Fujian[a] is aprovince insoutheastern China. Fujian is bordered byZhejiang to the north,Jiangxi to the west,Guangdong to the south, and theTaiwan Strait to the east. Its capital isFuzhou and its largest prefecture city by population isQuanzhou, with other notable cities including the port city ofXiamen andZhangzhou. Fujian is located on the west coast of theTaiwan Strait as the closest province geographically and culturally toTaiwan. This is as a result of theChinese Civil War. Additionally, a small portion of historical Fujian is administered by Taiwan, romanized asFuchien.
While the population predominantly identifies asHan, it is one of China's most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces. The dialects of the language groupMin Chinese are most commonly spoken within the province, including theFuzhou dialect andEastern Min of Northeastern Fujian province and variousSouthern Min andHokkien dialects of southeastern Fujian. The capital city ofFuzhou and Fu'an ofNingde prefecture along withCangnan county-level city ofWenzhou prefecture inZhejiang province make up the Min Dong linguistic and cultural region of Northeastern Fujian.Hakka Chinese is also spoken in Fujian, by theHakka people. Min dialects, Hakka, andStandard Chinese are mutually unintelligible. Due to emigration, much of the ethnic Chinese populations of Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines speakSouthern Min (or Hokkien).
With a population of 41.5 million, Fujian ranks15th in population among Chinese provinces. In 2022, its GDP reached CN¥5.31 trillion (US$790 billion by nominal GDP), ranking 4th inEast China region and8th nationwide in GDP.[6] Fujian's GDP per capita is above the national average, at CN¥126,829 (US$18,856 in nominal), the second highestGDP per capita of all Chinese provinces afterJiangsu.[6]
Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by theNature Index.[7]
Recent archaeological discoveries in 2011 demonstrate that Fujian had entered theNeolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC.[8] From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site inPingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones,shells,bones,jades, andceramics (including wheel-made ceramics) have been unearthed, together withspinning wheels, which is definitive evidence ofweaving.
Tianlong Jiao (2013)[9] notes that theNeolithic appeared on the coast of Fujian around 6,000 B.P. During the Neolithic, the coast of Fujian had a low population density, with the population depending on mostly on fishing and hunting, along with limited agriculture.
There were four major Neolithic cultures in coastal Fujian, with the earliest Neolithic cultures originating from the north in coastalZhejiang.[9]
There were two major Neolithic cultures in inland Fujian, which were highly distinct from the coastal Fujian Neolithic cultures.[9] These are the Niubishan culture (牛鼻山文化) from 5000 to 4000 years ago, and the Hulushan culture (葫芦山文化) from 2050 to 1550 BC.
Fujian was also where the kingdom ofMinyue was located. The word "Mǐnyuè" was derived by combining "Mǐn" (simplified Chinese:闽;traditional Chinese:閩;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:bân), which is perhaps an ethnic name (simplified Chinese:蛮; traditional Chinese:蠻; pinyin:mán; Pe̍h-ōe-jī:bân), and "Yuè", after theState of Yue, aSpring and Autumn period kingdom inZhejiang to the north. This is because the royal family of Yuè fled to Fujian after its kingdom was annexed by theState of Chu in 306 BC. Mǐn is also the name of themain river in this area, but the ethnonym is probably older.
The Qin deposed the King of Minyue, establishing instead a paramilitary province there called Minzhong Commandery. Minyue was ade facto kingdom until one of the emperors of theQin dynasty, the first unified imperial Chinese state, abolished its status.[10]
In the aftermath of the Qin dynasty's fall,civil war broke out between two warlords,Xiang Yu andLiu Bang. The Minyue king Wuzhu sent his troops to fight with Liu and his gamble paid off. Liu was victorious and founded theHan dynasty. In 202 BC, he restored Minyue's status as atributary independent kingdom. Thus Wuzhu was allowed to construct his fortified city in Fuzhou as well as a few locations in theWuyi Mountains, which have been excavated in recent years. His kingdom extended beyond the borders of contemporary Fujian into eastern Guangdong, easternJiangxi, and southernZhejiang.[11]
After Wuzhu's death, Minyue maintained its militant tradition and launched several expeditions against its neighboring kingdoms inGuangdong,Jiangxi, andZhejiang, primarily in the 2nd century BC. This was stopped by theHan dynasty as itexpanded southward. The Han emperor eventually decided to get rid of the potential threat by launching amilitary campaign against Minyue. Large forces approached Minyue simultaneously from four directions via land and sea in 111 BC. The rulers in Fuzhou surrendered to avoid a futile fight and destruction and the first kingdom in Fujian history came to an abrupt end.
Fujian was part of the much largerYang Province (Yangzhou), whose provincial capital was designated in Liyang (歷陽; present-dayHe County, Anhui).
TheHan dynasty collapsed at the end of the 2nd century AD, paving the way for theThree Kingdoms era.Sun Quan, the founder of theKingdom of Wu, spent nearly 20 years subduing the Shan Yue people, the branch of the Yue living in mountains.
Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain contributed to Fujian's relatively undeveloped economy and level of development, despite major population boosts from northern China during the "barbarian" rebellions. The population density in Fujian remained low compared to the rest of China. Only twocommanderies and sixteen counties were established by the Western Jin dynasty. Like other southern provinces such asGuangdong,Guangxi,Guizhou, andYunnan, Fujian often served as a destination for exiled prisoners and dissidents at that time.
During theSui andTang eras a large influx of migrants settled in Fujian.[12][10]
During the Sui dynasty, Fujian was again part ofYang Province.
During the Tang, Fujian was part of the largerJiangnan East Circuit, whose capital was atSuzhou. Modern-day Fujian was composed of around 5 prefectures and 25 counties.
The Tang dynasty (618–907) oversaw the next golden age of China, which contributed to a boom in Fujian's culture and economy. Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang dynasty saw several political upheavals in the Chinese heartland, prompting even larger waves of northerners to immigrate to the northern part of Fujian.
As the Tang dynasty ended, China was torn apart in the period of theFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. During this time, a second major wave of immigration arrived in the safe haven of Fujian, led by Wang Brothers (Wang Chao,Wang Shengui [zh] andWang Shenzhi), who set up an independentKingdom of Min with its capital in Fuzhou. After the death of the founding king, however, the kingdom suffered from internal strife, and was soon absorbed bySouthern Tang, another southern kingdom.[13]
Parts of northern Fujian were conquered by theWuyue Kingdom to the north as well, including the Min capital Fuzhou.
Qingyuan Jiedushi was a military/governance office created in 949 bySouthern Tang's second emperorLi Jing for the warlordLiu Congxiao, who nominally submitted to him but controlled Quan (泉州, in modernQuanzhou, Fujian) and Zhang (漳州, in modernZhangzhou, Fujian) Prefectures inde facto independence from the Southern Tang state.[16] (Zhang Prefecture was, at times during the circuit's existence, also known as Nan Prefecture (南州).)[17] Starting in 960, in addition to being nominally submissive to Southern Tang, Qingyuan Circuit was also nominally submissive toSong, which had itself become Southern Tang's nominal overlord.[18]
Map showing the location of Qingyuan Circuit
After Liu's death, the circuit was briefly ruled by his biological nephew/adoptive sonLiu Shaozi, who was then overthrown by the officersZhang Hansi andChen Hongjin. Zhang then ruled the circuit briefly, before Chen deposed him and took over.[17] In 978, with Song's determination to unify Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could not stayde facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song'sEmperor Taizong, ending Qingyuan Circuit as ade facto independent entity.[19]
The area was reorganized into theFujian Circuit in 985, which was the first time the name "Fujian" was used for an administrative region.[citation needed]
Many Chinese migrated from Fujian's major ports to Vietnam'sRed River Delta. The settlers then created Trần port andVân Đồn.[20] Fujian and Guangdong Chinese moved to the Vân Đồn coastal port to engage in commerce.[21]
During theLý andTrần dynasties, many Chinese ethnic groups with the surname Trần (陳) migrated to Vietnam from what is now Fujian or Guangxi. They settled along the coast of Vietnam and the capital's southeastern area.[22] The Vietnamese Trần clan traces their ancestry to Trần Tự Minh (227 BC). He was a Qin General during the Warring state period who belonged to the indigenous Mân, a Baiyue ethnic group of Southern China and Northern Vietnam. Tự Minh also served under KingAn Dương Vương ofÂu Lạc kingdom in resistingQin's conquest of Âu Lạc. Their genealogy also included Trần Tự Viễn (582 – 637) of Giao Châu and Trần Tự An (1010 - 1077) of Đại Việt. Near the end of the 11th century the descendants of a fisherman named Trần Kinh, whose hometown was in Tức Mạc village in Đại Việt (Modern day Vietnam), would marry the royal Lý clan, which was then founded the Vietnam Tran dynasty in 1225.[23]
In Vietnam, the Trần served as officials. The surnames are found in the Trần and Lý dynasty Imperial exam records.[24] Chinese ethnic groups are recorded in Trần and Lý dynasty records of officials.[25] Clothing, food, and languages were fused with the local Vietnamese inVân Đồn district where the Chinese ethnic groups had moved after leaving their home province of what is now Fujian, Guangxi, and Guangdong.
After the establishment of theYuan dynasty, Fujian became part ofJiangzhe province, whose capital was atHangzhou. From 1357 to 1366 Muslims inQuanzhou participated in theIspah Rebellion, advancing northward and even capturing Putian and Fuzhou before the rebellion was crushed by the Yuan. Afterward, Quanzhou city lost foreign interest in trading and its formerly welcoming international image as the foreigners were all massacred or deported.
Yuan dynasty GeneralChen Youding, who had put down the Ispah Rebellion, continued to rule over the Fujian area even after the outbreak of theRed Turban Rebellion. Forces loyal to the eventual Ming dynasty founderZhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor) defeated Chen in 1367.[27]
After the establishment of theMing dynasty, Fujian became a province, with its capital at Fuzhou. In the early Ming era, Fuzhou Changle was the staging area and supply depot ofZheng He'snaval expeditions. Further development was severely hampered by thesea trade ban, and the area was superseded by nearby ports ofGuangzhou,Hangzhou,Ningbo andShanghai despite the lifting of the ban in 1550.[citation needed] Large-scale piracy byWokou was eventually wiped out by the Chinese military.
An account of the Ming dynasty Fujian was written by No In (Lu Ren鲁认).[28][29]
ThePisheya appear in Quanzhou Ming era records.[30]
The sea ban implemented by the Qing forced many people to evacuate the coast to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources. This has led to the myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water".
Incoming refugees did not translate into a major labor force, owing to their re-migration into prosperous regions ofGuangdong. In 1683, the Qing dynasty conquered Taiwan in theBattle of Penghu and annexed it into Fujian province, asTaiwan Prefecture. Many moreHan Chinese then settled in Taiwan. Today, most Taiwanese are descendants ofHokkien people from Southern Fujian. Fujian and Taiwan were originally treated as one province (Fujian-Taiwan-Province), but starting in 1885, they split into two separate provinces.[31]
In the 1890s, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan via theTreaty of Shimonoseki after theFirst Sino-Japanese War. In 1905–1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid theOpen Door Policy. Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respected the Open Door principles and didn't violate China's territorial integrity.[32][33]
In its early days, Fujian's development was relatively slow in comparison to other coastal provinces due to potential conflicts with Kuomintang-controlled Taiwan. Today, the province has the highest forest coverage rate while enjoying a high growth rate in the economy. The GDP per capita in Fujian is ranked 4-6th place among provinces of China in recent years.
Development has been accompanied by a large influx of population from the overpopulated areas to Fujian's north and west, and much of the farmland and forest, as well as cultural heritage sites such as the temples of king Wuzhu, have given way to ubiquitous high-rise buildings. Fujian faces challenges to sustain development[citation needed] while at the same time preserving Fujian's natural and cultural heritage.
The province is mostly mountainous and is traditionally said to be "eight parts mountain, one part water, and one part farmland" (八山一水一分田). The northwest is higher in altitude, with theWuyi Mountains forming the border between Fujian andJiangxi. It is the most forested provincial-level administrative region in China, with a 62.96% forest coverage rate in 2009.[35] Fujian's highest point isMount Huanggang in the Wuyi Mountains, with an altitude of 2,157 metres (1.340 mi).
Fujian facesEast China Sea to the east,South China Sea to the south, and theTaiwan Strait to the southeast. The coastline is rugged and has many bays and islands. Major islands includeQuemoy (also known as Kinmen, controlled by the Republic of China),Haitan Island, andNanri Island.Meizhou Island occupies a central place in the cult of the goddessMatsu, the patron deity of Chinese sailors.
TheMin River and its tributaries cut through much of northern and central Fujian. Other rivers include theJin and theJiulong. Due to its uneven topography, Fujian has many cliffs and rapids.
Fujian is separated from Taiwan by the 180 kilometres (110 mi)-wide Taiwan Strait. Some of the small islands in the Taiwan Strait are also part of the province. The islands ofKinmen andMatsu are under the administration of the Republic of China.
Fujian contains severalfaults, the result of a collision between theAsiatic Plate and thePhilippine Sea Plate. The Changle-Naoao and Longan-Jinjiang fault zones in this area have annual displacement rates of 3–5 mm. They could cause major earthquakes in the future.[36]
Xiamen in Southeastern Fujian
Fujian has asubtropical climate, with mild winters. In January, the coastal regions average around 7–10 °C (45–50 °F) while the hills average 6–8 °C (43–46 °F). In the summer, temperatures are high, and the province is threatened bytyphoons coming in from thePacific. Average annualprecipitation is 1,400–2,000 millimetres (55–79 in).
As of 2012[update], there are 54,876 kilometres (34,098 miles) of highways in Fujian, including 3,500 kilometres (2,200 miles) of expressways. The top infrastructure projects in recent years have been the Zhangzhou-Zhaoan Expressway (US$624 million) and the Sanmingshi-Fuzhou expressway (US$1.40 billion). The12th Five-Year Plan, covering the period from 2011 to 2015, aims to double the length of the province's expressways to 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi).[37]
Within Fujian, coastal and interior cities are linked by theNanping–Fuzhou (1959),Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo (2007) andLongyan–Xiamen Railways, (2012). To attract Taiwanese investment, the province intends to increase its rail length by 50 percent to 2,500 km (1,553 mi).[38]
Finally, the PRC claimsLienchiang County (Matsu Islands), Republic of China (Taiwan) as a township of itsLianjiang County, which is part of the prefecture-level city ofFuzhou.
^abNew district established after 2010 census:Changle (Changle CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
^Does not includeKinmen County (controlled byROC) in the city proper count.
^New district established after 2010 census:Yongding (Yongding County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
^abNew district established after 2010 census:Jianyang (Jianyang CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
Most populous cities in Fujian
Source:China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[48]
Fuzhou, the capital and largest city in Fujian province
Fujian is one of the more affluent provinces in China, with many industries spanning tea production, clothing, and sports manufacturers such asAnta,361 Degrees,Xtep,Peak Sport Products andSeptwolves. Fujian was one of the first provinces in China authorized by the central government to receive foreign investments.[49]: 148 Many foreign firms have operations in Fujian. They include Boeing, Dell, GE, Kodak, Nokia, Siemens, Swire, TDK, and Panasonic.[50] Within Fujian, the city of Xiamen was one of China's firstspecial economic zones ("SEZs").[49]: 158
In 2022, Fujian's GDP was CN¥5.31 trillion (US$790 billion in nominal),ranking 8th in GDP nationwide and appearing in the world's top 20largest sub-national economies.[6] Along with its coastal neighboursZhejiang and Guangdong, Fujian's GDP per capita is above the national average, at CN¥126,829 (US$18,856 in nominal), the second highestGDP per capita of all Chinese provinces afterJiangsu.[6] The primary, secondary and tertiary economy respectively contributed to ¥307 billion ($45.7 billion), ¥2.51 trillion ($372.8 billion), and ¥2.50 trillion ($371 billion) to Fujian's economy.[6]
Historical GDP of Fujian Province for 1952 –present (SNA2008)[51] (purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, asInt'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[52])
year
GDP
GDP per capita (GDPpc) based on mid-year population
In terms of agricultural land, Fujian is hilly and farmland is sparse.Rice is the main crop, supplemented bysweet potatoes andwheat andbarley.[53] Cash crops includesugar cane andrapeseed. Fujian leads the provinces of China inlongan production, and is also a major producer oflychees andtea. Seafood is another important product, withshellfish production especially prominent.
Because of its geographic location with Taiwan, Fujian has been considered the battlefield frontline in a potential war between mainland China and Taiwan. Hence, it received much less investment from the Chinese central government and developed much slower than the rest of China before 1978. Since 1978, when China opened to the world, Fujian has received significant investment from overseas Fujianese around the world, Taiwanese and foreign investment.
Fujian province will be the major economic beneficiary of the opening up ofdirect transport with Taiwan, which commenced on December 15, 2008. This includes direct flights from Taiwan to major Fujian cities such as Xiamen and Fuzhou. In addition, ports in Xiamen, Quanzhou, and Fuzhou will upgrade their port infrastructure for increased economic trade with Taiwan.[54][55]
As of 1832, the province was described as having an estimated "population of fourteen millions."[57] In 2021, Fujian's population was estimated to be 41.87 million, with an urbanization rate of 69.7%.[6]
TheHakka, aHan Chinese people with their own distinct identity, live in the central and southwestern parts of Fujian. TheShe, an ethnic group scattered over mountainous regions in the north, is the largestminority ethnic group of the province.[58]
Ancient temple in FujianKompyang (房村光餅) sold on the streets of Fujian cities
Because of its mountainous nature and waves of migration from central China and assimilation of numerous foreign ethnic groups such as maritime traders in the course of history, Fujian is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse places in China. Local dialects can become unintelligible within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), and the regional cultures and ethnic composition can be completely different from each other as well. This is reflected in the expression that "if you drive five miles in Fujian the culture changes, and if you drive ten miles, the language does".[63] Most varieties spoken in Fujian are assigned to a broadMin category. Recent classifications subdivide Min into[64][65]
The seventh subdivision of Min,Qiong Wen, is not spoken in Fujian.Hakka, another subdivision of spoken Chinese, is spoken aroundLongyan by theHakka people who live there.
As is true of other provinces, the official language in Fujian isMandarin, which is used for communication between people of different localities,[63] although native Fujian peoples still converse in their native languages and dialects respectively.
TheFujian Tulou are Chinese rural dwellings unique to the Hakka in southwest Fujian. These 46 buildings[66] were listed by theUNESCO as one of theWorld Heritage Sites in 2008.
TheGuanghua Temple is a Buddhist temple inPutian. It was built in the penultimate year of theSouthern Chen dynasty. Located in the northern half of the mouth of Meizhou Bay, it is about 1.8 nautical miles from the mainland and faces the Strait of Taiwan to the southeast. Covering an area of six square miles, the island is swathed in luxuriant green foliage. The coastline is indented with over 12 miles of the beach area. Another Buddhist temple,Nanshan Temple is located inZhangzhou.
TheKaiyuan Temple is aBuddhist temple in West Street,Quanzhou, the largest in Fujian province, with an area of 78,000 square metres (840,000 square feet).[67] Although it is known as both a Hindu and Buddhist temple, on account of added Tamil-Hindu influences, the main statue in the most important hall is that of Vairocana Buddha, the main Buddha according toHuayan Buddhism.
TheChongwu Army Temple honors twenty-seven fallen soldiers of thePeople's Liberation Army who died during an attack by Nationalist forces in 1949, including five who died shielding a teenage girl during the attack.[68] The site is frequented by locals and tourists.[69]
Mount Taimu is a mountain and a scenic resort inFuding. It offers a grand view of mountains and sea and is famous for its natural scenery including granite caves, odd-shaped stones, cliffs, clear streams, cascading waterfalls, and cultural attractions such as ancient temples and cliff Inscriptions.
TheWuyi Mountains was the first location in Fujian to be listed byUNESCO as one of theWorld Heritage Sites in 1999. They are a mountain range in the prefecture ofNanping and contain the highest peak in Fujian,Mount Huanggang. It is famous as a natural landscape garden and a summer resort in China.[70]
The province and its diaspora abroad also have a tradition of educational achievement and have produced many important scholars, statesmen, and other notable people. These include people whose ancestral home (祖籍) is Fujian (their ancestors originated from Fujian). In addition to the below list, many notable individuals of Han Chinese descent in Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere have ancestry that can be traced to Fujian.
Some notable individuals include (in rough chronological order):
The representative of the province in theChinese Basketball Association is theFujian Sturgeons, who are based inJinjiang, Quanzhou. The Fujian Sturgeons made their debut in the 2004–2005 season, and finished in seventh and last place in the South Division, out of the playoffs. In the 2005–2006 season, they tied for fifth, just one win away from making theplayoffs.
Fujian is considered one of China's leading provinces in education and research. As of 2023, two major cities in the province ranked in the top 45 cities in the world (Xiamen 38th and Fuzhou 45th) by scientific research output, as tracked by theNature Index.[7]
^abThese are the official PRC numbers as of 2022 from Fujian Provincial Statistic Bureau.Quemoy is included as a county andMatsu as a township.
^If included the islands ofKinmen,Matsu andWuqiu, claimed by the PRC but administered by theRepublic of China (ROC) as part of its streamlinedFujian Province, the total area overall is 121,580 square kilometres (46,940 sq mi) in Fujian.
And people not bound to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.
^The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[60] to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised intolineage "churches" andancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
^Rolett, Barry V.; Zheng, Zhuo; Yue, Yuanfu (April 2011). "Holocene sea-level change and the emergence of Neolithic seafaring in the Fuzhou Basin (Fujian, China)".Quaternary Science Reviews.30 (7):788–797.Bibcode:2011QSRv...30..788R.doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^abcJiao, Tianlong. 2013. "The Neolithic Archaeology of Southeast China." In Underhill, Anne P., et al.A Companion to Chinese Archaeology, 599-611. Wiley-Blackwell.
^Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012).中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing:China Statistics Print.ISBN978-7-5037-6660-2.[circular reference]
^建治沿革 (in Simplified Chinese). Quanzhou People's Government. Retrieved10 August 2019.民国3年7月，金门自思明县析出置县，隶属厦门道。{...}民国22年(1933){...}12月13日，四省分别更名为闽海、延建、兴泉、龙汀。兴泉省辖莆田、仙游、晋江、南安、安溪、惠安、同安、金门、永春、德化、大田、思明十二县 ，治设晋江(今泉州市区)。{...}民国23年7月，全省设立十个行政督察区，永春、德化、惠安属第四行政督察区(专署驻仙游)，晋江、南安、安溪、金门属第五行政督察区(专署驻同安)。民国24年(1935)10月，全省改为7个行政督察区、l市。惠安、晋江、南安、金门、安溪、永春、德化属第四区(专署驻同安)。民国26年4月，南安县治徙溪美。10月，日本侵略军攻陷金门岛及烈屿，金门县政府迁到大嶝乡。{...}民国27年(1938){...}8月，金门县政务由南安县兼摄。{...}民国32年(1943)9月，全省调整为8个行政督察区、2个市。第四区专署仍驻永春，下辖永春、安溪、金门、南安、晋江、惠安等九县。德化改属第六区(专署驻龙岩)。 {...}1949年8月24日，福建省人民政府(省会福州)成立。8、9月间，南安、永春、惠安、晋江、安溪相继解放。9月， 全省划为八个行政督察区。9月9日，第五行政督察专员公署成立，辖晋江、南安、同安、惠安、安溪、永春、仙游、莆田、金门(待统一)等九县。公署设晋江县城(今泉州市区)。10月9日，金门县大嶝岛、小嶝岛及角屿解放。11月24日，德化解放，归入第七行政督察区(专署驻永安县)。 1950年{...}10月17日，政务院批准德化县划归晋江区专员公署管辖；1951年1月正式接管。至此， 晋江区辖有晋江、南安、同安、安溪、永春、德化、莆田、仙游、惠安、金门(待统一)十县。{...}1955年3月12日，奉省人民委员会令，晋江区专员公署改称晋江专员公署，4月1日正式实行。同年5月，省人民政府宣布成立金门县政府。{...}1970年{...}6月18日，福建省革命委员会决定实行。于是,全区辖有泉州市及晋江、惠安、南安、同安、安溪、永春、德化、金门(待统一)八县。同年12月25日，划金门县大嶝公社归同安县管辖。{...}1992年3月6日，国务院批准，晋江撤县设市，领原晋江县行政区域，由泉州代管。1992年5月1日。晋江市人民政府成立，至此，泉州市计辖l区、2市、6县：鲤城区、石狮市、晋江市、惠安县、南安县、安溪县、永春县、德化县、金门县，(待统一)。
^泉州市历史沿革 (in Simplified Chinese). XZQH.org. 14 July 2015. Retrieved10 August 2019.1949年8月至11月除金门县外各县相继解放，{...}自1949年9月起除续领原辖晋江、惠安、南安、安溪、永泰、德化、莆田、仙游、金门、同安10县外，1951年从晋江县析出城区和近郊建县级泉州市。{...}2003年末，全市总户数1715866户，总人口6626204人，其中非农业人口1696232人（均不包括金门县在内）；
^Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019).中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House.Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. RetrievedNovember 29, 2021.
^Ruan, Jinshan (阮金山); Li, Xiuzhu (李秀珠); Lin, Kebing (林克冰); Luo, Donglian (罗冬莲); Zhou, Chen (周宸); Cai, Qinghai (蔡清海) (April 2005).安海湾南岸滩涂养殖贝类死亡原因调查分析 [Analysis of the causes of death of farmed shellfish on the mudflats in the southern part of Anhai Bay].《福建水产》 [Fujian Aquaculture]. Archived fromthe original on December 8, 2014.
^Kurpaska, Maria (2010).Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects".Walter de Gruyter. pp. 49, 52, 71.ISBN978-3-11-021914-2.
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