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Freedom in the World

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Annual survey by Freedom House

For overview of democracy indices, seeList of democracy indices.
Parts of this article (those related to The table is updated only up to 2022 (and not fully)) need to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(April 2024)

2022[1]
1972
  Free  Partly free  Not free  Not covered

Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-basednon-governmental organizationFreedom House that measures the degree ofcivil liberties andpolitical rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.[2]

Critical assessments of the survey have highlighted potential biases stemming from its funding, methodology, ideological leanings and the subjective nature of the scoring. Freedom House has defended its ratings as independent and evidence-based.

Origin and use

[edit]

Freedom in the World was launched in 1973 byRaymond Gastil. It produces annual scores representing the levels of political rights and civil liberties in each state and territory, on a scale from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free). Depending on the ratings, the nations are then classified as "Free", "Partly Free", or "Not Free".[3] The report is often used by researchers in order to measure democracy and correlates highly with several other measures of democracy such as thePolity data series.[4]

The Freedom House rankings are widely reported in the media and used as sources by political researchers. Their construction and use has been evaluated by critics and supporters.[5]

Country rankings

[edit]
This sectionrelies excessively onreferences toprimary sources. Please improve this section by addingsecondary or tertiary sources.
Find sources: "Freedom in the World" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(February 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
   Countries designated "electoral democracies" in Freedom House'sFreedom in the World 2025 survey, covering the year 2024

The rankings are from theFreedom in the World 2019,[6] 2020,[7] 2021,[8] and 2022 surveys, each report covering the previous year. The average of each pair of ratings on political rights and civil liberties determines the overall status of "Free" (1.0–2.5), "Partly Free" (3.0–5.0), or "Not Free" (5.5–7.0).[9]

An asterisk (*) indicates countries which are "electoral democracies". To qualify as an "electoral democracy", a state must have satisfied the following criteria:

  1. A competitive,multiparty political system;
  2. Adultsuffrage for all citizens without criminal convictions (some states may further punish and subjugate people with criminal convictions by disenfranchising them from the democratic process);
  3. Regularly contestedelections conducted in conditions ofballot secrecy, reasonable ballot security, and the absence of massivevoter fraud that yields results that are unrepresentative of the public will; and
  4. Significant public access of major political parties to the electorate through the media and through generally openpolitical campaigning.

An electoral democracy must have a score of 7 or more out of 12 in political rights subcategory A (Electoral Progress), an overall aggregate score of 20 in their political rights rating and an overall aggregate score of 30 in their civil liberties rating.[10]

Freedom House's term "electoral democracy" differs from "liberal democracy" in that the latter also implies the presence of a substantial array of civil liberties. In the survey, all Free countries qualify as both electoral and liberal democracies. By contrast, some Partly Free countries qualify as electoral, but not liberal, democracies.[9]

World

[edit]

* indicates"Civil liberties in country or territory" or"Human rights in country or territory" links.

PR = political rights, CL = civil liberties

2025

[edit]
Country (2025)
Electoral
democracy[11]		PR rating[12]CL rating[12]TotalPRCLOverall
status
AfghanistanNo77615Not free
AlbaniaYes33682840Partly free
AlgeriaNo65311021Not free
AndorraYes11933855Free
AngolaNo65281018Not free
Antigua and BarbudaYes22833251Free
ArgentinaYes22853550Free
ArmeniaYes44542331Partly free
AustraliaYes11953956Free
AustriaYes11933756Free
AzerbaijanNo77707Not free
BahamasYes12903852Free
BahrainNo7612210Not free
BangladeshNo54451629Partly free
BarbadosYes11943757Free
BelarusNo77716Not free
BelgiumYes11963957Free
BelizeYes21883553Free
BeninNo43601842Partly free
BhutanYes23683236Free
BoliviaYes33652639Partly free
Bosnia and HerzegovinaNo53521735Partly free
BotswanaYes22753144Free
BrazilYes23723042Free
BruneiNo6527720Not free
BulgariaYes22773245Free
Burkina FasoNo7525322Not free
BurundiNo7615411Not free
CambodiaNo7523419Not free
CameroonNo661569Not free
CanadaYes11973958Free
Cape VerdeYes11923854Free
Central African RepublicNo77514Not free
ChadNo7615114Not free
ChileYes11953857Free
ChinaNo769-211Not free
ColombiaYes23703139Free
ComorosNo54421626Partly free
Congo (Democratic Republic)No7618414Not free
Congo (Republic)No7617215Not free
Costa RicaYes11913853Free
CroatiaYes22823448Free
CubaNo761019Not free
CyprusYes11913853Free
Czech RepublicYes11953758Free
DenmarkYes11974057Free
DjiboutiNo7524519Not free
DominicaYes11923755Free
Dominican RepublicYes33682741Partly free
EcuadorYes33652837Partly free
EgyptNo6618612Not free
El SalvadorNo54471730Partly free
Equatorial GuineaNo77505Not free
EritreaNo77312Not free
EstoniaYes11963957Free
EswatiniNo7617116Not free
EthiopiaNo6618810Not free
FijiYes33692841Partly free
FinlandYes111004060Free
FranceYes12893851Free
GabonNo7521219Not free
The GambiaNo44502228Partly free
GeorgiaNo44552134Partly free
GermanyYes11954055Free
GhanaYes22803545Free
GreeceYes22853550Free
GrenadaYes12893752Free
GuatemalaNo44481929Partly free
GuineaNo6530723Not free
Guinea-BissauNo54411526Partly free
GuyanaYes22743044Free
HaitiNo6524618Not free
HondurasNo44482226Partly free
HungaryYes33652441Partly free
IcelandYes11953857Free
IndiaYes24633132Partly free
IndonesiaNo34562828Partly free
IranNo771147Not free
IraqNo56311615Not free
IrelandYes11973958Free
IsraelYes23733439Free
ItalyYes11893653Free
Ivory CoastNo44491930Partly free
JamaicaYes22803347Free
JapanYes11964056Free
JordanNo55341222Partly free
KazakhstanNo7523518Not free
KenyaNo44512229Partly free
KiribatiYes11893653Free
KosovoYes34602832Partly free
KuwaitNo6531714Not free
KyrgyzstanNo7526422Not free
LaosNo7613211Not free
LatviaYes12893752Free
LebanonNo54391326Partly free
LesothoYes23663036Free
LiberiaYes24643034Partly free
LibyaNo761028Not free
LiechtensteinYes21903357Free
LithuaniaYes12893851Free
LuxembourgYes11973859Free
MadagascarNo44552134Partly free
MalawiYes33652837Partly free
MalaysiaNo44532231Partly free
MaldivesNo45432023Partly free
MaliNo6524618Not free
MaltaYes22873552Free
Marshall IslandsYes11933855Free
MauritaniaNo55391524Partly free
MauritiusYes22863551Free
MexicoYes34592633Partly free
MicronesiaYes11923755Free
MoldovaYes33602535Partly free
MonacoYes31822557Free
MongoliaYes12843648Free
MontenegroYes33692742Partly free
MoroccoNo55371324Partly free
MozambiqueNo54411229Partly free
MyanmarNo77707Not free
NamibiaYes32732845Free
NauruYes23753243Free
NepalYes34622834Partly free
NetherlandsYes11973958Free
New ZealandYes11994059Free
NicaraguaNo7614212Not free
NigerNo7530525Not free
NigeriaNo45442024Partly free
North KoreaNo77303Not free
North MacedoniaYes33672839Partly free
NorwayYes11993960Free
OmanNo6524618Not free
PakistanNo55321220Partly free
PalauYes11923755Free
PanamaYes22833548Free
Papua New GuineaNo43612239Partly free
ParaguayYes33632637Partly free
PeruYes33672839Partly free
PhilippinesYes34582533Partly free
PolandYes22823448Free
PortugalYes11963957Free
QatarNo6525718Not free
RomaniaYes22823448Free
RussiaNo761248Not free
RwandaNo6621714Not free
SamoaYes22843252Free
San MarinoYes11973958Free
São Tomé and PríncipeYes22843549Free
Saudi ArabiaNo76918Not free
SenegalYes23693039Free
SerbiaNo43561838Partly free
SeychellesYes22803446Free
Sierra LeoneYes43592336Partly free
SingaporeNo44481929Partly free
SlovakiaYes11893653Free
SloveniaYes11963957Free
Solomon IslandsYes32752847Free
SomaliaNo77826Not free
South AfricaYes22813447Free
South KoreaYes22813249Free
South SudanNo771-34Not free
SpainYes11903753Free
Sri LankaYes34582632Partly free
Saint Kitts and NevisYes21893554Free
Saint LuciaYes11913853Free
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesYes11903654Free
SudanNo772-35Not free
SurinameYes22803446Free
SwedenYes11994059Free
SwitzerlandYes11963957Free
SyriaNo765-38Not free
TajikistanNo77505Not free
TanzaniaNo65351124Not free
ThailandNo65341123Not free
Timor-LesteYes23723339Free
TogoNo54411427Partly free
TongaYes22803050Free
Trinidad and TobagoYes22823349Free
TunisiaNo64441133Partly free
TurkeyNo56331716Not free
TurkmenistanNo77101Not free
TuvaluYes11933756Free
UgandaNo65341024Not free
UkraineNo44512328Partly free
United Arab EmiratesNo7618513Not free
United KingdomYes11923953Free
United StatesYes22843450Free
UruguayYes11964056Free
UzbekistanNo7612210Not free
VanuatuYes22823250Free
VenezuelaNo7613013Not free
VietnamNo7620416Not free
YemenNo761019Not free
ZambiaNo44532231Partly free
ZimbabweNo6526917Not free

Before 2025

[edit]
CountryElectoral democracy201920202021202220232024
PRCLOverall
status		PtsPRCLOverall
status		PtsPRCLOverall
status		PtsPRCLOverall
status		PtsPRCLOverall
status		PtsPRCLOverall
status		Pts
 Afghanistan *No56Not2756Not2756Not2777Not2
 Albania *Yes33Partly6833Partly6733Partly6633Partly67
 Algeria *No65Not3465Not3465Not3265Not32
 Andorra *Yes11Free9411Free9411Free9311Free93
 Angola *No65Not3165Not3265Not3165Not30
 Antigua and Barbuda *Yes22Free8422Free8522Free8522Free85
 Argentina *Yes22Free8422Free8522Free8422Free84
 Armenia *No44Partly5144Partly5344Partly5544Partly55
 Australia *Yes11Free9811Free9711Free9711Free95
 Austria *Yes11Free9311Free9311Free9311Free93
 Azerbaijan *No76Not1176Not1076Not1076Not9
 BahamasYes11Free9111Free9111Free9111Free91
 Bahrain *No76Not1276Not1176Not1276Not12
 Bangladesh *No55Partly4155Partly3955Partly3955Partly39
 BarbadosYes11Free9611Free9511Free9511Free95
 Belarus *No76Not1976Not1976Not1177Not8
 Belgium *Yes11Free9611Free9611Free9611Free96
 Belize *Yes12Free8622Free8621Free8721Free87
 Benin *No22Free7942Partly6642Partly6553Partly59
 Bhutan *Yes34Partly5934Partly5924Partly6134Partly61
 Bolivia *Yes33Partly6733Partly6333Partly6633Partly66
 Bosnia and Herzegovina *No44Partly5344Partly5344Partly5344Partly53
 Botswana *Yes32Free7232Free7232Free7232Free72
 Brazil *Yes22Free7522Free7523Free7423Free73
 Brunei *No65Not2965Not2865Not2865Not28
 Bulgaria *Yes22Free8022Free8022Free7822Free79
 Burkina Faso *Yes43Partly6044Partly5644Partly5444Partly53
 Burundi *No76Not1476Not1376Not1476Not14
 Cambodia *No65Not2675Not2575Not2475Not24
 Cameroon *No66Not1966Not1866Not1666Not15
 Canada *Yes11Free9911Free9811Free9811Free98
 Cape Verde *Yes11Free9011Free9211Free9211Free92
 Central African Republic *No77Not977Not1077Not977Not7
 Chad *No76Not1776Not1776Not1776Not15
 Chile *Yes11Free9412Free9011Free9311Free94
 China *No76Not1176Not1076Not976Not9
 Colombia *Yes33Partly6633Partly6633Partly6533Partly64
 Comoros *No44Partly5044Partly4454Partly4254Partly42
 DR Congo *No76Not1576Not1876Not20
 Congo *No75Not2175Not2075Not20
 Costa Rica *Yes11Free9111Free9111Free91
 Croatia *Yes12Free8512Free8512Free85
 Cuba *No76Not1476Not1476Not13
 Cyprus *Yes11Free9411Free9411Free94
 Czech Republic *Yes11Free9111Free9111Free91
 Denmark *Yes11Free9711Free9711Free97
 Djibouti *No65Not2675Not2475Not24
 DominicaYes11Free9311Free9311Free93
 Dominican Republic *Yes33Partly6733Partly6733Partly67
 Timor-Leste *Yes23Free7023Free7123Free72
 Ecuador *Yes33Partly6333Partly6533Partly67
 Egypt *No66Not2266Not2166Not18
 El Salvador *Yes23Free6724Partly6624Partly63
 Equatorial Guinea *No77Not677Not677Not5
 Eritrea *No77Not277Not277Not2
 Estonia *Yes11Free9411Free9411Free94
 Ethiopia *No66Not1966Not2466Not22
 Eswatini *No76Not1675Not1975Not19
 Fiji *Yes33Partly6133Partly6033Partly60
 Finland *Yes11Free10011Free10011Free100
 France *Yes12Free9012Free9012Free90
 Gabon *No75Not2375Not2275Not22
 GambiaNo45Partly4544Partly4644Partly46
 Georgia *Yes33Partly6333Partly6143Partly60
 Germany *Yes11Free9411Free9411Free94
 Ghana *Yes12Free8322Free8222Free82
 Greece *Yes12Free8712Free8812Free87
 Grenada *Yes12Free8912Free8912Free89
 Guatemala *No44Partly5344Partly5244Partly52
 Guinea *No54Partly4355Partly4055Partly38
 Guinea-Bissau *No54Partly4254Partly4654Partly44
 Guyana *Yes23Free7523Free7423Free73
 Haiti *No55Partly4155Partly3855Partly37
 Honduras *No44Partly4644Partly4545Partly44
 Hungary *Yes33Partly7033Partly7033Partly69
 Iceland *Yes11Free9411Free9411Free94
 India *Yes23Free7523Free7124Partly67
 Indonesia *No24Partly6224Partly6124Partly59
 Iran *No66Not1866Not1766Not16
 Iraq *No56Not3256Not3156Not29
 Ireland *Yes11Free9711Free9711Free97
 Israel *Yes23Free7823Free7623Free76
 Italy *Yes11Free8911Free8911Free90
 Ivory Coast *No44Partly5144Partly5154Partly44
 Jamaica *Yes22Free7822Free7822Free80
 Japan *Yes11Free9611Free9611Free96
 Jordan *No55Partly3755Partly3765Not34
 Kazakhstan *No75Not75Not2375Not23
 Kenya *No44Partly4844Partly4844Partly48
 Kiribati *Yes11Free9311Free9311Free93
 Kosovo *Yes34Partly5434Partly5644Partly54
 Kuwait *No55Partly3655Partly3655Partly37
 Kyrgyzstan *No54Partly3854Partly3975Not28
 Laos *No76Not1476Not1476Not13
 Latvia *Yes22Free8712Free8912Free89
 Lebanon *No54Partly4554Partly4454Partly43
 Lesotho *Yes33Partly6333Partly6333Partly63
 Liberia *Yes33Partly6234Partly6034Partly60
 Libya *No76Not976Not976Not9
 Liechtenstein *Yes21Free9021Free9021Free90
 Lithuania *Yes11Free9111Free9112Free90
 LuxembourgYes11Free9811Free9811Free97
 Madagascar *Yes34Partly5633Partly6134Partly60
 Malawi *Yes33Partly6433Partly6233Partly66
 Malaysia *No44Partly5244Partly5244Partly51
 Maldives *No55Partly3545Partly4045Partly40
 Mali *No44Partly4455Partly4165Not33
 Malta *Yes21Free9121Free9021Free90
 Marshall Islands *Yes11Free9311Free9311Free93
 Mauritania *No65Not3255Partly3455Partly35
 Mauritius *Yes12Free8912Free8912Free87
 Mexico *Yes33Partly6333Partly6234Partly61
 Micronesia *Yes11Free9211Free9211Free92
 Moldova *Yes34Partly5834Partly6033Partly61
 Monaco *Yes31Free8231Free8331Free83
 Mongolia *Yes12Free8512Free8412Free84
 MontenegroYes43Partly6543Partly6233Partly63
 Morocco *No55Partly3955Partly3755Partly37
 Mozambique *No44Partly5154Partly4554Partly43
 Myanmar *No55Partly3056Not3056Not28
 Namibia *Yes32Free7522Free7722Free77
 Nauru *Yes22Free7823Free7723Free77
 Nepal *Yes34Partly5434Partly5634Partly56
 Netherlands *Yes11Free9911Free9911Free98
 New Zealand *Yes11Free9811Free9711Free99
 Nicaragua *No65Not3265Not3165Not30
 Niger *No44Partly4944Partly4844Partly48
 Nigeria *No35Partly5045Partly4745Partly45
 North Korea *No77Not377Not377Not3
 North Macedonia *Yes43Partly5933Partly6333Partly66
 Norway *Yes11Free10011Free10011Free100
 Oman *No65Not2365Not2365Not23
 Pakistan *No55Partly3955Partly3855Partly37
 Palau *Yes11Free9211Free9211Free92
 Panama *Yes12Free8412Free8422Free83
 Papua New Guinea *Yes43Partly6443Partly6243Partly62
 Paraguay *Yes33Partly6533Partly6533Partly65
 Peru *Yes23Free7323Free7233Partly71
 Philippines *Yes33Partly6134Partly5934Partly56
 Poland *Yes22Free8422Free8422Free82
 Portugal *Yes11Free9611Free9611Free96
 Qatar *No65Not2565Not2565Not25
 Romania *Yes22Free8122Free8322Free83
 Russia *No76Not2076Not2076Not20
 Rwanda *No66Not2366Not2266Not21
 Saint Kitts and NevisYes11Free8911Free8921Free89
 Saint LuciaYes11Free9211Free9211Free91
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines *Yes11Free9111Free9111Free91
 Samoa *Yes22Free8122Free8122Free81
 San MarinoYes11Free9511Free9511Free93
 São Tomé and Príncipe *Yes22Free8322Free8422Free84
 Saudi Arabia *No77Not777Not777Not7
 Senegal *Yes23Free7233Partly7133Partly71
 Serbia *Yes33Partly6743Partly6643Partly64
 SeychellesYes33Partly7133Partly7223Free77
 Sierra Leone *Yes33Partly6533Partly6533Partly65
 Singapore *No44Partly5144Partly5044Partly48
 Slovakia *Yes12Free8812Free8811Free90
 SloveniaYes11Free9411Free9411Free95
 Solomon Islands *Yes22Free7922Free7922Free79
 Somalia *No77Not777Not777Not7
 South Africa *Yes22Free7922Free7922Free79
 South Korea *Yes22Free8322Free8322Free83
 South Sudan *No77Not277Not277Not2
 Spain *Yes11Free9411Free9211Free90
 Sri Lanka *Yes34Partly5644Partly5644Partly56
 Sudan *No77Not776Not1276Not17
 Suriname *Yes23Free7723Free7522Free79
 Sweden *Yes11Free10011Free10011Free100
 Switzerland *Yes11Free9611Free9611Free96
 Syria *No77Not077Not077Not177Not177Not1
 Tajikistan *No76Not976Not976Not876Not876Not7
 Tanzania *No45Partly4555Partly4055Partly3455Partly3455Partly36
 Thailand *No75Not3064Partly3275Not3075Not2965Not30
 Togo *No54Partly4354Partly4454Partly4354Partly4254Partly42
 Tonga *Yes22Free7922Free7922Free7922Free7922Free81
 Trinidad and Tobago *Yes22Free8222Free8222Free82
 Tunisia *Yes23Free6923Free7023Free71
 Turkey *No56Not3156Not3256Not32
 Turkmenistan *No77Not277Not277Not2
 Tuvalu *Yes11Free9311Free9311Free93
 Uganda *No65Not3665Not3465Not34
 Ukraine *No34Partly6033Partly6234Partly60
 United Arab Emirates *No76Not1776Not1776Not17
 United Kingdom *Yes11Free9311Free9411Free93
 United States *Yes21Free8621Free8622Free83
 Uruguay *Yes11Free11Free9811Free98
 Uzbekistan *No76Not76Not1076Not11
 Vanuatu *Yes22Free8222Free8222Free82
 Venezuela *No76Not1976Not1676Not14
 Vietnam *No75Not2075Not2076Not19
 Yemen *No76Not1176Not1176Not11
 Zambia *No44Partly5444Partly5444Partly52
 Zimbabwe *No55Partly3155Partly2965Not28

Territories and countries with limited recognition

[edit]
Territory (2025)
TotalPRCLOverall
status
Abkhazia391722Partly free
Gaza Strip2-24Not free
Hong Kong40931Partly free
Indian Kashmir381721Partly free
Northern Cyprus762749Free
Pakistani Kashmir30921Not free
Russian-occupied Ukraine2-13Not free
Somaliland472126Partly free
South Ossetia1239Not free
Taiwan943856Free
Tibet0-22Not free
Transnistria17512Not free
West Bank22418Not free
Western Sahara4-37Not free
Country2014201520162017201820202021[13]
PRCLOverall
status		PRCLOverall
status		PRCLOverall
status		PRCLOverall
status		PRCLOverall
status		PRCLOverall
status		PtsPRCLOverall
status		Pts
 Abkhazia *45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly45Partly1723Partly401723Partly40
 Crimea (disputed)43Partly76Not76Not76Not76Not-210Not8-29Not7
Donetsk PR andLuhansk PR (disputed)-16Not5-15Not4
Gaza Strip (Palestine)76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not38Not1138Not11
 Hong Kong * (China)52Partly52Partly52Partly52Partly52Partly1639Partly551537Partly52
Indian Kashmir (India)44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly44Partly820Not28720Not27
Azad Kashmir (Pakistan)65Not65Not65Not65Not65Not919Not28919Not28
 Northern Cyprus *22Free22Free22Free22Free22Free3150Free812850Free78
 Puerto Rico (United States)*12Free12Free11Free[14]
 Somaliland *45Partly45Partly55Partly55Partly45Partly1724Partly411824Partly42
 South Ossetia *76Not76Not76Not76Not76Not28Not1028Not10
 Taiwan *11Free9311Free94
Tibet (China)77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not-23Not1-23Not1
 Transnistria *66Not66Not66Not66Not66Not913Not22812Not20
West Bank (Palestine)65Not65Not65Not75Not75Not421Not25421Not25
 Western Sahara *77Not77Not77Not77Not77Not-37Not4-37Not4

Former entries

[edit]

Former entries fromFreedom in the World. Most are territories added in the 1978 report for 1977 and received their last coverage in the 2000 report of the same year. Other territories with differing dates are noted below. Their placements are based on their final rankings before ceasing coverage.

Free

[edit]

Partly Free

[edit]

Not Free

[edit]

Evaluation

[edit]
See also:Freedom House § Criticism

There is some debate over the neutrality of Freedom House and the methodology used for theFreedom in the World report, which has been written by Raymond Gastil and his colleagues.[3] The neutrality and biases of human-rights indices have been discussed in several publications by Kenneth A. Bollen.[15] Bollen wrote that "Considered together these criticisms suggest that some nations may have been incorrectly rated on Gastil's measures. However, none of the criticisms have demonstrated a systematic bias in all the ratings. Most of the evidence consists of anecdotal evidence of relatively few cases. Whether there is a systematic or sporadic slant in Gastil's ratings is an open question" (Bollen, 1986, p. 586).[3] The freedom index ofFreedom in the World has a very strong and positive (at least an 80%)correlation with three other democracy-indices studied in Mainwaring (2001, p. 53).[16]

Ideological bias or neutrality

[edit]

In his 1986 study, Bollen discussed reviews of measurements ofhuman rights, including the index reported inFreedom in the World (Bollen, 1986, p. 585). Criticisms ofFreedom in the World during the 1980s were discussed by Gastil (1990), who stated that "generally such criticism is based on opinions about Freedom House rather than detailed examination of survey ratings", a conclusion disputed by Giannone.[17] The definition of Freedom in Gastil (1982) and Freedom House (1990) emphasized liberties rather than the exercise of freedom, according toAdam Przeworski, who gave the following example: In the United States, citizens are free to form political parties and to vote, yet even in presidential elections only half of U.S. "citizens" vote; in the U.S., "the same two parties speak in a commercially sponsored unison", wrotePrzeworski (2003, p. 277).[5]

More recent charges of ideological bias prompted Freedom House to issue this 2010 statement:

Freedom House does not maintain a culture-bound view of freedom. The methodology of the survey is grounded in basic standards of political rights and civil liberties, derived in large measure from relevant portions of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights. These standards apply to all countries and territories, irrespective of geographical location, ethnic or religious composition, or level of economic development.[9]

Mainwaring et alia (2001, p. 52)[16] wrote that Freedom House's index had "two systematic biases: scores for leftist were tainted by political considerations, and changes in scores are sometimes driven by changes in their criteria rather than changes in real conditions." Nonetheless, when evaluated in Latin American countries yearly, Freedom House's index was very strongly and positively correlated with the index ofAdam Przeworski and with the index of the authors themselves: They evaluatedPearson's coefficient of linear correlation between their index and Freedom House's index, which was 0.82; among these indices and the two others studied, the correlations were all between 0.80 and 0.86 (Mainwaring et alia, 2001, p. 53).[16]

As previously quoted, Bollen criticized previous studies ofFreedom in the World as anecdotal and inconclusive; they raised issues needing further study by scientific methods rather than anecdotes.[3] Bollen studied the question of ideological bias usingmultivariate statistics. Using theirfactor-analyticmodel for human-rights measurements, Bollen and Paxton estimate that Gastil's method produces a bias of -0.38 standard deviations (s.d.) againstMarxist–Leninist countries and a larger bias, +0.5 s.d., favoring Christian countries; similar results held for the methodology of Sussman (Bollen and Paxton, 2000, p. 585).[18] In contrast, another method by a critic ofFreedom in the World produced a bias for Leftist countries during the 1980s of at least +0.8 s.d., a bias that is "consistent with the general finding that political scientists are more favorable to leftist politics than is the general population" (Bollen and Paxton, p. 585).[18]

Coder bias

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Political scientists Andrew T. Little and Anne Meng argued that the data produced by Freedom House and the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project relies heavily on subjective, as opposed to objective, measures and thus are tainted bycoder bias.[19]

Use and conceptual analysis

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Criticisms of the reception and uses of theFreedom in the World report have been noted by Diego Giannone:[20][unreliable source?]

  • "Conceptual stretching",Giovanni Sartori's critical term for a methodological shortcoming common in social studies.[21] Giannone reports as an example that, according to Landman and Hausermann (2003), "the index by FH has been used as a tool for measuring democracy, good governance, and human rights, thus producing a conceptual stretching which is a major cause of 'losses in connotative precision': in short, an instrument used to measure everything, in the end, is not able to discriminate against anything."[22]
  • Issues with aggregation. Giannone quotes Scoble and Wiseberg's conclusion (1981) that "the sum of a civil liberty score of 4 and a political liberty score of 2 is the same as the sum of a civil liberty score of 2 and a political liberty score of 4 even though the substantive interpretation of these different combinations is different."[23]
  • "Lack of specificity and rigorousness in construction" and "inadequate level of transparency and replicability of the scales", the first referencing to Scobleet alie (1981) and the latter to Hadenius and Teorell (2005).[24] In support of the latter, he also quotes the conclusion of Munck and Verkuilen (2002) that "the aggregate data offered by Freedom House has to be accepted largely on faith",[25] due to the factors that "no set of coding rules is provided, and the sources of information are not identified with enough precision, and because disaggregated data have not been made available to independent scholars".[24]

Time series

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See also:Panel study andTime series

In "Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case" (2010) which reviewed changes to the methodology since 1990, Diego Giannone concluded that "because of the changes in methodology over time and the strict interconnection between methodological and political aspects, the FH data do not offer an unbroken and politically neutral time series, such that they should not be used for cross-time analyses even for the development of first hypotheses. The internal consistency of the data series is open to question."[26]

On this topic, the Freedom House website replies that they have "made a number of modest methodological changes to adapt to evolving ideas about political rights and civil liberties. At the same time, the time series data are not revised retroactively, and any changes to the methodology are introduced incrementally in order to ensure the comparability of the ratings from year to year."[9]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Gorokhovskaia, Yana; Shahbaz, Adrian; Slipowitz, Amy (9 March 2023)."Marking 50 Years in the Struggle for Democracy".Freedom House. Retrieved9 March 2023.
  2. ^William Ide (11 January 2000)."Freedom House Report: Asia Sees Some Significant Progress". Voice of America.Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. RetrievedOctober 13, 2012.
  3. ^abcdBollen, K.A.,"Political Rights and Political Liberties in Nations: An Evaluation of Human Rights Measures, 1950 to 1984",Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 4 (November 1986), pp.567–591. Also in: Jabine, T.B. and Pierre Claude, R. (Eds.),Human Rights and Statistics, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992, pp. 188–215,ISBN 0-8122-3108-2.
  4. ^“Correlation Versus Interchangeability: the Limited Robustness of Empirical Finding on Democracy Using Highly Correlated Data Sets"Archived 20 October 2017 at theWayback Machine, Gretchen Casper and Claudiu Tufis,Political Analysis, 11:2 (2003), pp. 196–203, Society for Political Methodology
  5. ^abPrzeworski, Adam (2003). "Freedom to choose and democracy".Economics and Philosophy.19 (2):265–279.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.570.736.doi:10.1017/S0266267103001159.S2CID 38812895.
  6. ^"Freedom in the World 2019"(PDF). Freedom House. 5 February 2019. Retrieved5 February 2019.
  7. ^"Freedom in the World 2020"(PDF). Freedom House. 4 March 2020. Retrieved4 March 2020.
  8. ^"Freedom in the World 2021"(PDF). Freedom House. 3 March 2021. Retrieved3 March 2021.
  9. ^abcd"Freedom in the World 2010: Methodology"Archived 23 December 2011 at theWayback Machine,Freedom in the World 2010, Freedom house
  10. ^"Methodology: Freedom in the World 2018".freedomhouse.org. 13 January 2018. Archived fromthe original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved17 January 2018.
  11. ^List of Electoral Democracies, FIW 2025 (Excel Download),Freedom In the World, List of Electoral Democracies, FIW 2025 (Excel Download), Freedom House.
  12. ^abAll Data, FIW 2013-2024 (Excel Download),Freedom In the World, All Data, 2013-2024 (Excel Download), Freedom House.
  13. ^"Countries and Territories".Freedom House. Retrieved5 March 2021.
  14. ^Puerto Rico *. Retrieved fromhttps://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/puerto-ricoArchived 18 July 2019 at theWayback Machine
  15. ^Bollen has held chairs as a Distinguished Professor of Sociology and the Director of the Howard W. Odum Institute for Research in Social Science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH). Also serving as an Adjunct Professor of Statistics at UNC-CH, Bollen wrote the leading graduate textbook instructural equation models (SEM), often calledLISREL models; SEM modeling allows the summary of a large number of measurements using a small number of meaningfulfactors. SEM was used by Bollen in the studies reported hereafter.
  16. ^abcMainwaring, S.; Brinks, D.; Pérez-Liñán, A.B. (2001). "Classifying Political Regimes in Latin".Studies in Comparative International Development.36 (1):37–65.doi:10.1007/BF02687584.S2CID 155047996.
  17. ^Gastil, R.D. (1990). "The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and Suggestions".Studies in Comparative International Development.25 (1):25–50.doi:10.1007/BF02716904.S2CID 144099626.
  18. ^abBollen, Kenneth A. and Paxton, Pamela,"Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy",Comparative Political Studies, vol. 33, no. 1 (February 2000), pp. 58–86
  19. ^Andrew Little and Anne Meng,“Measuring Democratic Backsliding.“PS: Political Science & Politics (forthcoming).https://osf.io/n32zk/
  20. ^Giannone, Diego, "Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case",Democratization, vol. 17, no. 1 (February 2010), pp. 68–97.
  21. ^"Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics."The American Political Science Review 64 (4): 1033–1053.
  22. ^Giannone (2010), p. 69. Quoting Landman, Tod, and Julia Hausermann,indicators/GovIndicatorsEssex2003.pdfMap-Making and Analysis of the Main International Initiatives on Developing Indicators on Democracy and Good Governance[dead link], Final Report, University of Essex – Human Rights Centre, July 2003, 98 pp.
  23. ^Scoble, Harry and Laurie Wiseberg, Ved Nanda, Ved, James Scarritt, and George Shepherd (eds) (1981), "Problems of Comparative Research in Human Rights",Global Human Rights: Public Policies, Comparative Measures and NGO Strategies, pp. 147–171, Westview Press, Boulder, CO,ISBN 978-0-89158-858-0. Cited in Giannone (2010), p. 69.
  24. ^abGiannone (2010), p. 69, citing Scoble, et al. (1981) and Axel Hadenius and Jan Teorell."Assessing Alternative Indices of Democracy", Political Concepts, Committee on Concepts and Methods, Working Paper Series, August 2005, 47 pp.
  25. ^Munck, Gerardo L. and Verkuilen, Jay,CPS 2002.pdf "Conceptualising and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices"[dead link],Comparative Political Studies, vol. 35, no. 1 (February 2002), pp. 5–34. Cited in Giannone (2010), p. 69.
  26. ^Giannone (2010), p. 68.

References

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