 Friendship Games logo | |
| Motto | Sport, Friendship, Peace |
|---|---|
| Purpose | For athletes from countries of the "people's democracy" and substitution of the1984 Summer Olympics (unofficially) |
The1984 Friendship Games, orFriendship-84 (Russian:Дружба-84,Druzhba-84), was an internationalmulti-sport event held between 2 July and 16 September 1984 in theSoviet Union and eight otherEastern Bloc states whichboycotted the1984 Summer Olympics inLos Angeles.
Although Friendship Games officials denied that the Games were a counter-Olympic event[1][2] to avoid conflicts with theInternational Olympic Committee,[1][3][4] the competition was often dubbed the Soviet Bloc's "alternative Olympics".[3][5][6][7] Some fifty states took part in the competition. While the boycotting countries were represented by their strongest athletes, other states sent their reserve teams, consisting of athletes who failed to qualify for the games in Los Angeles.[2]
On 8 May 1984, less than three months before the1984 Summer Olympics were scheduled to begin, theSoviet Union announced its decision to boycott the Games, citing lack of security for Soviet athletes inLos Angeles.[8] TheTASS news agency further accused theUnited States of trying to "exploit the Games for its political purposes"[9] stating that the "arrogant, hegemonic course of the Washington administration in international relations is at odds with the noble ideals of the Olympic movement".[9]In an article published by theLondon Evening Standard several hours before the official announcement,Victor Louis – a Soviet journalist writing for the Western press and thought to be used by theKremlin as an unofficial means of leaking information to the West[10][11] – first informed the world of the USSR's decision to boycott, adding that detailed plans for the "Soviet bloc's alternative games" had already been made. Louis claimed they would "probably be announced at the last minute to throw the American organization into chaos".[11] The article namedBulgaria as the possible host country.[11] On 10 May, Bulgaria became the first Soviet ally to join the boycott,[11] soon followed byEast Germany (also 10 May),[12]Mongolia andVietnam (both 11 May).[13]
Louis wrote another article on 13 May, for the FrenchLe Journal du Dimanche,[10] once again stating that the Soviet Union was contemplating counter-Olympic Games, possibly held inSofia, the capital of Bulgaria. However, this time he noted that the idea was unlikely, as the Soviets feared that organizing such an event might prompt theInternational Olympic Committee to exclude the USSR.[10] On the same day, Soviet sports commentator Vsevolod Kuskuskin, during an interview forABC television programThis Week with David Brinkley, said theEastern Bloc would definitely not organize such games.[10] Also on 13 May,Laos,Czechoslovakia andAfghanistan announced their decision to boycott the Los Angeles games.[10][14]
On 14 May, Marat Gramov, head of the Soviet Olympic Committee, called a press conference to discuss the boycott.[15] During the conference, Gramov assured "Moscow would not support any alternative games staged to compete with the Olympics".[15] On the same day,Poland stated that, while Eastern Bloc officials had vetoed a counter-Olympics idea, the Bloc would instead "sponsor sports events in various nations as a substitute for participation in the Los Angeles games",[15] holding them at a different time than the Olympics.[15]
Hungary became the ninth country to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics on 16 May, followed by Poland a day later.[16][17]
On 20 May, Olaf Brockmann of Austrian newspaperDie Presse, citing Alexander Ushakov, head trainer of the Soviet decathlon team, said Eastern Bloc countries were hastily arranging a series of sports events.[18] Brockmann named five competitions: two track and field athletics meets, one to be held inPrague, Czechoslovakia, and the other inEast Berlin andPotsdam, East Germany; plus fencing, modern pentathlon and boxing events to be held in Poland.[18] Ushakov reportedly said the events would be held either before or after the Olympics, to avoid conflicts with the IOC, which would ban any form of counter-Olympic Games.[18]
Juan Antonio Samaranch,President of the IOC, held a conference with National Olympic Committees of eleven Eastern Bloc countries (eight of the boycotting states – Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, the Soviet Union and Vietnam – plusCuba,North Korea andRomania)[19] in Prague, Czechoslovakia, starting on 21 May.[20] Samaranch hoped to convince the boycotting states to change their position,[20] but while Romania assured him it would attend the 1984 Summer Olympics,[5][19] the remaining ten countries did not change their stance and even used the meeting to discuss "their own summer games".[5][19] The official announcement was made by Antonin Himl, president of the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee, who appeared on Prague television on 24 May.[5][19] Himl said that, after the Olympic Games ended, various Eastern bloc countries would hold their own sport events in Olympic disciplines.[19] Himl stated that the games' intention would be to "give athletes who have conscientiously prepared for the past four years a possibility to sell their abilities".[19] Thus, the Friendship Games idea was officially proclaimed.
Himl said the games would be held after 12 August (i.e. after the Summer Olympics), and that his country, Czechoslovakia, would host gymnastics, archery, women's handball, and women's track and field athletics.[21] He also gave assurances that the events would be open to all athletes, including those from non-boycotting nations.[21]
Soon after the meeting, Cuba also announced its decision to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics.[22] By the end of June,North Korea,South Yemen,Ethiopia andAngola announced their decisions to boycott.[23][24][25]
In June, the Soviet Union officials askedTed Turner and hisTurner Broadcasting System to televise the events held in Hungary for American audiences.[7] Turner eventually declined, but assured that his network would give spot coverage to the Games and treat it as any other sporting event.[26]
Initial estimates placed the number of athletes participating in Soviet event venues at approximately 8,000.[3][27] Later, the number of expected participants was lowered to 2,300, representing 49 countries.[3][28][29] However, not all the expected athletes showed up.[30] The exact number of athletes who took part in events held outside of the Soviet Union is unknown.
While Olympic-boycotting countries were represented by their strongest athletes, other states sent their reserve teams, consisting of athletes who failed to qualify for the 1984 Summer Olympics.[2] Some athletes competed at both the Los Angeles Olympics and the Friendship Games, such asClaudia Losch of West Germany, whowon the Olympic gold in the shot put, and the United States'Alice Brown, theOlympic 100m silver medallist: neither Losch nor Brown was able to place in the medals at the Friendship Games.[31] In a 2021 interview, long jumperJoyce Oladapo, who competed for Great Britain at the Friendship Games, said that she had initially been under the impression that the event was to be more along the lines of a regular athletics meeting, and only realised its significance when she arrived at the hotel in Prague where athletes were staying: "Literally anyone who was anyone in the Eastern Bloc was there".[32]
Afghanistan
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
China
Colombia
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
East Germany
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Great Britain
Greece
Guyana
Hungary
India
Italy
Japan
Laos
Lebanon
Madagascar
Mongolia
Morocco
Netherlands
Nicaragua
North Korea
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
South Yemen
Soviet Union
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tanzania
United States
Venezuela
Vietnam
West Germany
Yugoslavia
ZimbabweAlthough the Games began on 2 July with table tennis events held in North Korea, the official opening ceremony was held on 18 August in Moscow, soon after the first events hosted by the Soviet Union started.[30][33] The two-hour ceremony held at theCentral Lenin Stadium[33] included "girls in white leotards [spinning] red and white beachballs in unison, (...) dozens of children in traditional costumes of the Soviet republics",[33] a "squadron of young performers" which created "a human weaving machine by ducking and turning to mesh their colored banners"[33] and "red-attired teenage girls with silverhula hoops", which spelled the words 'USSR' and 'peace'.[33] The ceremony was described as being "reminiscent ofOlympic galas".[33]
As in Olympic opening ceremonies,[33] a torch bearer (Soviet runner and1980 gold medalistViktor Markin) carried the flame into the stadium[33] and lit a giant bowl which had been built for the 1980 Moscow Olympics.[30] The torch had been lit from aneternal flame forWorld War II victims located in theKremlin.[30]
Teams marched onto the stadium behind flags, but unlike in the Olympics, they were not national teams but sporting organisations, such asDynamo orSpartak.[30]
Songs performed during the ceremony included a 1918 military march dedicated to theRed Army, "Stadium of My Dreams", written for the 1980 Olympics,[34] and a specially composed song with the chorus "To a sunny peace – yes, yes, yes / To a nuclear blast – no, no, no."[4][30]
General SecretaryKonstantin Chernenko did not attend the ceremony[33] as expected,[34] but fivePolitburo members were present:Dimitri Ustinov,Mikhail Gorbachev,Grigory Romanov,Vitaly Vorotnikov andViktor Grishin.[33]
Events were hosted by nine countries (Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, North Korea, Mongolia, Poland, and the Soviet Union) between 2 July and 16 September 1984. With the exception of equestrian jumping, no events were held during the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles (held between 28 July and 12 August).
The Games were contested in 22 Olympic disciplines (all exceptassociation football andsynchronized swimming), and in non-Olympictable tennis,tennis, andsambo wrestling.
The Soviet Union won five out of six possible medals.
In an interview shortly before the events began, the Soviet team's coachIgor Ter-Ovanesyan said his athletes beat more than ten world records during the preparations for the competition.[34] While the Soviet athletes set no new records during the Games, they still dominated, winning more than a half of the gold medals. The only new world record was set by East GermanIrina Meszynski in women's discus throw, with 73.36 m.
In an unusual feat,Alberto Juantorena (Cuba) andRyszard Ostrowski (Poland) both crossed the finish line at exactly the same moment in the men's 800-metre run. After the officials were unable to decide who came first – even after examining aphotograph – both were declared winners.[4]
The annual Moscow Marathon was declared to be a Friendship Games event in 1984. This caused a minor controversy, as theUnited States Marine guards of theAmerican embassy, who usually took part in it, withdrew after learning it would be treated as a Friendship Games competition.[4]
The Soviet Union won the men's final against Czechoslovakia 105–70, and Cuba came in third ahead of Poland. The USSR also finished first in the women's event, but since it was around-robin tournament, there were no semifinals or finals.
The host nation, Cuba, fully dominated the event, winning eleven out of twelve gold medals. East GermanTorsten Schmitz in thewelterweight category was the only non-Cuban to win gold.Teófilo Stevenson, three-time consecutive Olympic gold medalist who lost the chance to win his fourth gold when Cuba boycotted the Los Angeles Games, won the super heavyweight category.
Boxing was one of just three disciplines in which the Soviet Union did not win a gold medal, the others being modern pentathlon and table tennis.
Hosts East Germany and the Soviet Union won all twelve gold medals, six apiece.
The Schleizer Dreieck inSchleiz, East Germany, usually used as a car or motorcycle race track, served as cycling venue for the individual road race. The event saw participation of top cyclists of the era, including numerousPeace Race veterans such asUwe Ampler andUwe Raab.
Diving was yet another event dominated by East Germans and Soviets. Gold medalists includedAleksandr Portnov andBrita Baldus.
Equestrian events were the only discipline contested at the same time as the 1984 Summer Olympics, as jumping events took place between 6 and 10 August. It was also the only discipline in which West German and Italian athletes won medals.
In individual dressage,Yuri Kovshov won both gold and silver, riding two different horses.
Soviet fencers won most of the men's events, while Hungary won both women's events, thanks toGertrúd Stefanek andEdit Kovács.
The Soviet Union "A" team won the men's tournament, and while the Soviet Union "B" team came in third, fourth-place finishersZimbabwe were awarded the bronze medal.
A team representing theDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan also competed in the men's event, but lost all its matches, including a 0:27 loss to East Germany.
In artistic gymnastics,Olga Mostepanova achieved perfect "10" scores ten times: four in individual competitions, and six in team events.[35] All fifteen medals in rhythmic gymnastics were won by just four athletes: BulgariansAnelia Ralenkova andDiliana Gueorguieva, and SovietsGalina Beloglazova andDalia Kutkaitė.
East Germany won the men's event, thanks to an 18:17 win over the Soviet Union, while Poland came in third.Péter Kovács of Hungary was the top scorer with 26 goals. The USSR finished first in the women's tournament.
The Soviet Union again won most of the gold medals. The event was also particularly successful for Poland, which won seven medals.
HungarianLászló Fábián won the individual competition, and Hungary also won the team event.
The USSR took 11 out of 14 gold medals, while East Germany captured the remaining three.
Sailing took place on theBaltic Sea, nearTallinn,Estonian SSR (where thesailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics also took place), with the exception of 470 and Finn classes, which were contested onLake Balaton in Hungary. Soviets and East Germans won all of the gold medals.Canada andFinland won their only Friendship Games medals.
While most disciplines mimicked the Olympic Games in terms of events, women's shooting included non-Olympic competitions, namely the10 metre air pistol and50 metre rifle three positions events.
Five new world records were set during the competition.Sergei Zabolotnov's result of 1:58.41 in men's 200 metre backstroke excited the crowd, as it was some one and a half seconds better thanRick Carey's result during the Olympics.[36] Fifteen-year-oldSylvia Gerasch ofEast Germany set the world record in women's 100 m breaststroke and was also part of the relay team that beat the 4 × 100 m medley record.[6]
Table tennis, a non-Olympic sport at that time, was the only event hosted by North Korea, which won four out of seven gold medals. Notably, thePeople's Republic of China, which was at odds with most socialist states following theSino-Soviet split, took part in the event.
Soviet players dominated the singles category, and also won the men's doubles event. The Czechoslovakian women's double team was the only non-Soviet team to win gold.
Not surprisingly, the Soviet team finished first in the men's event, over Cuba and Poland. In the women's tournament, Cuba won the final against the USSR.
The Soviet team – composed mostly of the players who won gold during the 1980 Summer Olympics – finished first, while Hungary and Cuba took the second and third spots.
Dominated by Bulgaria and the Soviet Union, the event saw thirty world records broken,[37] including two in the super heavyweight category, set byAnatoly Pisarenko.
In addition tofreestyle andGreco-Roman events, non-Olympicsambo wrestling events were also contested. Sambo was the only event hosted by Mongolia.
The following table is based on statistics from the booksNa olimpijskim szlaku 1984 andGwiazdy sportu '84 and does not include sambo results.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Soviet Union (URS) | 126 | 87 | 69 | 282 |
| 2 | East Germany (GDR) | 50 | 45 | 43 | 138 |
| 3 | Bulgaria (BUL) | 21 | 25 | 29 | 75 |
| 4 | Cuba (CUB) | 15 | 11 | 12 | 38 |
| 5 | Hungary (HUN) | 10 | 17 | 24 | 51 |
| 6 |  Poland (POL) | 7 | 17 | 34 | 58 |
| 7 | North Korea (PRK) | 5 | 5 | 10 | 20 |
| 8 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 2 | 18 | 28 | 48 |
| 9 | China (CHN) | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 |
| 10 | Ethiopia (ETH) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 11 | West Germany (FRG) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 12 | Italy (ITA) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 13 | Japan (JPN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 14 | Mongolia (MGL) | 0 | 2 | 5 | 7 |
| 15 | Canada (CAN) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 16 | Venezuela (VEN) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 17 | Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Zimbabwe (ZIM) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (19 entries) | 242 | 233 | 266 | 741 | |
Media on both sides of theIron Curtain frequently compared the results of 1984 Summer Olympics and the Friendship Games.[2][38][39][40][41] Over sixty Friendship Games results would have secured medals at the Olympic Games.[2] Eastern Bloc athletes outperformed Olympic winners in 20 of 41 track-and-field events, and eleven of 29 swimming events.[40] HadLi Yuwei, who won the 1984 Olympic gold medal in50 metre running target shooting, obtained the same score in the Friendship Games, he would have only placed sixth.[42] Indeed, in events such as weightlifting or wrestling, the Friendship Games included almost all of the top athletes of the time.[41] It must also be noted that Eastern bloc countries ran massive state-sponsored doping programs at the time.[43]
However, some journalists noted that such comparisons were unjustified due to differing conditions and equipment. For example,Marlies Göhr's result of 10.95 in women's 100 metre run was slightly better thanEvelyn Ashford's winning time of 10.97 at the 1984 Olympics, but when the two met head-to-head a week after the Friendship Games, Ashford was much faster than Göhr and set a new world record.[39][44] Similarly, Eastern Bloc results in track cycling were better than Olympic results, but Friendship Games cyclists competed on an indoor wooden track, while the Olympic events took place on an outdoor concrete track.[2] "It is like sayingCarl Lewis was faster thanJesse Owens,Muhammad Ali would have beatenJoe Louis orSecretariat would have outrunMan o' War",Sam Lacy ofThe Afro-American concluded.[39]
The comparisons also had political significance. While Friendship Games organizers repeatedly assured the press that their event was not an "alternative Olympics",[1][2][45] presumably to avoid punitive IOC measures,[1][3][4] Soviet state-run media often alluded to such comparisons.[4] The TASS agency declared that the Eastern Bloc's games were a "major event in the Olympic year",[27] while the Sovietsky Sport newspaper described the Games as the "main event of the Olympicquadrennium".[45] Marat Gramov, head of the Soviet Olympic Committee, said that the "socialist nations remain faithful to the task of strengthening the unity of the Olympics movement",[45] while describing the Los Angeles Games as full of "chauvinism andmass psychosis".[45]
When asked about the Friendship Games, Monique Berlioux, then director of the IOC, said she had "no reaction whatsoever" to the competition.[3]
In 2006, theLaw and Justice party in Poland proposed granting Friendship Games medalists sports retirement benefits similar to those given to Olympic medalists.[46] It was signed into law in 2007.
In 2023, facing international sporting isolation in the wake of itsinvasion of Ukraine, Russia announced plans to revive the Friendship Games and host its second edition in 2024.[47] In May 2023, Russia announced it would be reviving the event as theWorld Friendship Games, initially planned to take place shortly after the2024 Summer Olympics[48][49] but suspended indefinitely as of December 2024[update].[50][51]
