Fukuryu (Japanese:伏龍,Hepburn:Fukuryū) (also known assuicide divers andkamikaze frogmen) were a part of theJapanese Special Attack Units prepared to resist the invasion of Japan'sHome islands byAllied forces. Six thousand men were planned to be trained and equipped with diving equipment for the role. They would use attackmines affixed to bamboo poles. Plans also includedreinforced concrete stations to protect men from the explosions. Only twelve hundred men had been trained when Japan surrendered before the invasion of theJapanese mainland occurred.
Fukuryu were a part of theJapanese Special Attack Units during World War II. They were prepared to resist the invasion of Japan'sHome islands byAllied forces.
The name literally means "crouchingdragon". The men have also been called "suicidedivers" or "kamikazefrogmen"[1] in English texts.
Six thousand men were to be trained and equipped with self-containeddiving gear including a diving jacket and trousers, diving shoes, and adiving helmet fixed by four bolts. They would be weighed down with 9 kg (20 lb) oflead and be sustained byliquid food and anair purification system with two 3.5-liter bottles of oxygen at 150 bar (2,200 psi). They were expected to be able to walk at a depth of 5–7 m (16–23 ft), for a period of up to ten hours.
Personnel were organized into six-mansquads with five squads to aplatoon, five platoons plus a maintenance platoon to acompany, and three companies to abattalion of approximately 540 men. The71st Arashi was headquartered atYokosuka with two trained battalions and four battalions in training. The81st Arashi atKure was planned for 1000 men to be trained by 250 men from Yokosuka. A similar 1000-manKawatana unit was planned forSasebo.[2]
Men were to be armed with a Type 5 attackmine containing 15 kg (33 lb) ofexplosives, fitted to a 5 m (16 ft)bamboo pole. While concealed underwater, men, expecting to be killed by the resulting explosion, would use the pole to push the contact-fuzed explosive against thehull of a landing craft passing overhead. Off each potential invasion beach, an inventory of mines was anchored to the bottom for use by the submerged men. Three strings of mines were fifty meters apart, and men would be stationed sixty meters apart, staggered so there would be a man for each 20-meter length of beach.[2]
Surprise was essential to avoid comparatively simple anti-personnel explosive countermeasures previously used to discourage Italian frogmen in theMediterranean. Experiments were conducted with underwaterfoxholes ofconcrete pipe withsteel doors. Preliminary tests with dogs indicated these foxholes would reduce the effects of nearby explosions. Plans were made for largerreinforced concrete stations capable of sheltering six to eighteen men. These larger stations would have been manufactured ashore in a variety of shapes to avoid detection, and then sunk at depths of less than fifteen meters. The Fukuryu were part of a three-stage system of mines including an offshore row of bottom mines to be released bytrip wires to float up under passing landing craft, and rows of stationarymagnetic andcontact-fuzed mines in shallow water closer to the beach.[2]
One thousand diving suits were ready by 15 August 1945, and eight thousand more had been ordered. Yokosuka had 450 suits, and both Kure and Sasebo had sixty suits. None of the planned ten thousand Type-5 attack mines had been completed, but four hundred dummy mines had been produced for training.[2] Several deaths occurred during training due to malfunctions. Only twelve hundred men had been trained when Japan surrendered before the invasion of theJapanese mainland occurred. There are reports of some strikes that allegedly made use of similarmilitary tactics:
3. DiGiulian, T. (2014). American Amphibious Gunboats of World War II: A History of the LCI and LCS(L) Ships in the Pacific. Available at:https://erenow.org/ww/american-amphibious-gunboats-wwii-history-lci-lcsl-ships-pacific/5.php (Accessed: 8 January 2025).
