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Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews

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1987 demonstration in Washington D.C.

Freedom Sunday Rally
Date	December 6, 1987 (1987-12-06)
Location	Washington, D.C.
Participants	Jewish activists and supporters

Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews was the title of a nationalmarch and political rally that was held on December 6, 1987 inWashington, D.C. An estimated 200,000 participants gathered on theNational Mall, calling for theGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,Mikhail Gorbachev, to extend his policy ofGlasnost to Soviet Jews by putting an end to their forced assimilation and allowing their emigration from theSoviet Union.^[1] The rally was organized by a broad-based coalition of Jewish organizations. At the time, it was reported to be the "largest Jewish rally ever held in Washington."^[2]

Objectives

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On Sunday, December 6, 1987, the eve of the Washington, D.C. Summit between Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. President Ronald Reagan,^[1] an estimated 200,000 people demonstrated on the National Mall in an unprecedented display of solidarity for Soviet Jewry.^[2] The mass mobilization, organized by a broad-based coalition, brought activists from across the United States to demand thatGorbachev extend his policy ofGlasnost to Soviet Jews by putting an end to their forced assimilation and allowing their emigration from the USSR. About half the participants came from the Greater New York area under the leadership of theGreater New York Coalition for Soviet Jewry, the National Conference for Soviet Jewry (NCSJ), theCouncil of Jewish Federations (CJF) and theUnited Jewish Appeal (UJA).^[3]

The audio of the rally was broadcast throughVoice of America radio stations, including in Europe, enabling refuseniks within the Soviet Union to listen to the speeches surreptitiously.^[4]

History

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The rally — reported at the time to be the "largest Jewish rally ever held in Washington"^[2] — showed "clearly where the real strength of American Jewish organizations existed," wrote historian Henry L. Feingold. It was "not in negotiating with sovereign powers that gave no assurance that they would implement what might be agreed to. The giant Washington rally of 6 December 1987 demonstrated that public relations techniques to focus attention on the plight of Soviet Jewry had become a formidable skill developed by the American Soviet Jewry movement."^[5]

Posters from the rally have been digitized and are available online from the Archives of the American Soviet Jewry Movement held by theAmerican Jewish Historical Society.^[6]^[7]

The second largest Jewish rally held in Washington took place on April 16, 2002, when pro-Israel organizers, led by theConference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, gathered upwards of 100,000 people in front of the Capitol on one week's notice.^[8]

Speakers

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Speakers and performers at the rally included:^[9]

George H. W. Bush – then Vice President and later President of the United States
Natan Sharansky – former Sovietrefusenik and prisoner, later Israeli politician
Yosef Mendelevitch – former Soviet refusenik and participant in theDymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair
James Wright – then Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Bob Dole – U.S. Senator, then minority leader of the United States Senate
Shoshana S. Cardin – Chairman of Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish American Organizations
Moshe Arad – then ambassador from Israel to the United States
John Lewis – U.S. Rep, civil rights activist
Peter, Paul and Mary - musicians
William Atwell
Arie Brouwer
David Clarke
Pamela Cohen
BishopWilliam Keeler
Edward Koch – then Mayor of New York
Robert Loup
Vladmir Pozner
Martin Stein

References

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^^a ^b"Human Rights, Arms Control Top Reagan-Gorbachev Agenda".Jewish Telegraphic Agency. December 9, 1987. RetrievedSeptember 19, 2015.
^^a ^b ^c"More Than 200,000 Rally on Behalf of Soviet Jewry in Massive D.C. Gathering".Jewish Telegraphic Agency. December 7, 1987. RetrievedSeptember 19, 2015.
^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on July 17, 2020. RetrievedNovember 22, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^"National Conference on Soviet Jewry - letter dated December 18, 1987"(PDF). RetrievedJuly 6, 2022.
^Feingold, Henry (2006).Silent No More: Saving the Jews of Russia, The American Jewish Effort, 1967-1989. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 272.ISBN 0815631014.
^"Mr. Gorbachev, before you talk arms, let's talk bodies". Union of Councils for Soviet Jews. 1987. RetrievedNovember 22, 2015.
^"Freedom Sunday: Summit Mobilization for Soviet Jews". National Conference on Soviet Jewry. 1987. RetrievedNovember 22, 2015.
^"'We Knew We Had to Come,' Say Jews Gathered at Pro-Israel Rally".Jewish Telegraphic Agency. April 16, 2002. RetrievedSeptember 19, 2015.
^Freedom Rally for Soviet Jews (video). C-SPAN. December 9, 1987. RetrievedSeptember 19, 2015.

External links

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C-SPAN Video of the Freedom Sunday Rally
Guide to the Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry collection at the American Jewish Historical Society.

Refusenik movement and1990s post-Soviet aliyah

(c. 1970 – 2000)

Background

Causes	The Holocaust Antisemitism in the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin Zionism Six-Day War Emigration from the Eastern Bloc Slánský trial Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
Jewish groups	Ashkenazim Mountain Jews Karaim Krymchaks Bukharan Jews Georgian Jews

Events

People

Soviet Union
Commonwealth of Independent States

Pro-government/antisemitic	Leonid Brezhnev Yuri Andropov Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Suslov David Dragunsky Yakov Fishman Adolf Shayevich Emomali Rahmon
Jewish	Ida Nudel Natan Sharansky Yuli Edelstein Eduard Kuznetsov Iosif Begun

United States

Israel

Other

Pro-Soviet	Władysław Gomułka
Pro-Jewish	Nicolae Ceaușescu

Organisations

Soviet Union	Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communist Party of the Russian Federation Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public Moscow Helsinki Group Pamyat
United States	Jewish Defense League American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Union of Councils for Soviet Jews National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
Israel	Nativ Jewish Agency

Aftermath

v t e Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
History	The Holocaust in the Soviet Union Internal exile during World War II Jewish autonomy in Crimea Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO) Birobidzhan Jewish history in the JAO
Organizations	Jewish Communist Party (EKP) Jewish Communist Youth Union (EKSM) Yevsektsiya Komzet OZET Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
Soviet antisemitism	1931 Menshevik Trial Night of the Murdered Poets Doctors' plot Rootless cosmopolitan Anti-cosmopolitan campaign Joseph Stalin and antisemitism
Zionism	Soviet anti-Zionism Anti-Zionist Committee 1970s Soviet Union aliyah Refusenik Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking
International activism	Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia Soviet Jewry movement National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry Cleveland Council Nativ Freedom Sunday Jackson–Vanik amendment
Media and publications	Am Yisrael Chai Jews on Land The Black Book of Soviet Jewry

v t e Soviet Union–United States relations
Diplomatic posts	Embassy of the Soviet Union, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to the United States Soviet ambassador's residence Embassy of the United States, Moscow Ambassadors of the United States to the Soviet Union Spaso House Consulate-General of the Soviet Union, New York City John Henry Hammond House Consulate-General of the Soviet Union, San Francisco Elmcroft Estate Lothrop Mansion Pioneer Point Permanent Mission of the Soviet Union to the United Nations Killenworth Russian Soviet Government Bureau Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
Diplomacy	Lend-Lease Lend-Lease Sherman tanks Moscow Conference (1941) Moscow Conference (1942) Moscow Conference (1943) Declaration of the Four Nations Moscow Conference (1944) Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Tehran Conference Moscow Conference (1945) Stalin Note Berlin Conference (1954) Geneva Summit (1955) Lacy-Zarubin Agreement United States restitution to the Soviet Union State visit by Nikita Khrushchev to the United States United Nations Security Council Resolution 135 Dartmouth Conference Vienna summit Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament Moscow–Washington hotline Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Glassboro Summit Conference Détente Linkage Bion program Kosmos 782 Kosmos 936 Kosmos 1129 Kosmos 1514 Kosmos 1667 Kosmos 1887 Kosmos 2044 TOPAZ nuclear reactor Moscow Summit (1972) Washington Summit (1973) 1973 United States–Soviet Union wheat deal Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Geneva Conference (1973) Moscow Summit (1974) Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control NATO Double-Track Decision Zero Option Geneva Summit (1985) Reykjavík Summit Washington Summit (1987) Geneva Accords (1988) Moscow Summit (1988) Governors Island Summit US/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage Malta Summit Helsinki Summit (1990) Madrid peace conference letter of invitation European Advisory Commission Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls Council for American–Soviet Trade Council of Foreign Ministers
Cold War	Origins Timeline 1947–1948 1948–1953 1953–1962 1962–1979 1979–1985 1985–1991 Espionage Cold War in Asia Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine Nuclear arms race Space Race Timeline United States war plans (1945–1950) U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Active Measures Working Group Air-to-air combat losses between the Soviet Union and the United States CIA activities in the Soviet Union Containment Rollback Red Scare The Moscow rules Seven Days to the River Rhine Sheldon names Strategic Defense Initiative United States aerial reconnaissance of the Soviet Union Bomber gap Missile gap NSC 68 Smolensk Archive Soviet Military Power Operation Shocker Plan Totality Nitrophenyl pentadienal Venona project Operation Anadyr Operation Breakthrough Operation Cedar Operation Chrome Dome Operation Cyclone Operation Dropshot Operation Giant Lance Operation Gold Operation Denver Operation Ivy Bells Operation Keelhaul Operation Lincoln Operation Monopoly Operation RYAN Operation Safe Haven (1957) Operation Sunrise 7th Air Escadrille Project Azorian Project Coldfeet Project Dark Gene Project Genetrix Project Grab Bag Project HOMERUN Project Moby Dick Project Mogul Project Hula
Incidents	Sisson Documents Turkish Straits crisis Welles Declaration Gorin v. United States Atomic spies Baruch Plan Iran crisis of 1946 Niš incident Berlin Blockade Kasenkina Case Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. Hollow Nickel Case Moscow Signal Capture of the Tuapse We will bury you Kuzma's mother Sputnik crisis Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959 1958 C-130 shootdown incident 1960 U-2 incident 1960 RB-47 shootdown incident Transfermium Wars Arrest of Mark Kaminsky and Harvey Bennett Martin and Mitchell defection Shoe-banging incident Berlin Crisis of 1961 1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident Cuban Missile Crisis Crateology SS Metallurg Anosov Ich bin ein Berliner 1964 T-39 shootdown incident Pan Am Flight 708 Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair Aeroflot Flight 244 Gambell incident Project Azorian Soviet submarine K-129 (1960) Feodor Fedorenko Siberian Seven United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union 1980 Summer Olympics boycott Yellow rain Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Evil Empire speech Korean Air Lines Flight 007 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident Able Archer 83 Autumn Forge 83 1984 Summer Olympics boycott We begin bombing in five minutes Arthur D. Nicholson John Anthony Walker 1986 Black Sea incident Soviet submarine K-219 Karl Linnas Tear down this wall! Yeniseysk-15 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Chicken Kiev speech
Military relations	Allied Control Council Allied Kommandatura Allied technological cooperation during World War II ALSIB Arctic convoys of World War II Berlin Victory Parade of 1945 Elbe Day Four Policemen Four Power Naval Commission Four-Power Authorities GIUK gap Line of Contact Military liaison missions Northwest Staging Route Pacific Route Persian Corridor Persian Gulf Command Warsaw airlift Tripartite Naval Commission Eisenhower Doctrine Truman Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Stimson Doctrine Bell P-63 Kingcobra Belorussia-class cargo ship SS Dakotan SS Indigirka SS Iowan Tupolev Tu-4 Tupolev Tu-70 Tupolev Tu-80 USCGC Southwind USS West Bridge United States and the Russian Revolution American Expeditionary Force, North Russia American Expeditionary Force, Siberia North Russia intervention Siberian intervention
Legislation	Russian Famine Relief Act Executive Order 8484 Jackson–Vanik amendment Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992 FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993
Treaties	Moscow Declarations Potsdam Agreement Wanfried agreement McCloy–Zorin Accords Outer Space Treaty Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space Four Power Agreement on Berlin Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes U.S.–Soviet Incidents at Sea agreement Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War Threshold Test Ban Treaty Strategic Arms Limitation Talks National technical means of verification Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 1990 Chemical Weapons Accord USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany START I Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
Organizations	American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia Ark Project American National Exhibition Kitchen Debate American Peace Mobilization American Relief Administration American Russian Institute American University speech American–Soviet friendship movement American-Soviet Peace Walks Amerika (magazine) Amtorg Trading Corporation And you are lynching Negroes Androgynous Peripheral Attach System Anglo-American School of Moscow Anglo-American School of St. Petersburg Ansonia Clock Company Apollo–Soyuz Apollo-Soyuz (cigarette) Center for Citizen Initiatives Communist Party USA Dewey Commission Institute for US and Canadian Studies International Conference of Laser Applications International Cospas-Sarsat Programme International Publishers Kennan Institute Kersten Committee Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews Friends of Soviet Russia Foundation for Social Inventions Gennady Alferenko Friendship Flight '89 Friendship Flight (Alaska Airlines) Fund for Armenian Relief National Committee for a Free Europe National Council of American–Soviet Friendship Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia Russian-American Industrial Corporation Russian War Relief Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in the U.S. U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine U.S. Peace Council
Related	Russian Empire–United States relations Russia–United States relations Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C. 1972 Olympic men's basketball final 1976 Philadelphia Flyers–Red Army game 1989 visit by Boris Yeltsin to the United States Baltic Freedom Day Bush legs Captive Nations Captive Nations Week GAZ Goodwill Games Glasnost Bowl Little Joe Miracle on Ice New world order (politics) Pushinka Refusenik SAGE Self-propelled barge T-36 Shvetsov M-25 Super Series Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Sovfoto Triangular diplomacy U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge US vs. USSR radio chess match 1945 USA–USSR Track and Field Dual Meet Series Uzel White Coke World Chess Championship 1972 X Article Yardymly Russian Life Soviet Interview Project Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Comparison of the AK-47 and M16 Bobby Fischer Georgi Bolshakov Samantha Smith Roswell Garst Suzanne Massie Who's Who in the CIA Eagles East The Admiral's Daughter Deep Black The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks Stalingrad Free to Be... a Family "In Soviet Georgia" Red Wave "Ordinary People"
Category:Soviet Union–United States relations