Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Freedom and Direct Democracy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Political party in the Czech Republic
Not to be confused withSocial Democratic Party of Germany, also abbreviated as SPD.
Freedom and Direct Democracy
Svoboda a přímá demokracie
AbbreviationSPD
LeaderTomio Okamura
Deputy LeadersRadim Fiala
Ivan David
Radek Rozvoral
Radovan Vích
Founded5 May 2015; 10 years ago (2015-05-05)
Split fromDawn of Direct Democracy
HeadquartersRytířská 6,Prague[1]
NewspaperNa vlastní oči[2]
Youth wingMladí Espéďáci
Membership(2022)10,682[3]
Ideology
Political positionFar-right
National affiliationSPD–Tricolour–Svobodní–PRO
European affiliationID Party (2015–2024)
ESN Party (since 2024)
European Parliament groupID Group (2019–2024)
ESN Group (since 2024)[25]
Colours  Blue
Chamber of Deputies
15 / 200
Senate
0 / 81
European Parliament
1 / 21
Regional councils
35 / 675
Governors of the regions
0 / 13
Local councils
492 / 62,300
Website
spd.cz

Freedom and Direct Democracy (Czech:Svoboda a přímá demokracie,SPD) is afar-right[39]political party in theCzech Republic.[40] It is led byTomio Okamura and it holds 10 seats in theChamber of Deputies. Its political positions can be described asnationalist[41] andneo-fascist,[43] espousingright-wing populism,[44] expressingopposition to immigration,[15][16] and beingstaunchly Eurosceptic,[5][18] while in their political program they state their support fordirect democracy.[6]

At the end of 2022, the party had 10,682 members and was the fastest-growing party in the country in terms of members.[3]

History

[edit]

The party was founded in May 2015 byTomio Okamura andRadim Fiala when eight Members of Parliament split from theDawn of Direct Democracy parliamentary group. As the party was newly formed in that parliamentary term, these MPs sat asindependents until the2017 Czech legislative election. Following that election, the party held 22 seats in theCzech Chamber of Deputies.

Freedom and Direct Democracy is named after the European Parliament Eurosceptic political groupEurope of Freedom and Direct Democracy.[45][46][47] The party has links withMarine Le Pen'sNational Front, which is a member of theEurope of Nations and Freedom, a separate Eurosceptic political group in the European Parliament,[48] and Marine Le Pen endorsed SPD before the2017 Czech legislative election.[49]

In December 2017, SPD hosted a conference of theMovement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom inPrague, alongside parties such as the FrenchNational Front, DutchParty for Freedom,Freedom Party of Austria, andLega Nord of Italy.[50]

In 2019, following theEuropean Parliament elections, SPD entered theEuropean Parliament with two MEPs, who sit with theIdentity and Democracy group.[51]

In July 2020, SPD MPTereza Hyťhová defected to become the third MP for theTricolour Citizens' Movement.[52]

During the2021 Czech legislative election, SPD finished fourth with 20 MPs.[53]

On 25 February 2022,[54] the party established its ownthink tank, the Institute of Freedom and Direct Democracy,[55] focused on the "development of democracy, the rule of law, pluralism of opinions and the protection of fundamental human rights",[56] with Josef Nerušil as its first Chairman.[57]

On 14 September 2022, MEPHynek Blaško left SPD due to disagreement with Okamura's leadership of the party.[58]

On 28 June 2024, Freedom and Direct Democracy announced it would leave the Identity and Democracy group to form a new,Alternative for Germany-led group called "Europe of Sovereign Nations", citing disagreements withANO 2011 on theEuropean Green Deal, immigration, censorship, and Ukraine.[59][60]

Mladí Espéďáci

[edit]

The party's youth wing,Mladí Espéďáci (English:Young SPD members; MES) was established in April 2021 viaFacebook,[61][62] with Martin Malášek as the first leader.[62] Diana Chodžajanová, a former contestant inČesko hledá SuperStar, became one of the faces of MES, appearing in short clips to promote the organisation.[63] In July 2022, the MES page was removed from Facebook.[64]

Cultural impact

[edit]

A 2017 song by SPD supporters Jan Žižka and Olivie Žižková calledJá volím SPD (I'm voting SPD) wentviral in the Czech Republic and became the target of ridicule.[65][66] This led to Žižková being jokingly voted into the top 30 female singers at the 2017Český slavík awards.[67]

Policies and ideology

[edit]
Part ofa series on
Neo-fascism

On its website and policy brief, SPD refers to itself as "a patriotic and democratic movement" with a focus on political reform, law and order, direct democracy, entrepreneurship, and national sovereignty. The party also advocates for reducing state surveillance, reforming the Czech tax system, supportinginternet freedom, and encouraging more citizen-led participation in national politics.[68]

Political commentators have variously described the party asright-wing populist,nationalist, andanti-immigration in its platform and rhetoric.[15][16] SPD has described itself as anational conservative party.[69] In April 2023, a court ruled that a description of the party as "fascist" by the magazineRespekt was "in accordance with the requirement of proportionality", and the magazine did not thus need to apologise for using this description.[70][71] SPD has been described asneo-fascist by news outlets includingBalkan Insight,bne Intellinews,Le Monde diplomatique, andEuropean Interest.[22][72][42][23]

The party opposes Czech membership in theEuropean Union and has been continuously calling for theCzech Republic to withdraw from the European Union. The party strongly opposes illegal immigration and the EU's policy of migrant quotas, and advocates a more restrictive immigration policy, particularly towards immigration from Islamic nations, and rejectsmulticulturalism. The party says that it does not seek to promote hatred towards any race or culture, but argues for the protection of "Judeo-Christian" values[73] and believes that migrant quotas will lead to the "Islamization" of Europe.[74][75][76][77] SPD takes apro-Israel stance on theGaza war, with Okamura stating that he supports Israel on all major issues.[78] Okamura has repeatedly called for suspending Czech military aid to Ukraine in theRusso-Ukrainian War, alongside believing that the Russian invasion of Ukraine should be addressed throughpeace talks between Russia and Ukraine, while claiming that the war should be brought to an end, even at the expense of Ukraine.[79] The party has been widely labelled as "pro-Russian".[80][81][82]

The party strongly opposes same-sex couples having the right to hold civil weddings.[83]

The party has been criticised for posting "misleading and manipulative content on social media", with the Ministry of Interior stating in July 2020 that SPD is the leading publisher of content featuring racial, ethnic, and religious hatred.[84]

Membership

[edit]

Tomio Okamura often claims that SPD has a membership of thousands of members. In October 2017, he claimed that SPD has 7,000 members,[85] and in November 2017 12,000 members.[citation needed] Doubt has been cast on these figures, with the suggestion that Okamura often conflates numbers of supporters with actual members. It was reported in 2015 that SPD had only 20 members, compared to Okamura's claims of 10,000.[citation needed] In February 2018, the party claimed to have 1,200 members,[86] while in July of the same year, its membership figure reportedly stood at 1,400 individuals.[87]

Election results

[edit]
SPD support in the 2017 election

Chamber of Deputies

[edit]
ElectionLeaderVotes%Seats+/–PositionStatus
2017Tomio Okamura538,57410.64
22 / 200
Increase 14Increase 4thOpposition
2021513,9109.56
20 / 200
Decrease 2Steady 4thOpposition
2025437,6117.78
15 / 200
Decrease 5Decrease 5thANO–SPD–AUTO

Senate

[edit]
ElectionFirst roundSecond roundSeats+/–
Votes%PlaceVotes%Place
20165,9880.6820th 
0 / 27
Steady
201870,1106.447th 
0 / 27
Steady
202061,3526.157th 
0 / 27
Steady
202285,8557.724th2,7910.5815th
0 / 27
Steady
202442,7335.396th3,3180.8511th
0 / 27
Steady

Presidency

[edit]
ElectionCandidateFirst roundSecond round
Votes%ResultVotes%Result
2018SupportedMiloš Zeman1,985,54738.56First place2,853,39051.37Won
2023Jaroslav Bašta248,3754.45Fifth place 

European Parliament

[edit]
ElectionList leaderVotes%Seats+/−EP Group
2019Ivan David216,7189.14 (#5)
2 / 21
NewID
2024[a]Petr Mach170,1725.73 (#7)
1 / 21
Decrease 1ESN

Regional councils

[edit]
ElectionVote%Seats+/–Position
2016[b]153,0995.7
18 / 675
Increase 18Increase 6th
2020169,9786.1
35 / 675
Increase 17Increase 5th

Local

[edit]
Election%Councillors
2018
155 / 61,892

Prague City Assembly

[edit]
ElectionLeaderVotes%Seats+/–PositionStatus
2018Hynek Beran895,8593.54
0 / 65
SteadyIncrease 6thOpposition
2022Milan Urban1 218, 6225.17
3 / 65
Increase 3Steady 6thOpposition

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Run in a joint list withTricolour.
  2. ^Participated in coalition withParty of Civic Rights

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Seznam politických stran a hnutí" (in Czech).Czech Ministry of the Interior.
  2. ^"Tomio Okamura: První číslo nových novin SPD – Na vlastní oči".spd.cz (in Czech). 11 September 2017. Retrieved15 September 2017.
  3. ^abBrodníčková, Karolina (27 June 2023)."Nejvíc přibylo členů SPD, padá ODS".Novinky.cz.
  4. ^Palata, Lubos (14 February 2025)."Czech opposition leader eyes state funding for public media".Deutsche Welle (DW). Retrieved5 August 2025.
  5. ^abcde"European Election Watch Czech Republic".Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Archived fromthe original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved4 January 2022.
  6. ^abcNordsieck, Wolfram (2017)."Czechia".Parties and Elections in Europe.
  7. ^ab"Volební zisky evropské krajní pravice jsou zatím vyšší než české".Lidovky.cz (in Czech). 23 December 2016. Archived fromthe original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved16 September 2017.
  8. ^[4][5][6][7]
  9. ^ab"Revoluce v Evropě? Něco se děje, podívejte se na Česko, píše se v Británii".EuroZprávy.cz (in Czech). Archived fromthe original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved15 September 2017.
  10. ^abBeran, Vojtěch (13 November 2016)."42 "vlasteneckých" a nacionalistických skupin v Česku".Echo24.cz (in Czech). Retrieved15 September 2017.
  11. ^abTvrdoň, Jan (15 July 2025)."„Stav připravenosti na útok." Vztahy mezi SPD a Stačilo! může rozprášit jejich souboj o lídra nacionalistické scény".Deník N (in Czech). Retrieved6 August 2025.
  12. ^abGrim, Jakub (8 January 2025)."Pomůže Okamurovi policie? Trestní stíhání ukáže, zda už je šéf SPD ‚za zenitem', nebo se ‚dokáže vzkřísit'".iROZHLAS (in Czech).Czech Radio. Retrieved6 August 2025.
  13. ^abPohanka, Vít (16 May 2025)."Czech voters stick to familiar choices as election campaign begins".Czech Radio. Retrieved6 August 2025.
  14. ^[9][10][11][12][13]
  15. ^abc"Okamura registers new anti-immigrant party Freedom and Direct Democracy".Radio Prague. 16 June 2015. Retrieved3 July 2016.
  16. ^abcVelinger, Jan (23 October 2017)."Okamura tells daily Freedom and Direct Democracy Party wants to be part of coalition government".Radio Prague. Retrieved2021-10-16.
  17. ^[15][16]
  18. ^abBrack, Nathalie; Startin, Nicholas (2015)."Introduction: Euroscepticism, from the margins to the mainstream".International Political Science Review.36 (3): 244.doi:10.1177/0192512115577231.ISSN 0192-5121.S2CID 145663358.
  19. ^[5][18]
  20. ^abCunningham, Benjamin (2018-04-01)."Moldovan election: Maïa Sandu against corruption".Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved2024-08-25.
  21. ^ab"Czechia sends representatives of populist ANO, neo-fascist SPD and Communists to European Parliament".bne Intellinews. 2019-05-28. Retrieved2024-08-24.
  22. ^abcAnderson, Rob (15 July 2019)."Summer Strife Puts Czech PM's Populism to the Test".Balkan Insight. Retrieved21 May 2024.
  23. ^abcBenakis, Theodoros (2024-06-10)."Discover the far-right parties in the new European Parliament".European Interest. Retrieved2024-08-24.
  24. ^[20][21][22][23]
  25. ^"SPD bude součástí nové frakce suverénních národů" [SPD will be a part of the new sovereign nations grouping].Echo24. 1 July 2024.
  26. ^Muller, Robert; Lopatka, Jan (21 October 2017)."Far-right scores surprise success in Czech election".Reuters. Retrieved23 October 2017.
  27. ^Day, Matthew (19 October 2017)."Far-Right Czech election 'kingmaker' calls for referendum on EU membership 'just like Britain'".The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved23 October 2017.
  28. ^Simecka, Michal (20 October 2017)."Babiš' Czech Republic: too thin a gruel?".openDemocracy. Retrieved23 October 2017.
  29. ^Zachová, Aneta (29 June 2023)."Czech far-right's attempt to block defence agreement with the US failed".Euractiv. Retrieved22 May 2024.
  30. ^Eisenchteter, Jules (13 May 2025)."'Dysfunctional' Parliament Exemplifies Czechia's Toxic and Polarised Politics".Reporting Democracy. Balkan Insight. Retrieved5 August 2025.
  31. ^Tkáčová, Natália (19 November 2024)."35 Years after the Velvet Revolution: A Reflection on Democracy and Its Challenges".Friedrich Naumann Foundation. Retrieved5 August 2025.
  32. ^Jochecová, Ketrin (24 September 2024)."Czech government in disarray after poor election results".Politico. Retrieved5 August 2025.
  33. ^Pohanka, Vít (3 April 2025)."Jiří Pehe: Czechia must be ready for a more intense hybrid war from Russia".Radio Prague International. Retrieved5 August 2025.
  34. ^"What chance of a referendum on 'Czexit' after this weekend's election?".euronews.com. 2021-10-08. Retrieved2021-10-10.
  35. ^Zachová, Aneta (7 July 2025)."Tokyo-born Czech nationalist revives Czexit ahead of national election".Euractiv. Retrieved5 August 2025.
  36. ^Beck, Robert (1 July 2025)."Czech Republic Faces Pressing Security Challenges Ahead of Parliamentary Elections".Foreign Policy Research Institute (FPRI). Retrieved5 August 2025.
  37. ^Eberle, Jakub; Daniel, Jan (23 June 2023).Politics of Hybrid Warfare The Remaking of Security in Czechia After 2014. Germany: Springer International Publishing. p. 9.ISBN 9783031327032. Retrieved5 August 2025.
  38. ^Rhinard, Mark; Nugent, Neill; Paterson, William, eds. (19 October 2023).Crises and Challenges for the European Union. India: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 242.ISBN 9781350342903. Retrieved5 August 2025.
  39. ^[5][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]
  40. ^Fernando Casal Bertoa."The Czech Republic finally has a new government: it has a prosecuted populist Prime Minister and is supported by the Communists".Who Governs Europe. Retrieved2021-10-16.
  41. ^[9][10][11][12][13]
  42. ^abCunningham, Benjamin (April 2018)."Graft that might not be there".Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved7 August 2025.
  43. ^[20][42][21][22][23]
  44. ^[5][6][7]
  45. ^Okamura, Tomio."» Rozhovor Tomia Okamury pro EuroZprávy.cz".Freedom and Direct Democracy. Retrieved25 May 2016.
  46. ^"Okamura a Fiala skončili v hnutí Úsvit, zakládají novou stranu".Czech Radio. 5 May 2015. Retrieved25 May 2016.
  47. ^"Řekli v Událostech, komentářích — Události, komentáře".Czech Television. Archived fromthe original on October 9, 2015.
  48. ^Rychetský, Jan (12 December 2015)."Tomio Okamura svolal všechny své lidi a bylo rušno: Nepřátelští vetřelci! Pokus o vraždu. Delegace od Marine Le Pen i provolání k Zemanovi".Parlamentni Listy (in Czech). Retrieved30 November 2023.
  49. ^"Marine Le Pen supports Tomio Okamura, President of the SPD, member of the MENF". 19 October 2017 – via YouTube.
  50. ^Willoughby, Ian (15 November 2017)."Le Pen to appear at December event with Okamura in Prague".Radio Prague. Retrieved30 November 2023.
  51. ^"Czechia sends representatives of populist ANO, neo-fascist SPD and Communists to European Parliament".intellinews.com. 2019-05-28. Retrieved2021-02-02.
  52. ^"Hyťhová opouští poslanecký klub SPD, bude spolupracovat s Trikolórou".iDNES.cz (in Czech). 27 July 2020. Retrieved27 July 2020.
  53. ^"Results".E15.cz (in Czech). Retrieved2021-10-10.
  54. ^"Institut svobody a přímé demokracie, z. ú. – IČO 14294982 – Obchodní rejstřík na Podnikatel.cz".Podnikatel.cz (in Czech). Retrieved22 April 2022.
  55. ^"SPD připravuje vlastní politický institut. Dostane na něj peníze od státu".Seznam Zprávy (in Czech). January 2022. Retrieved21 April 2022.
  56. ^"SPD má vlastní politickou neziskovku. Chce s ní rozvíjet demokracii a podporovat "vlastence"".romea.cz (in Czech). 2 March 2022. Retrieved22 April 2022.
  57. ^"SPD má vlastní politickou neziskovku. Chce s ní rozvíjet demokracii a podporovat "vlastence"".HlídacíPes.org (in Czech). 1 March 2022. Retrieved22 April 2022.
  58. ^Pánik, Jan (15 September 2022)."Blaško odešel z SPD. Holedbáte se demokracií, ale realita je zcela odlišná, napsal Okamurovi".forum24.cz (in Czech). Retrieved15 September 2022.
  59. ^"Hnutí SPD bude v EP součástí nové frakce Evropa suverénních národů".Aktualne.cz. 28 June 2024.
  60. ^""Že jsou označováni za nácky? Mně jsou blízcí." SPD v europarlamentu míří do frakce vedené AfD".Hospodárske noviny. 28 June 2024.
  61. ^"Sexuální násilí, klimatické změny, bydlení. Mladí straníci řekli, co štve vrstevníky".Aktuálně.cz (in Czech). 22 September 2021. Retrieved20 April 2022.
  62. ^ab"Okamurovi mládežníci startují. Na sociálních sítích rychle rostou".Studentské listy (in Czech). 22 June 2021. Retrieved20 April 2022.
  63. ^"Kráska ze SuperStar natáčí klipy pro SPD. Stala se tváří jejich mládežnické organizace".Insta Zprávy (in Czech). 29 July 2021. Retrieved20 April 2022.
  64. ^"Vrchní cenzor Tomio Okamura najednou bojuje za svobodu slova".forum24.cz (in Czech). Retrieved20 April 2022.
  65. ^"Lezou z popelnic, chodí bosi, zpívají a nelžou. Na co politici loví voliče?".iDNES.cz (in Czech). 2018-09-21. Retrieved2024-06-11.
  66. ^"Xenofóbna česká speváčka otrasnou pesničkou podporuje Okamurovu stranu. Najhorší je rap jej manžela".closer.sme.sk (in Slovak). 2017-06-14. Retrieved2024-06-11.
  67. ^Rožánek, Filip (2017-12-04)."Českého slavíka doběhly jeho metody".Hospodářské noviny (HN.cz) (in Czech). Retrieved2024-06-11.
  68. ^"Program".Freedom and Direct Democracy (in Czech).
  69. ^"Jak Okamurovo hnutí vnímají jeho politici? SPD chce být národně konzervativní, pravolevé dělení neřeší". 30 October 2023.
  70. ^"SPD lze označit za "parlamentní fašistické hnutí". Proč soud smetl žalobu na Respekt".Týdeník Respekt.
  71. ^"Czech court rules it is proportionate for "Tomio Okamura's Freedom and Direct Democracy" to be called fascist, verdict has taken effect". 26 April 2023.
  72. ^"Visegrad: Babis threatens Czech election losers with nightmare scenario".bne Intellinews. 2017-11-23. Retrieved2024-05-25.
  73. ^"Program".Freedom and Direct Democracy (in Czech).
  74. ^"Czech far-right leader Tomio Okamura urges citizens to walk pigs near mosques to defend country from Islam". 5 January 2015. Retrieved3 July 2016.
  75. ^"Far-right leaders gather in Prague ahead of EU vote".Euractive. 25 April 2019. Retrieved8 September 2019.
  76. ^"In Prague, Europe's far-right celebrates the Austrian coalition".Euractive. 17 December 2017. Retrieved8 September 2019.
  77. ^"Far-right scores surprise success in Czech election".Reuters. 21 October 2017. Retrieved8 September 2019.
  78. ^"Jste blázen a odporný člověk, útočil Okamura na ministryni obrany kvůli Izraeli".Aktuálně.cz (in Czech).Economia. 3 November 2023.
  79. ^"Okamura označil Ukrajince za "nácky", válku podle něj ukončí Trump".Novinky.cz (in Czech). Borgis. 8 April 2024.
  80. ^"Populist billionaire Andrej Babis's party set to win Czech election".Al Jazeera. 2025-10-04. Retrieved2025-10-06.
  81. ^Henley, Jon (2025-09-30)."Will pivotal election turn Czech Republic into another anti-EU agitator?".The Guardian.ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved2025-10-06.
  82. ^Hall, Ben (2025-10-05)."The political triumph of a rightwing billionaire Eurosceptic".Financial Times. Retrieved2025-10-06.
  83. ^"Czech president Milos Zeman vows to block same-sex marriages".The Independent. The Associated Press. 7 June 2022. Retrieved5 August 2025.
  84. ^Ciobanu, Claudia; Inotai, Edit; Sirotnikova, Miroslava; Dervisbegovic, Nedim (17 July 2020)."Democracy Digest: Extremism, Free Media and LGBT Rights".Balkan Insight. Reporting Democracy. Retrieved5 August 2025.
  85. ^"Okamura chce s SPD do vlády. Podmínkou je pro něj zákon o referendu".Euro.cz (in Czech). 6 October 2017. Retrieved9 December 2017.
  86. ^"Nové straníky táhne do partají volební úspěch i propad".Novinky.cz (in Czech). 9 February 2018. Retrieved9 February 2018.
  87. ^"Okamura zítra obhajuje post šéfa SPD" (in Czech). Retrieved14 July 2018 – via PressReader.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír; Vodová, Petra (2020).The Rise of Entrepreneurial Parties in European Politics. Springer Nature.ISBN 978-3-030-41916-5.

External links

[edit]
Themes
Core tenets
Topics
Variants
Movements
Africa
Asia
Northern / Northwestern Europe
Central Europe
Southern Europe
Eastern and Southeastern Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
People
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Croatia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
India
Iran
Israel
Italy
Japan
Romania
Russia
Spain
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Other
Works
Literature
Periodicals
Film
Music
Other
Related topics
History
1900s
1910s
1920s
1930s
1940s
Lists
Related topics
Leaders
Leadership elections
Presidential candidates
Organisation
Alliances
  • Bracketed numbers indicate numbers of seats in the respective chambers.
Chamber of Deputies
2025 (200 seats)
Senate
2024 (81 seats)
European Parliament
2024 (21 seats)
Regional Assemblies
2024 (675 seats)
Other parties
International
National
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy&oldid=1323916112"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp