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TheFriends of God (German:Gottesfreunde; orgotesvriunde) was a medievalmystical group of both ecclesiastical and lay persons^[1] within theCatholic Church (though it nearly became a separate sect) and a center of Germanmysticism. It was founded between 1339 and 1343 during theAvignon Papacy, a time of great turmoil for the Catholic Church. The Friends of God were originally centered inBasel,Switzerland and were also fairly important inStrasbourg andCologne. Some late-nineteenth century writers made large claims for the movement, seeing it both as influential in fourteenth-century mysticism and as a precursor of theProtestant Reformation. Modern studies of the movement have emphasised the derivative and often second-rate character of its mystical literature, and its limited impact on medieval literature in Germany.^[2] Some of the movement's ideas still prefigured theProtestant reformation.^[3]

The name "Friends of God" may have been influenced by various sources. A number of biblical passages use the term (e.g. Judges 8:22, James 2:23, Exodus 33:11, Psalm 138:17, Wisdom 7:27, Luke 12:4, and John 15:15). The concept of friendship with God had also been applied by various medieval authors, and particularly amongMeister Eckhart and his followers.^[2]

The movement grew out of the preaching and teaching ofMeister Eckhart, and especially hisDominican spiritual heirs, the preacherJohn Tauler and the writerHenry Suso. An influence on the Friends of God, although remaining in the background, was the secular priestHenry of Nördlingen,^[4] from theBavarian Oberland, who met Tauler and Suso in Basel in 1339.Henry had a great deal of interaction with other Bavarian and German mystics^[5] and introduced the Friends of God toThe Flowing Light of the Deity byMechthild of Magdeburg.

The group achieved a nascent institutional form in 1367 when wealthy laymanRulman Merswin purchased and restored a derelict monastery in Strasbourg known as thegrünenwörth ('Green Isle').^[6] Grünenwörth served as a refuge for study for the Friends of God and as a “school of prophets” which produced a number of mystical texts.^[7] Merswin is suspected of being the anonymous authorThe Friend of God from the Oberland.^[8]

The Friends of God, as led by Tauler and Suso, sought a mystical path in line with established Catholic doctrine, following Thomas Aquinas. Rulman Merswin, under the guidance of The Friend of God from the Oberland, wanted to purify the Church. This stress on reform brought The Friends of God into conflict with the Church and not long after Merswin’s death in 1382, they were condemned.^[1]

After Merswin's death, some sources claim thatNicholas of Basel became the leader. He was eventuallyburned at the stake with two of his followers forheresy atVienna around 1395.^[9] The relationship of Nicholas of Basel to the Friends of God is unclear as he was condemned as aBeghard.^[10]

Another prominent member, Martin of Mainz, a follower of Nicholas of Basel, was also burned for heresy in 1393.^[10]

Many leaders of the group were executed for heresy because they criticized the corruption ofCatholicism: they believed that there would soon be judgment from God on the church. The group was a democratic lay movement, and they held holiness, love, piety and devotion as important.^[11] The movement was amysticist movement and they held great importance in rescuing other peoples' souls.^[12]

A number of mystical texts are associated with The Friends of God, most notably theTheologia Germanica and theBook of the Nine Rocks. Many of the works were attributed toThe Friend of God from the Oberland, although probably written byRulman Merswin himself.^[7]

• Margaretha Ebner
• The Friend of God from the Oberland
• Theologia Germanica

• McGinn, Bernard (2005).The Harvest of Mysticism in Medieval Germany (The Presence of God Volume 4). The Crossroad Publishing Company.

• Rufus M. Jones, Studies in Mystical Religion, Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, no date (originally published London: Macmillan, 1909)
• Gordon Leff, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages: The Relation of Heterodoxy to Dissent, c. 1250 – c. 1450, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967 (reprinted by Sandpiper Book, 1999)

• "The Friends of God" (Schaff - CCEL)

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