| Vaporwave | |
|---|---|
 A vaporwave-style image withWikipedia as the main theme | |
| Etymology | Vaporware |
| Stylistic origins | |
| Cultural origins | Early 2010s,Internet[2][12] |
| Typical instruments | |
| Derivative forms |
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| Subgenres | |
| Fusion genres | |
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| Other topics | |
Vaporwave is amicrogenre ofelectronic music, a visual art style, and anInternet meme that emerged in the early 2010s,[30][31] and became well-known in 2015.[32] It is defined partly by its slowed-down,chopped and screwed samples ofsmooth jazz, 1970selevator music,[32]R&B, andlounge music from the 1980s and 1990s, similar tosynthwave. The surroundingsubculture is sometimes associated with an ambiguous or satirical take onconsumer capitalism[33] andpop culture, and tends to be characterized by anostalgic orsurrealist engagement with thepopular entertainment, technology andadvertising of previous decades. Visually, it incorporates early Internet imagery, late 1990s web design,glitch art,anime, stylizedAncient Greek orRoman sculptures,3D-rendered objects, andcyberpunk tropes in its cover artwork andmusic videos.
Vaporwave originated as an ironic variant ofchillwave, evolving fromhypnagogic pop as well as similar retro-revivalist andpost-Internet motifs that had become fashionable in underground digital music and art scenes of the era, such asTumblr'sseapunk. The style was pioneered by producers such asJames Ferraro,Daniel Lopatin andRamona Langley (formerly Xavier), who each used various pseudonyms.[34] After Langley's albumFloral Shoppe (2011) established a blueprint for the genre, the movement built an audience on sitesLast.fm,Reddit and4chan while a flood of new acts, also operating under online pseudonyms, turned toBandcamp for distribution.
Following the wider exposure of vaporwave in 2012, a wealth of subgenres and offshoots emerged, such as future funk,mallsoft andhardvapour, although most have waned in popularity.[35] The genre also intersected with fashion trends such asstreetwear and various political movements. Since the mid-2010s, vaporwave has been frequently described as a "dead" genre.[36] The general public came to view vaporwave as a facetious Internet meme, a notion that frustrated some producers who wished to be recognized as serious artists. Many of the most influential artists and record labels associated with vaporwave have since drifted into other musical styles.[35] Later in the 2010s, the genre spurred a revival of interest in Japaneseambient music andcity pop.[37]
Vaporwave is a hyper-specific subgenre, or "microgenre",[38] that is both a form ofelectronic music and an art style; however, it is sometimes suggested to be primarily a visual medium.[39] The genre is defined largely by its surrounding subculture,[40] with its music inextricable from its visual accoutrements.[39] AcademicLaura Glitsos writes, "In this way, vaporwave defies traditional music conventions that typically privilege the music over the visual form."[39] Musically, vaporwave reconfiguresdance music from the 1980s and early 1990s[4] through the use ofchopped and screwed techniques, repetition, and heavyreverb.[39] It is composed almost entirely from slowed-down samples[1] and its creation requires only the knowledge of rudimentary production techniques.[41] Although, some artists like Dan Mason create vaporwave music from scratch.[42]
The name derives from "vaporware", a term for commercial software that is announced but never released.[40] It builds upon the satirical tendencies ofchillwave andhypnagogic pop, while also being associated with an ambiguous or ironic take onconsumer capitalism andtechnoculture.[1] Critic Adam Trainer writes of the style's predilection for "music made less for enjoyment than for the regulation of mood", such as corporatestock music forinfomercials andproduct demonstrations.[43] Academic Adam Harper described the typical vaporwave track as "a wholly synthesised or heavily processed chunk of corporatemood music, bright and earnest or slow and sultry, often beautiful, either looped out of sync and beyond the point of functionality."[1]
Adding to its dual engagement with musical and visual art forms, vaporwave embraces the Internet as a cultural, social, and aesthetic medium.[40] The visualaesthetic (often stylized as "ＡＥＳＴＨＥＴＩＣＳ", withfullwidth characters)[20] incorporates early Internet imagery, late 1990s web design,glitch art, andcyberpunk tropes,[12] as well asanime,Greco-Roman statues, and 3D-rendered objects.[44]VHS degradation is another common effect seen in vaporwave art. Generally, artists limit the chronology of their source material betweenJapan's economic flourishing in the 1980s and theSeptember 11 attacks ordot-com bubble burst of 2001 (some albums, includingFloral Shoppe, depict the intactTwin Towers on their covers).[45][nb 1]
Vaporwave originated on the Internet in the early 2010s as an ironic variant of chillwave[47] and as a derivation of the work of hypnagogic pop artists such asAriel Pink andJames Ferraro, who were also characterized by the invocation of retro popular culture.[48] It was one of many Internet microgenres to emerge in this era, alongsidewitch house,seapunk,shitgaze,cloud rap, and others. Cloud rap artists likeBones andGothBoiClique especially drew heavily on vaporwave and witch house, with genre boundaries not becoming distinctly defined until later.[49][50] Vaporwave coincided with a broader trend involving young artists whose works drew from their childhoods in the 1980s.[51][nb 2]
"Chillwave" and "hypnagogic pop" were coined at virtually the same time, in mid-2009, and were considered interchangeable terms. Like vaporwave, they engaged with notions of nostalgia andcultural memory.[52] Among the earliest hypnagogic acts to anticipate vaporwave wasMatrix Metals and his albumFlamingo Breeze (2009), which was built on synthesizer loops.[53] Around the same time,Daniel Lopatin (Oneohtrix Point Never) uploaded a collection ofplunderphonics loops toYouTube surreptitiously under the alias sunsetcorp.[35] These clips were taken from his audio-visual albumMemory Vague (June 2009).[41][nb 3]Washed Out's "Feel It All Around" (June 2009), which slowed down the 1983 Italian dance song "I Want You" byGary Low, exemplified the "analog nostalgia" of chillwave that vaporwave artists sought to reconfigure.[4]
Vaporwave was subsumed under a larger "Tumblr aesthetic" that had become fashionable in underground digital music and art scenes of the 2010s.[55] In 2010, Lopatin included several of the tracks fromMemory Vague, as well as a few new ones, on his albumChuck Person's Eccojams Vol. 1, released in August under the alias "Chuck Person".[56] With packaging that resembled the 1993 video gameEcco the Dolphin, the album inspired a host of suburban teens and young adults to formulate what would become vaporwave.[3] Seapunk followed in mid-2011 as an aquatic-themed Tumblr subculture and Internet meme[57] that presaged vaporwave in its concern for "spacey" electronic music andGeocities web graphics.[12] Like vaporwave, it was defined by its engagement with the Internet, an approach that is sometimes described aspost-Internet.[17]
The musical template for vaporwave came fromEccojams and Ferraro'sFar Side Virtual (October 2011).[45][16][58]Eccojams featuredchopped and screwed variations on popular 1980s pop songs,[3] whileFar Side Virtual drew primarily on "the grainy and bombastic beeps" of past media such asSkype and theNintendo Wii.[45] According toStereogum's Miles Bowe, vaporwave was a fusion between Lopatin's "chopped and screwed plunderphonics" and the "nihilistic easy-listening of James Ferraro'sMuzak-hellscapes".[10] A 2013 post on a music blog presented those albums, along with Skeleton'sHolograms (November 2010), as "proto vaporwave".[56]
Vaporwave artists were originally "mysterious and often nameless entities that lurk the internet," Adam Harper noted, "often behind a pseudo-corporate name or web façade, and whose music is typically free to download throughMediaFire,Last FM,Soundcloud orBandcamp."[1] According to Metallic Ghosts (Chaz Allen), the original vaporwave scene came out of an online circle formulated on the siteTurntable.fm. This circle included individuals known as Internet Club (Robin Burnett), Veracom, Luxury Elite, Infinity Frequencies, Transmuteo (Jonathan Dean), Coolmemoryz, and Prismcorp.[59]
Numerous producers of this online milieu took inspiration fromRamona Langley'sNew Dreams Ltd. (credited to "Laserdisc Visions", July 2011).[59] The first reported use of the term "vaporwave" was on an October 2011 blogpost by an anonymous user reviewing the albumSurf's Pure Hearts by Girlhood;[40] however, Burnett has been credited with coining the term as a way to tie the circle together.[59] Langley'sFloral Shoppe (credited to "Macintosh Plus", December 2011) was the first album to be properly considered of the genre, containing all of the style's core elements.[24]
Vaporwave found wider appeal over the middle of 2012, building an audience on sites like Last.fm,Reddit and4chan.[59] On Tumblr, it became common for users to decorate their pages with vaporwave imagery.[55] In September,Blank Banshee released his debut album,Blank Banshee 0, which reflected a trend of vaporwave producers who were more influenced bytrap music and less concerned with conveying political undertones.[24]Bandwagon called it a "progressive record" that, along withFloral Shoppe, "signaled the end of the first wave of sample-heavy music, and ... reconfigured what it means to make vaporwave music.[3]
After a flood of new vaporwave acts turned to Bandcamp for distribution, various online music publications such asTiny Mix Tapes,Dummy Mag andSputnikmusic began covering the movement.[16] However, writers, fans, and artists struggled to differentiate between vaporwave, chillwave, and hypnagogic pop,[60] while Ash Becks ofThe Essential noted that larger sites likePitchfork andDrowned in Sound "seemingly refused to touch vaporwave throughout the genre's two-year 'peak'."[16] Common criticisms were that the genre was either "too dumb" or "too intellectual".[61][nb 4]
In November 2012, seapunk aesthetics were appropriated in music videos by the pop singersRihanna andAzealia Banks. The exposure catapulted the subculture to the mainstream, and with it, vaporwave.[62] That same month, a video review ofFloral Shoppe, published by the YouTuberAnthony Fantano, helped solidify the album as the representative work of vaporwave,[63] but was also credited as a pivotal moment in the decline of the genre.[64] Soon after vaporwave was spotlighted in the mainstream, it was frequently described as a "dead" genre.[36] Such pronouncements came from the fans themselves.[24]
Following the initial wave, new terms were invented by users on 4chan and Reddit who sought to separate vaporwave into multiple subgenres.[35] Some were created in jest, such as "vaportrap", "vapornoise" and "vaporgoth".[22] Further subgenres included "eccojams", "utopian virtual", "mallsoft", "future funk", "post-Internet", "late-nite lo-fi", "broken transmission" (or "signalwave"), and "hardvapour".[65] Joe Price ofComplex reported that "most [of the subgenres] faded away, and many didn't make sense to begin with. ... The visual aspect formed faster than the sound, resulting in releases that look the same but fail to form a sonically cohesive whole."[35]
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In 2013, YouTube began allowing its users to hostlive streams, which resulted in a host of 24-hour "radio stations" dedicated to microgenres such as vaporwave andlo-fi hip hop.[68] The Swedish rapperYung Lean and his Sad Boys collective inspired a wave of anonymous DJs to create vaporwave mixes, uploaded to YouTube and SoundCloud, that appropriated the music and imagery ofNintendo 64 video games. Titles included "Mariowave", "Nostalgia 64", and "ＺＥＬＤＡＷＡＶＥ"[69]Dazed Digital's Evelyn Wang credited Lean with "allowing vaporwave to leak IRL [and] encouraging its unholy coupling withstreetwear". She cited their associated fashion staples as "frowny faces, Japanese and Arabic as accessories, sportswear brands,Arizona iced tea, and the uncanny ability to simultaneously communicate in and be a meme."[70][nb 5]
At the end of 2013,Thump published an essay headlined "Is Vaporwave the Next Seapunk?".[35] Although the author prophesied that vaporwave would not end "as a joke" the way seapunk did, the genre came to be largely viewed as a facetious Internet meme based predominately on a retro visual style or "vibe", a notion that frustrated some producers who wished to be recognized as serious artists. Many of the most influential artists and record labels associated with the genre later drifted into other musical styles.[35]
In 2015,Rolling Stone published a list that included vaporwave act2814 as one of "10 artists you need to know", citing their albumBirth of a New Day (新しい日の誕生) as "an unparalleled success within a small, passionate pocket of the internet."[72] The albumI'll Try Living Like This byDeath's Dynamic Shroud.wmv was featured at number fifteen on theFact list "The 50 Best Albums of 2015",[73] and on the same dayMTV International introduced arebrand heavily inspired by vaporwave and seapunk,[74] Tumblr launched aGIF viewer named Tumblr TV, with an explicitly MTV-styled visual spin.[75] Hip-hop artistDrake's single "Hotline Bling", released on July 31, also became popular with vaporwave producers, inspiring both humorous and serious remixes of the tune.[3]
As of 2016, vaporwave albums, includingFloral Shoppe, continued to rank among the best-selling experimental albums on Bandcamp.[19] The scene also maintained a dedicated following on communities such as Reddit.[35] Price reported that, for those outside of these arenas, the genre was generally considered to be "a big joke". He added that "Users of the various vaporwave sub-Reddits will always take it very seriously for the most part, but even there people are discussing whether or not vaporwave is still going strong."[35][nb 6] Despite their objections to the label, serious artists of the movement continued to be tagged as vaporwave.[76]
In 2019, user comments that state "ＡＥＳＴＨＥＴＩＣ" remained ubiquitous on YouTube videos concerning the Internet.[77]George Clanton, a prominent figure in the genre, commented that the "vaporwave" banner still functioned well as a marketing tag for music that is not necessarily considered of the genre.[76][78] In September, he organized the first-ever vaporwave festival, 100% ElectroniCON, in New York City, where various artists associated with the genre such asSaint Pepsi, Vaperror, Nmesh, 18 Carat Affair, and Clanton himself performed live, most of them for the first time in their careers.[61][78]
In December 2012,Dummy published what was considered the "definitive" article on vaporwave, authored by Adam Harper, in which he equated the genre toaccelerationist political theory. The article had the effect of inspiring "a wave of content ambiguously celebrating a dystopian capitalism".[79] In early 2016, the satirical publication Rave News reported that prominent vaporwave producers had scheduled an emergency summit in Montreal to discuss "creepingfascism" in the scene. Although the article was facetious, its comment section attracted many vaporwave fans who defended such political beliefs.[29] In August,Daily Stormer founderAndrew Anglin recommended thatalt-right members embracesynthwave instead of the rock genres traditionally associated with far-right movements, as he felt that synthwave represented the "Whitest music ever". His remarks popularized the musical and visual aesthetic dubbed "fashwave", an updating of fascist tropes inspired by vaporwave that was celebrated by many members of the alt-right.[80] (see alsoVaporwave § Fashwave)
In 2017,Vice's Penn Bullock and Eli Penn reported on the phenomenon of self-identified fascists and alt-right members appropriating vaporwave music and aesthetics, describing the fashwave movement as "the first fascist music that is easy enough on the ears to have mainstream appeal" and reflective of "a global cybernetic subculture geared towards millennials, propagated by memes likePepe the Frog, and centered on sites like 4chan".[29][nb 7]The Guardian's Michael Hann noted that the movement is not unprecedented; similar offshoots occurred inpunk rock in the 1980s andblack metal in the 1990s. Hann believed that, like those genres, there was little chance fashwave would ever "impinge on the mainstream".[81]
By 2019, pink vaporwave-inspired hats that promoted 2020 presidential candidateAndrew Yang became popular among his supporters.National Review commentator Theodore Kopfre reported that it was part of a trend indicating that Yang had "replacedDonald Trump as the meme candidate."[82]
Vaporwave was one of several microgenres spawned in the early 2010s that were the brief focus of media attention.[50] Users on various music forums, as quoted byVice, variously characterized the genre as "chillwave forMarxists", "post-elevator music", and "corporate smooth jazzWindows 95 pop".[12] Its circulation was more akin to an Internet meme than typical music genres of the past, as authors Georgina Born and Christopher Haworth wrote in 2017,
Vaporwave's cultural practices knowingly replicate and parody the addictive, almost compulsory participation that feeds social networks, where the voluntary labor of the user community drives the system and generates value. Anyone with an Internet connection can produce vaporwave ... The uniformity of these memes is encouraged by their rapid imitation among the genre's hyperactive online subculture, fueled by affective contagion.[83]
Pitchfork contributor Jonny Coleman defined vaporwave as residing in "the uncanny genre valley" that lies "between a real genre that sounds fake and a fake genre thatcould be real."[47] Also fromPitchfork, Patrick St. Michel calls vaporwave a "niche corner of Internet music populated by Westerners goofing around with Japanese music, samples, and language".[84]Vice writer Rob Arcand commented that the "rapid proliferation of subgenres has itself become part of the "vaporwave" punchline, gesturing at the absurdity of the genre itself even as it sees artists using it as a springboard for innovation."[22]
Speaking about the "supposedly subversive or parodic elements" of vaporwave in 2018, cultural criticSimon Reynolds said that the genre had been made redundant, in some respects, by moderntrap music and mainstream hip hop. He opined: "What could be more insane or morbid than the subjectivity in aDrake record or aKanye song? The black Rap n B mainstream is further out sonically and attitudinally than anything the white Internet-Bohemia has come up with. Their role is redundant. Rap and R&B ... is already theSimulacrum, is already decadence."[85]
In a 2018Rolling Stone article that reportedthe Monkees'Mike Nesmith's enthusiasm for the genre, author Andy Greene described vaporwave as a "fringe electronic subgenre that few outside irony-soaked meme enthusiasts have even heard of, let alone developed an opinion on."[86] Nesmith praised the genre and attributed its sound to be highly reminiscent ofpsychedelic trips.[86]
Music critic Scott Beauchamp wrote that vaporwave's stance is more focused on loss, the notion oflassitude, and passive acquiescence, and that "vaporwave was the first musical genre to live its entire life from birth to death completely online".[87] He suggested that expressions ofhypermodulation – precisely tuned "micro-experiences" resulting from social media algorithms funneling different people with similar interests into obscure topics – inspired both the development and downfall of vaporwave.[87]
It initiates a lot of important conversations about power and money in the industry. Or ... everything just sounds good slowed down with reverb?
Vaporwave is cited for espousing an ambiguous oraccelerationist relationship toconsumer capitalism.[89][1] A popular trend within its audience from 2015 to 2019 was to use vaporwave songs andmusic videos to escape reality by observing and remixing commercial products and popular trends of the past.[32] Numerous academic books have been published on this subject, a trend that was provoked by Adam Harper's 2012Dummy article and its attempt to link the genre to punk rock andanti-capitalist gestures.[19] In the article, he wrote that vaporwave producers "can be read as sarcastic anti-capitalists revealing the lies and slippages of moderntechno-culture and its representations, or as its willing facilitators, shivering with delight upon each new wave of delicious sound."[1][nb 8] He noted that the name itself was both a nod to vaporware and the idea oflibidinal energy being subjected to relentless sublimation under capitalism.[1]
PhilosopherGrafton Tanner wrote, "vaporwave is one artistic style that seeks to rearrange our relationship with electronic media by forcing us to recognize the unfamiliarity of ubiquitous technology ... vaporwave is the music of 'non-times' and 'non-places' because it is skeptical of what consumer culture has done to time and space".[92] Commenting on the adoption of a vaporwave- and seapunk-inspired rebrand byMTV International, Jordan Pearson ofMotherboard,Vice's technology website, noted how "the cynical impulse that animated vaporwave and its associated Tumblr-based aesthetics is co-opted and erased on both sides—where its source material originates and where it lives".[75] Beauchamp proposed a parallel between punk's "No Future" stance and its active "raw energy of dissatisfaction" deriving from the historical lineage ofDada dystopia, and vaporwave's preoccupation with "political failure and social anomie".[87]
Michelle Lhooq ofVice argued that "parodying commercial taste isn't exactly the goal. Vaporwave doesn't just recreate corporate lounge music – it plumps it up into something sexier and more synthetic."[12] In his 2019 bookHearing the Cloud: Can Music Help Reimagine The Future?, academic Emile Frankel wrote that vaporwave was reduced to "a commercial shell of itself" by those who fetishized the 1980s and "retro synth-pop". He likened the scene toPC Music, a label that "was seen to warp from an ironic affirmation of commercialism, to become just regular pop. ... Anything that uses irony as a method of critique runs the risk of misrecognition."[77]
Future funk is aFrench house-inspired offshoot[93] that expands upon thedisco andhouse elements of vaporwave.[22] It involves much of the same visual imagery drawn from 1980s anime,[94] with reference points includingUrusei Yatsura,Super Dimension Fortress Macross, andSailor Moon.[95] Musically, future funk is produced in the same sample-based manner as vaporwave, albeit with a more upbeat approach.[96][97] Most of the music samples are drawn from Japanesecity pop records from the 1980s, and the genre has led to an increased exposure of city pop music to western audiences.[5][6]
Some of the most popular future funk artists includeMacross 82-99, who pioneered the genre with hisSailorwave album series in 2013,[95] Other artists described as being the most popular in future funk includeSkylar Spence (aka Saint Pepsi), Tsundere Valley, Ducat,[98]Yung Bae,[99] and Night Tempo.[100]
Hardvapour emerged in late 2015[101] as a reimagination of vaporwave with darker themes, faster tempos, and heavier sounds.[22] It is influenced byspeedcore andgabber, and defines itself against the utopian moods sometimes attributed to vaporwave. Hardvapour artists include wosX and Subhumanizer.[101]
Mallsoft amplifies vaporwave'slounge influences.[22] It may be viewed in connection to "the concept of malls as large, soulless spaces of consumerism ... exploring the social ramifications of capitalism and globalization".[102] Popular mallsoft artists include Disconscious, Groceries, Hantasi, andCat System Corp.[65]
Fashwave (from "fascist")[81][103] is a largely instrumental fusion of synthwave and vaporwave that originated on YouTube circa 2015.[104][105] Artists include Cybernazi, Xurious, Andrew Anglin, and Elessar.[106][105] It is also been described as an extremist subset of the non-extremist latter promoted byneo-Nazis.[107][105] With political track titles and occasional soundbites,[29] the genre combinesNazi symbolism with the visuals associated with vaporwave and synthwave.[87] According to Hann, it is musically derived from synthwave,[81] whileHeavy contributor Paul Farrell writes that it is "considered to be an offshoot from the harmless vaporwave movement."[103] The visual aesthetic of fashwave, consisting of typical vaporwave elements mixed withfascist symbols like theblack sun,odal rune, orcrusader imagery,[108] has been associated with the "DarkMAGA" imagery surrounding Trump and Ron DeSantis.[109][110] It has been parodied byanti-fascists, such as with theDark Brandon meme, a mocking imitation of the "DarkMAGA" imagery surrounding Trump.[111][112][113] In 2023, theDeSantis campaign let go of their campaign director, after it was publicized that a campaign aide had created a DeSantis "fan edit" featuring the black sun symbol.[109][114]
If you haven't guessed by now, vaporwave is a bit of a joke, or more accurately, an internet meme. ... Vaporwave, meme music, sounds even lazier since you can just slow down old songs, add a drug haze atmosphere, and laugh at the results
Founded upon the blueprint of Daniel Lopatin's Chuck Person's Eccojams Vol. 1 tape, which consisted of slowed-down pop hits slathered in delay and spun on an endless loop, vaporwave's meme-patterned aesthetic spread across the internet ...
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