asVande Bharat Express have already ran on DFC tracks during exigencies.[18][19]
The Indian government conducted joint surveys with a Japanese government team in 2014, finally approving a corridor between Mumbai andAhmedabad. The new high-speed service will use a JapaneseShinkansen system and rolling stock. The cost of procuring the technology is estimated to be around₹110,000 crore (US$13 billion). India and Japan signed agreements for the project in December 2015; the Japanese government will fund 81% of the total cost with a soft loan fixed at a nominal interest rate.[20] A special committee has recommended the trains be run on an elevated corridor for an additional cost of₹10,000 crore (US$1 billion), to avoid the difficulties of acquiring land, building underpasses and constructing protective fencing.[21] Indian Railways will operate the corridor for a five-year period after its commissioning and afterwards will be turned over to a private operator.[22]
Construction work of the corridor began in 2017 and will be completed by 2028.[23] However, there is uncertainty in other routes as many of the routes have been junked as unfeasible.[24]
In 2015, plans were disclosed for the construction of two locomotive factories with foreign partnerships in the state of Bihar, at Madhepura (electric) and at Marhowra (diesel). The diesel locomotive works will be jointly operated in a partnership withGeneral Electric, which has invested₹2,052 crore (US$243 million) for its construction and the electric locomotive works withAlstom, which has invested₹1,293.57 crore (US$153 million). The factories will provide IR with 800 electric locomotives of 12,000 horsepower and a mix of 1,000 diesel locomotives of 4,500 and 6,000 horsepower each.[25] In November 2015, it was announced IR and GE would engage in an 11-year joint venture in which GE would hold a majority stake of 74%. IR would purchase 100 goods locomotives a year for 10 years, beginning in 2017; the locomotives would be modified versions of theGE Evolution series.[26] The diesel locomotive works will be built by 2018; GE will import the first 100 locomotives and manufacture the remaining 900 in India from 2019 onwards, also assuming responsibility for their maintenance over a 13-year period.[27][needs update] In the same month, a₹20,000 crore (US$2 billion) partnership with Alstom to supply 800 electric locomotives from 2018 to 2028 was announced.[28]
Indian Railways is now moving to manufacturing high-end aluminium self-propelled 160 km/hour indigenousMake in India coaches that require no locomotive and are 10% cheaper than the comparable imports. The first such self-propelled train,Vande Bharat Express, was rolled out in October 2018. It is estimated to be 40% cheaper than foreign-built trains.[29]
Railway coach refurbishment project aims for the refurbishment of 12 to 15 years old coaches at Carriage Rehabilitation Workshop in Bhopal to enhance passenger amenities and fire safety measures.[30][31]
In 2014, IR and DRDO developed a bio-toilet to replace direct-discharge toilets, which was the primary type of toilet used in railway coaches.[32] Upgrade of all trains to bio-toilet was completed by the end ofFY2018-19 (c. Dec 2017).[33]
The direct discharge of human waste from trains onto the tracks corrodes rails, costing IR tens of millions of rupees a year in rail-replacement work. Flushing a bio-toilet discharges human waste into an underfloor holding tank where anaerobic bacteria remove harmful pathogens and break the waste down into neutral water and methane, which can then be harmlessly discharged onto the tracks.[32] IR plans to completely phase out direct-discharge toilets by 2020 or 2021. All-new coaches were installed in 2016, with older rolling stock to gradually becoming retrofitted. AfterComptroller and Auditor General of India found 200,000 complaints related to the foul smelling and blocked bio-toilets, IR announced that it will add 80,000 bio-toilets (each costing INR 1 lakh) in FY2018-2019 and will start installing much improved "vacuum bio-toilets" (each costing INR 2.5 lakh) as well.[34] By Feb 2018, over 100,000 biotoilets have been installed and the project is on target to have 100% biotoilets by 31 March 2019.[35]
Mumbai–Pune hyperloop is a proposed 1000 km/hHyperloop system that will take 14 minutes compared to current 3 hours to commute between these two cities while carrying 10,000 commuters per hour (5,000 in each direction). The route is found feasible and can be made operational by 2026 as per the Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to"Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority" (PMRDA) by"Virgin Hyperloop company" in January 2018. Commuters and cargo will travel in pods traveling in the near-vacuum tubes at the speed of 1,000 km/h. DPR provided three feasible terminal end-points options in Mumbai, namely Dadar, Santacruz and the international airport. Currently, 300,000 people commute between these two cities daily in 110,000 vehicles (including 80,000 cars and 6,000 buses).[36] (as of Jan 2018)
On December 2024, India's First Hyperloop Test track was completed successfully at Thaiyur nearChennai and soon trials are about to start on this test track.[37]
Under a INR 1 trillion initiative,[38] 600[38] railway stations will be redeveloped by monetizing 2700 acres of spare railway land under the₹1,070,000 crore (US$127 billion) plan undertaken byIndian Railway Stations Development Corporation by converging it with theAtal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation andSmart Cities Mission in collaboration withMinistry of Urban Development,Rail Land Development Authority andNational Buildings Construction Corporation. Following monetization of land,₹680,000 crore (US$80 billion) will be used for the commercial development,₹280,000 crore (US$33 billion) for station redevelopment and the remaining₹110,000 crore (US$13 billion) as surplus with the Railways. Initially A1 and A category stations will be prioritised.[39] To begin with 22 stations will be developed by end of 2018.[33]
UnderAmrit Bharat Station Scheme, invited proposals in February 2023 for redeveloping 2000 stations over next decade, including theGandhinagar railway station,Banaras railway station,Chandigarh railway station,Bijwasan railway station andAnand Vihar railway station costing Rs140 crore, Rs310 crore and Rs206 crore respective.[38]
There are 2 under implementation and 4 approvedDFCs with many more planned. DFC will convert existing and implement new DFC asHigh-speed rail corridors of India.[13]
In 2012,Ministry of Defence (MoD) identified a list of at least 15 newgeostrategic rail lines (initially 14 and Bilaspur–Manali–Leh line was added later)[40] to be constructed nearChina,Pakistan andNepal border for the rapid and easier deployment of troops while simultaneously undertaking development of geostrategicIndia-China Border Roads (ICBR) roads as border rail and road transport development in India is lagging much behind China.[41][42] China has built lines up to Shigatse in Tibet, with plans to connect it to Nepal and further to India.[42] Surveys of all 15 lines is complete,[43][40][44][45] and in June 2025 at least 4 lines were under construction and DPR was being prepared for another 3 while there was no progress on another 7 (50% of the lines).[46]
| Phase | Line[43] | length | Border | State | FLS | Cabinet construction funding approval | Construction status | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase-I[40][44] | Murkongselek–Pasighat–Tezu–Rupai line | 227 km[40][44] | China (Eastern sector) | Arunachal Pradesh,Assam | Yes | No | Not commenced | Map |
| Missamari–Tenga–Tawang line | 378 km[40][44] | China,Bhutan (Eastern sector) | Arunachal Pradesh, Assam | Yes | No | Not commenced | Map | |
| Lakhimpur–Along–Silapathar line | 249 km[40][44] | China (Eastern sector) | Arunachal Pradesh, Assam | Yes | No | Not commenced | Map | |
| Bhanupli–Manali–Leh line | 498 km[40][44] | China, Pakistan (Western sector) | Himachal Pradesh,Ladakh | Yes | No | Construction underway as of June 2025.[46] | Map | |
| Srinagar-Kargil-Leh line | China, Pakistan (Western sector) | Ladakh,Jammu and Kashmir | ? | No | Survey done, DPR on hold in 2025 due to lack of financial viability.[46] | Map | ||
| Pathankot-Leh line | China, Pakistan (Western sector) | Ladakh,Punjab | No | No | Survey done, DPR being prepared in 2025.[46] | Map | ||
| Dehradun–Uttarkashi line (Gangotri) | China (Central sector) | Uttarakhand | Completed | Yes | Under construction, seeChar Dham Railway. | Map | ||
| Rishikesh–Karanprayag line (via Chamoli) | (Central sector) | Uttarakhand | Completed | Yes | Under construction, also see Char Dham Railway. | Map | ||
| Tanakpur–Jauljibi line | Nepal (Central sector) | Uttarakhand | No | No | Not commenced | Map | ||
| Tanakpur–Bageshwar line | (Central sector) | Uttarakhand | No | No | Not commenced | Map | ||
| Jammu–Akhnoor–Poonch line | (Western sector) | Jammu and Kashmir | Yes | FSL | Survey done, DPR being prepared in 2025.[46] | Map | ||
| Patti–Ferozepur line | Pakistan (Western sector) | Punjab | No | No | Under-construction. | Map | ||
| Anupgarh–Chattargarh–Motigarh–Bikaner line | Pakistan (Western sector) | Rajasthan | No | No | Not commenced | Map | ||
| Jodhpur–Agolai–Shergarh–Phalsund line | Pakistan (Western sector) | Rajasthan | No | No | Not commenced | Map | ||
| Jodhpur–Jaisalmer line doubling | Pakistan (Western sector) | Rajasthan | Yes | Map |
Following projects along the LAC with China are also of relevance, only one of these is included in the MoD's list of strategically important defence projects, however all of these have been declared projects of strategic national importance.
Indian Railways is converting its entire network to1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge to enhance viability. New and converted broad gauge tracks are being introduced at the rate of 7.7 km per day. IR has projected completion date of the same till 2022.[51][52][53][54]
Electrification of all routes to save on the imported fuel costs and improve running speed, IR launched "Mission Electrification" in 2017 to electrify 100% or the remaining 38,000 km of the broad gauge network in five years from fy2017-18 to fy2022-23,[55] Railways annual fuel bill is₹32,000 crore (US$3.78 billion or €3.35 billion), including₹20,000 crore (US$2.37 billion or €2.09 billion) on diesel and converting to 100% electricity will save₹10,000 crore (US$1.18 billion or €1.05 billion) by bringing the total fuel bill to₹22,000 crore (US$2.60 billion or €2.30 billion) (c. Dec 2017).[56][55] Completion of electrification at the end of March 2024 was 45,881 km (28,509 mi) or 94.44%.[57]
Doubling of tracks to reduce congestion and delays while improving safety. 15,000 km double tracks already exist by 2016 and funding for 12,500 km more track doubling was approved in 2016.[54] In fy2018-19 budget, 18,000 km of broad gauge track doubling and conversion was approved along with 36,000 km of track renewal for safety.[58]
In FY 2018-19 budget, 36,000 km of broad gauge renewal was approved to enhance the safety.[58]
Off-the-grid solar powered trains by installing 1 gigawatt ofsolar and 130 megawatts ofwind power between 2017 and 2022.[59][60] India introduced world's first solar powered train in June 2017 as well as 50 coaches with rooftop solar farms.[61] In July 2017, IR rolled out its first DEMU train with rooftop solar panels that power the lights, fans and information display systems inside passenger coaches.[62]
Rooftop solar electricity at stations to reduce long-term fuel cost and protect the environment.[63]
In 2017, first train with solar rooftop panels started. Increasingly more trains will be operated with renewal onboard solar electricity generation.
SustainableLED lighting on all stations by March 2018 to cut electricity costs (Dec 2017).[64]
Target completion date for this is March 2020.[58] Fy2017-18 has allocated funds to eliminate remaining 4,267 unmanned railway crossings on broad gauge routes in the next two years by March 2020.[58] A₹100,000 crore (US$12 billion) "National Rail Safety Fund," for a complete safety upgrade by 2022, was announced in the 2017 Union Budget; among other improvements, the program would eliminate unmanned level crossings by March 2020.[65]Elimination of Unmanned Level Crossings at an average of 1217 per year by building an average of 1066Road Over Bridges (ROB) andRoad Under Bridges (RUB) per year (May 2016).[66][54]
GPS-enabledFog Pilot Assistance Systemrailway signalling devices, old practice of putting firecrackers on train tracks to alert train divers was done away with by initially installing 6,095 devices in four most affected zones in 2017,Northern Railway zone,North Central Railway zone,North Eastern Railway zone andNorth Western Railway zone.[67]
Automated fire alarm system project started from 2013 when improved automated fire alarm System in Rajdhani Express trains were installed, these will be installed in the AC coaches of all regular trains.[68]
963 stations will haveCCTV camera by the end of 2018.[33] Progressively CCTV cameras and wifi will be installed on all trains and stations.[58]
IR has started to install cameras in some of the trains from fy2017-18 under the Nirbhaya fund. Progressively CCTV cameras will be installed in all trains.[58]
On 7 August 2019,IRCTC launched a payment wallet namediMudra.[69][70] On 11 August 2021, IRCTC introduced a smart card system through which unreserved train tickets which can be bought either at railway stations or online.[71]
Digital India driven digitalisation of railway to improvement efficiency and reduce cost.₹3,500,000 million (equivalent to₹4.9 trillion or US$58 billion in 2023) funding was approved in 2016.[54]
Progressively CCTV cameras and wifi will be installed on all trains and stations (announcement c. March 2018).[58] In September 2015, the IR andGoogle announced a joint initiative intent on delivering high-speed wi-fi access across 400 major railway stations. The first 100 stations were connected to the network by the end of 2016, with Mumbai Central station the first to be connected.[72]TheRailtel-Google free high-speed public WiFi service is currently available atMumbai Central,Chennai Central,Chennai Egmore,Madurai Junction,Coimbatore Junction,Chandigarh,Old Delhi,Pune,Bhubaneshwar,Bhopal,Ranchi,Raipur,Vijayawada,Kacheguda,Ernakulum,Thiruvananthapuram,Thrissur,Jabalpur, Vishakhapatnam,Jaipur,Kanpur,Lucknow,Gorakhpur,Patna,Guwahati,Ujjain,Allahabad,Howrah,Varanasi, etc.[73]
Select passengers with confirmed tickets will now be allowed to transfer tickets to someone else.Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) is now offering a pay-on-delivery option for train tickets on its website and app, where the customers can book their tickets and pay on delivery.
Progressively escalators will be installed on all stations with a footfall of more than 25,000 per day.[58]
600 stations will be upgraded, including 400 to be redeveloped, progressively to enhance services, safety and security.[58]
Rainwater harvesting with 1885rainwater harvesting systems already installed at different locations by December 2016.[141]
Reforestation on the railway land and along the tracks is being undertaken.[142]
