| French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 June 1806[a] – 19 August 1816[b] | |||
| |||
_engaging_French_Gunboats_off_the_mouth_of_the_Indramayo%2c_Java.jpg) Theaction of 31 July 1811 during the French and British interregnum | |||
| Location | East Indies | ||
| Including | Events:
| ||
| Key events | Napoleonic wars | ||
TheFrench and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies of theDutch East Indies took place between 1806 and 1816. The French ruled between 1806 and 1811, while the British took over for 1811 to 1816[c] and transferred its control back to the Dutch in 1816. However Java and Sumatra were only returned in July 1821.[5]
The French invaded the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic by 1795, and then the Kingdom of Holland in 1806. The fall of the Netherlands toRevolutionary France and the dissolution of theDutch East India Company led to some profound changes in the European colonial administration of theEast Indies, as one of the Revolutionary andNapoleonic Wars wasfought in Java.[7] This period, which lasted for almost a decade, witnessed a tremendous change inJava, as vigorous infrastructure and defence projects took place, followed by battles, reformation and major changes of administration in the colony.
In 1800, five years before the French invasion, theDutch East India Company (Dutch:Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC)) was declared bankrupt and nationalised by the Dutch government. As a result, its assets, which included seaports, storehouses, fortifications, settlements, lands and plantations in theEast Indies were nationalised as a Dutch colony, theDutch East Indies. Based inBatavia (todayJakarta), the Dutch ruled most ofJava (with exception of interior lands ofVorstenlanden Mataram andBanten), conquering coastal West Sumatra, wrested former Portuguese colonies inMalacca, the Moluccas, South and North Celebes also in West Timor. Among these Dutch possessions,Java was the most important one, as the production of cash-crops and Dutch-controlled plantations was located there.[citation needed]
On the other side on the world,Europe was devastated by theNapoleonic Wars. The war was shifting the politics, relations and dynamics among the European empires and nations, which also affected their colonies abroad, including in the Far East. The Netherlands underNapoleon Bonaparte in 1806, oversaw theBatavian Republic become the Commonwealth of Batavia and then dissolved and replaced by theKingdom of Holland, a French puppet kingdom ruled by Napoleon's third brotherLouis Bonaparte (Lodewijk Napoleon). As a result, the East Indies during this time were treated as a proxy French colony, administered through a Dutch intermediary.[8]
The power struggle and rivalry betweenFrance andBritain had spilled to other parts of the world, involving the colonies of each empires inAmericas,Africa, as well as inAsia. Since 1685 the British had consolidated their rule inBencoolen on western coast of Sumatra, and also had established their rule in Malaccan strait, the island ofSingapore andPenang.[citation needed] As the British coveted the Dutch colonies in the region, the Dutch-controlled East Indies was bracing for the predicted incoming British invasion.[citation needed]
In 1806, KingLodewijk Napoleon of the Netherlands sent one of his generals,Herman Willem Daendels, serving as governor-general of East Indies based in Java.Daendels was sent to strengthen Javanese defenses against a perceived incoming British invasion. He arrived in the city of Batavia (nowJakarta) on 5 January 1808 and relieved the former Governor General, Albertus Wiese. He raised new forces, built new roads within Java, and improved the internal administration of the island.[7][9]
Daendels' rule was a harsh and martial one, as the colony prepared for the British threat. He built new hospitals and military barracks, a new arms factories inSurabaya andSemarang, and a new military college in Batavia. He demolished the Castle in Batavia and replaced it with a new fort at Meester Cornelis (Jatinegara), and builtFort Lodewijk inSurabaya. However, his best-known achievement was the construction of theGreat Post Road (Indonesian:Jalan Raya Pos) across northernJava fromAnjer toPanaroecan. The road now serves as the main road in the island ofJava; some sections of the road that go through the northern coast of Java became part ofJalur Pantura. The thousand-kilometre road was completed in only one year, during which thousands of Javanese forced labourers died.[10] Major William Thorn wrote that about 12,000 natives are said to have perished during the construction.[11]
The reign ofCatholic King Lodewijk in theNetherlands ended the centuries-old of religious discriminations against Catholics both in the Netherlands and in the East Indies. Previously the Netherlands only favouredProtestantism. The Catholics were permitted freedom of worship in the Dutch Indies, though this measure was mainly intended for European Catholics, since Daendels ruled under the authority ofNapoleonic France.[citation needed] This religious freedom would be consolidated later byStamford Raffles.[citation needed]
Daendels — known as an avidFrancophile — built a new governor general palace in smaller versionChâteau de Versailles-style in Batavia, known asDaendels' Palace orWitte Huis (White House) is often referred toGroote Huis (Big House). It is now Indonesia'sMinistry of Finance office on the east side ofLapangan Banteng (Waterlooplein). He also renamedBuffelsveld (buffalo field) toChamps de Mars (todayMerdeka Square). Daendels' rule oversaw the complete adoption ofContinental Law into the colonial Dutch East Indies law system, retained even until today in Indonesian legal system. Indonesian law is often described as a member of the 'civil law' or 'Continental' group of legal systems found in European countries such as France and the Netherlands.[12]
Daendels displayed a firm attitude towards the local Javanese rulers, with the result that the rulers later were willing to work with the British against the Dutch. He also subjected the population ofJava to forced labour (Rodi). There were some rebellious actions against this, such as those in Cadas Pangeran, West Java. He was also responsible for the dissolution ofBanten Sultanate. In 1808, Daendels ordered Sultan Aliyuddin II of Banten to move the Sultanate capital toAnyer and to provide labour to build a new port planned to be built atUjung Kulon. The Sultan refused Daendels' command, and in response Daendels ordered the invasion of Banten and destruction of Surosowan palace. The Sultan, together with his family, was arrested in Puri Intan and held as a prisoner in Fort Speelwijk, and later sent into exile inAmbon. On 22 November 1808, Daendels declared from his headquarters inSerang that the Sultanate of Banten had been absorbed into the territory of theDutch East Indies.[13]
In the middle of 1809 the ColonialGovernor-General of India, the1st Earl of Minto wanted to conquer the lucrativeSpice Islands. For theEast India Company the occupation of these islands meant not only a reduction of Dutch and French trade and power in the East Indies but also an equivalent gain to the company of the rich trade in spice. In addition the conquest of these islands meant that they would be a good base from which to conquer Java. In 1810 the most heavily defended islandsBanda Neira,Ambon andTernate fell, and by August theregion had been conquered with little loss.
In 1811,Java fell to a British force under Minto. He appointed SirThomas Stamford Raffles as lieutenant governor of Java.[14] Raffles carried further the administrative centralisation previously initiated by Daendels. He planned to group the regencies of Java into 16 residencies. He ended Dutch administrative methods, liberalised the system of land tenure, and extended trade. Raffles tried to implement the liberal economic principles and the cessation of compulsory cultivation in Java.[citation needed]
Raffles took his residence atBuitenzorg and despite having a small subset of Britons as his senior staff, he kept many of the Dutch civil servants in the governmental structure. He also negotiated peace and mounted several military expeditions against local Javanese princes. Rumours of plans by theYogyakarta Sultanate to launch an attack against the British led to uneasiness among Britons in Java. On 20 June 1812, Rafflesled a 1,200-strong British force to capture theRoyal Palace of Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta forces, surprised by the attack, were easily defeated; the palace fell in one day, and was subsequently sacked and burnt. Raffles ordered much of the palace's archives to be removed, taking them back with him. The attack was unprecedented in Javanese history, as it was the first time an indigenous palace had been captured by a European army, humiliating the Yogyakarta Sultanate.[15][16]
Raffles also orderedan expedition toPalembang inSumatra to depose the local sultan,Mahmud Badaruddin II, and to seize the nearbyBangka Island to set up a permanent British presence in the area in case Java was ceded back to the Dutch.[17] Other than Javanese court archives, Raffles also sent a number of Javanese archaeological artefacts, such as aBuddha head from Borobudur and two large ancient Javanese stone inscriptions, known today as theMinto Stone and theCalcutta Stone to Lord Minto as a token of appreciation.[18][19]
Raffles particularly holds special interest on thehistory,culture and thepeople of Java. During his short reign, British Java saw the surge of archaeological surveys and government attention on local culture, art and history. His administration rediscovered the ruins of the great Buddhist mandala ofBorobudur in Central Java. Other archaeological sites in Java such asPrambanan Hindu temple and ancientMajapahit city ofTrowulan, also came to light during his administration. Under Raffles patronage, a large number ofancient monuments in Java were rediscovered, excavated and systematically catalogued for the first time. Raffles was the enthusiast of the island's history, as he wrote the bookHistory of Java published later in 1817.[16]
In 1816, under the administration of British governorJohn Fendall, Java was returned to control of the Netherlands as per the terms of theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. After regaining full control of their colony in Java and other parts of the archipelago, the Dutch would embark on their conquest over other independent polities in the region.[5] By 1820 they had consolidated their realm, a colonial state in theIndonesian archipelago, established Dutch East Indies as one of the most profitable European colonies in the world's colonial history.[citation needed]
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