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Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
UK free trade agreements

See also:United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
  United Kingdom
  Active free trade areas

Following itswithdrawal from theEuropean Union on 31 January 2020, theUnited Kingdom began negotiations on severalfree trade agreements to remove or reducetariff andnon-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previousEU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years ofmembership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by theEuropean Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from theEuropean Single Market and theEuropean Union Customs Union (and itstrade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, make use of amutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties wereprovisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.[1]Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements: these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to expand the deal since Brexit.[2]

As of December 2024[update], the United Kingdom has 39 active free trade agreements with nations andtrade blocs, covering 102countries andterritories.[3][1][4] Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as withAustralia andNew Zealand.[5] The UK is also amember of theComprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has acustoms union with its threeCrown Dependencies.[6] The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14British Overseas Territories.[7]

Competence and ratification

[edit]

According toUK law theUnited Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.[8]

The UK's negotiating team will consult with itsStrategic Trade Advisory Group throughout thenegotiations.[9]

Ratification

[edit]

The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with theSecretary of State forForeign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.[10]

The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

  • must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
  • will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
  • will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
  • will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
  • will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
  • is responsible for the registration of these treaties with theUnited Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United NationsTreaty Series
  • will transfer of the treaties to theNational Archives for preservation[10]

Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government,Crown Dependencies andOverseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.[10]

Active agreements

[edit]

The following free trade agreements are currently in effect. The following lists include three types of trade agreements as classified by theWorld Trade Organization, including: free trade agreements (FTA),economic integration agreements (EIA), andcustoms unions (CU). Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Independent Agreements

[edit]

The following bilateral and plurilateral free trade agreements are currently active independently from a trade bloc:

Nation(s)No. of
nations
represented		Agreement[1]SignedEffectiveCoverageTypeWTOMechanism[1]Trade value
(2023)[1][11]		Ref.
Albania1Albania–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement5 February 20213 May 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£362m[12][13]
Andean Countries
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru		3Andean Countries–UK Trade Agreement15 May 20191 January 2021[a]Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£4,051m[15][16]
Australia1Australia–UK Free Trade Agreement16 December 202131 May 2023Goods & ServicesNewFTA & EIAFull ratification£20,036m[17][18]
Cameroon1Cameroon–UK Economic Partnership Agreement28 December 20201 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£1,029m[19][20]
Canada1Canada–UK Trade Continuity Agreement22 December 20201 January 2021Goods & Services[b]ContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£26,287m[22][23]
CARIFORUM
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago		14CARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement22 March 2019[c]1 January 2021[d]Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAProvisional application£5,537m[26][27]
Central America
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama		6Central America–UK Association Agreement18 July 20191 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£2,478m[28][29]
Chile1Chile–UK Association Agreement30 January 20191 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£1,804m[30][31]
Eastern and Southern Africa
Madagascar
Mauritius
Seychelles
Zimbabwe		4Eastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement31 January 2019[e]1 January 2021[f]GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£2,027m[g][33][34]
Egypt1Egypt–UK Association Agreement5 December 20201 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£4,659m[35][36]
European Union31[l]EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement30 December 20201 January 2021Goods & ServicesNewFTA & EIAFull ratification£805,000m[37][38]
Faroe Islands1Faroe Islands–UK Free Trade Agreement31 January 20191 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£1,108m[39][40]
Georgia1Georgia–UK Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement21 October 20191 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£500m[41][42]
Ghana1Ghana–UK Interim Trade Partnership Agreement2 March 20215 March 2021GoodsContinuityFTAProvisional application£1,188m[43][44]
Iceland
Liechtenstein
Norway		3Iceland–Liechtenstein–Norway–UK Free Trade Agreement8 July 20211 December 2021Goods & Services[m]NewFTA & EIAFull ratification£41,537m[n][45][46]
Israel1Israel–UK Trade and Partnership Agreement18 February 20191 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£6,137m[47][48]
Ivory Coast1Ivory Coast–UK Stepping Stone Economic Partnership Agreement15 October 20201 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£841m[49][50]
Japan1Japan–UK Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement23 October 20201 January 2021Goods & ServicesNewFTA & EIAFull ratification£27,575m[51][52]
Jordan1Jordan–UK Association Agreement5 November 20191 May 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£1,313m[53][54]
Kenya1Kenya–UK Economic Partnership Agreement8 December 20201 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£1,427m[55][56]
Kosovo1Kosovo–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement3 December 20191 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£12m[57][40]
Lebanon1Lebanon–UK Association Agreement19 September 20191 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£1,131m[58][59]
Liechtenstein
Switzerland		2Switzerland–Liechtenstein–UK Trade Agreement11 February 20191 January 2021Goods[o]ContinuityFTAFull ratification£50,817m[p][61][62]
Mexico1Mexico–UK Trade Continuity Agreement15 December 20201 June 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£6,599m[63][64]
Moldova1Moldova–UK Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement24 December 20201 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£1,478m[65][66]
Morocco1Morocco–UK Association Agreement26 October 20191 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAProvisional application£3,524m[67][68]
New Zealand1New Zealand–UK Free Trade Agreement28 February 202231 May 2023Goods & ServicesNewFTA & EIAFull ratification£3,100m[69][70]
North Macedonia1North Macedonia–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement3 December 20201 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAProvisional application£2,507m[71][72]
Pacific States
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands		4Pacific States–UK Economic Partnership Agreement14 March 2019[q]1 January 2021[r]GoodsContinuityFTAProvisional application£390m[76][77]
Palestinian Authority1Palestinian Authority–UK Political, Trade and Partnership Agreement18 February 20191 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£38m[78][79]
Serbia1Serbia–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement16 April 202120 May 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£1,018m[80][81]
Singapore1Singapore–UK Free Trade Agreement10 December 20201 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuity[s]FTA & EIAFull ratification£22,327m[84][85]
South Korea1South Korea–UK Trade Agreement22 August 20191 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£16,331m[86][87]
Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique
Botswana
Eswatini
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa		6SACUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement9 October 2019[t]1 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAFull ratification£11,420m[89][90]
Tunisia1Tunisia–UK Association Agreement4 October 20191 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTA & EIAFull ratification£693m[91][92]
Turkey1Turkey–UK Trade Agreement29 December 20201 January 2021GoodsContinuityFTAProvisional application£25,817m[93][94]
Ukraine1Ukraine–UK Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement8 October 20201 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuity[u]FTA & EIAFull ratification£1,523m[97][98]
Vietnam1UK–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement29 December 20201 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuityFTA & EIAProvisional application£5,859m[99][100]

Trade bloc membership

[edit]
Main article:Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP
  CPTPP Signatories
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories


The United Kingdom is currently a member of onetrade bloc, which covers multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Trade blocNo. of nations
represented		SignedEffectiveCoverageWTOTrade value[1]Ref.
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Australia
Brunei
Canada[v]
Chile
Japan
Malaysia
Mexico[v]
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Vietnam		1116 July 202315 December 2024[w]Goods & ServicesFTA & EIA£120,851m[x][101][102]

Dependencies

[edit]

The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade withBritish Overseas Territories andCrown Dependencies.

Nation(s)No. of nations
represented		SignedEffectiveCoverageTreatyTrade value
(2023)[103]		CommentRef.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia3130 December 20201 January 2021Goods & ServicesNew£823,100mTrade with the UK is governed within theEU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, due to Akrotiri and Dhekelia remaining a part of theEuropean Union customs union.[104][105]
Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey		326 November 20189 December 2020Goods & ServicesNew£13,153mThe United Kingdom and theCrown Dependencies established acustoms union which created afree trade area between the territories, and creates acommon external tariff with other countries.[106][6]
Gibraltar124 October 20191 January 2021Goods & ServicesContinuity£7,236mTrade with Gibraltar is governed under the 'Financial Services and Markets Act 2000', Gibraltar and the UK amended this act in order to continue the agreement they had in theEuropean Economic Area.[107]
Overseas Territories
Anguilla
Bermuda
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands
Montserrat
Pitcairn Islands
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands		129 November 20201 January 2021GoodsContinuity£10,591mThis arrangement acts as a continuity free trade agreement between 12 Overseas Territories and the UK.[7][108]

Negotiations

[edit]

The United Kingdom is currently pursuing free trade agreements with new countries using three methods. The first of which is negotiating completely new trade agreements with a country. The second is through a country applying and acceding to a trade bloc of which the United Kingdom is currently a member of. The third way is through encouraging countries to join existing plurilateral trade agreements.

Active negotiations

[edit]

The following countries are in active negotiations, have drafted, or signed a new free trade agreement with the UK government:[5][4]

Nation (s)No of nations
represented		AgreementCoverageTypeTrade value (2023)[1][103]StatusProgressRef.
Greenland1Greenland–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation AgreementGoodsContinuity£12mNegotiations ongoingNegotiations resumed on 3 October 2025.[109][110]
Gulf Cooperation Council
Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates		6Gulf Cooperation Council–UK Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£57,433mNegotiations ongoingSixth round of negotiations concluded on 9 February 2024.[111][112]
India1India–UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£38,978mAgreement signedAgreement signed on 24 July 2025.[113][114]
South Korea1South Korea–UK Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£18,349mNegotiations concludedAgreement in principle reached on 15 December 2025.[115][116]
Switzerland1Switzerland–UK Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£50,817mNegotiations ongoingNinth round of negotiations concluded on 16 January 2026.[117][118]
Turkey1Turkey–UK Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£25,817mNegotiations ongoingSecond round of negotiations concluded on 19 September 2025.[119][120]

Previous negotiations

[edit]

The following countries have previously opened negotiations with the UK government for a free trade agreement, but negotiations have since been suspended, stagnated, or removed from the UK governments trade negotiations agenda. The United Kingdom has formally suspended negotiations for a free trade agreement on two occasions; it suspended free trade negotiations withCanada in January 2024, andIsrael in May 2025.[121][122]

Nation (s)No of nations
represented		AgreementCoverageTypeTrade value (2023)[1][103]StatusProgressRef.
Algeria1Algeria–UK Association AgreementGoodsContinuity£2,303mNegotiations stagnatedA continuity trade agreement has been offered to Algeria; neither party has signed the agreement.[123]
Bosnia and Herzegovina1Bosnia and Herzegovina–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation AgreementGoods & ServicesContinuity£255mNegotiations stagnatedA continuity trade agreement has been offered to Bosnia and Herzegovina; neither party has signed the agreement.[124][123]
Canada1Canada–UK Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£26,287mNegotiations suspendedNegotiations suspended on 25 January 2024 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed eight rounds of talks since 2022.[125][126]
Israel1Israel–UK Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£6,137mNegotiations suspendedNegotiations suspended on 20 May 2025 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed five rounds of talks since 2022.[127][128]
Mexico1Mexico–UK Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£6,599mNegotiations stagnatedThird round of negotiations concluded on 19 May 2023.[129][130]
Montenegro1Montenegro–UK Partnership, Trade and Cooperation AgreementGoods & ServicesContinuity£156mNegotiations stagnatedA continuity trade agreement has been offered to Montenegro; neither party has signed the agreement.[124][123]
United States1UK–United States Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£310,840mNegotiations stagnatedFifth round of negotiations concluded on 30 October 2020.[131][132]

Preliminary discussions

[edit]

The following countries have reportedly discussed negotiating a free trade agreement with the United Kingdom, however negotiations have not been formally opened.

Nation (s)No of nations
represented		AgreementCoverageTypeTrade value (2023)[103]StatusProgressRef.
Maldives1Maldives–UK Free Trade AgreementGoodsNew£492mDiscussions stagnatedTrade consultation closed on 2 August 2023.[133][134]
Mercosur
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Paraguay
Uruguay		1Mercosur–UK Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£15,175mDiscussions ongoingPreliminary discussions to open FTA negotiations restarted on 11 November 2025.[135]
Thailand1Thailand–UK Free Trade AgreementGoods & ServicesNew£6,026mDiscussions ongoingPreliminary discussions to open FTA negotiations ongoing.[136][137]

Trade bloc applicants

[edit]

The following countries have applied to join theComprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade bloc of which the United Kingdom is a member of.

CountryApplicationNegotiations openedStatusBilateral trade value (2023)[1][103]Existing FTARef.
Cambodia16 December 2025pendingFormal application submitted£216mnone[138]
China16 September 2021pendingFormal application submitted£90,243mnone[139][140]
Costa Rica11 August 202229 November 2024Negotiations ongoing£1,143mCentral America–UK Association Agreement[141][142]
Ecuador29 December 2021pendingFormal application submitted£475mAndean Countries–United Kingdom Trade Agreement[143][144]
Indonesia19 September 2024pendingFormal application submitted£2,999mnone[145][146]
PhilippinesAugust 2025pendingFormal application submitted£2,439mnone[147]
Taiwan22 September 2021pendingFormal application submitted£7,433mnone[148][149]
Ukraine5 May 2023pendingFormal application submitted£1,523mUkraine–UK Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement[150][151]
United Arab EmiratesAugust 2025pendingFormal application submitted£24,161mnone[147]
Uruguay1 December 202221 November 2025Negotiations ongoing£409mnone[152][153]

EPA enlargement

[edit]

The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateralEconomic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.

Nation(s)Trade agreement
being joined		StatusRef.
HaitiCARIFORUM–United Kingdom Economic Partnership AgreementHaiti will be covered by theCARIFORUM–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement if they sign it and bring it into effect.[154]
Comoros
Zambia		Eastern and Southern Africa–United Kingdom Economic Partnership AgreementOut of the remainingCOMESA members, Comoros, and Zambia have agreements in place allowing them to join theESA–UK Economic Partnership Agreement:
  • Comoros signed the agreement on 12 April 2022 and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect.
  • Zambia will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.
[4][32]
East African Community
Burundi
DR Congo
Rwanda
Somalia
South Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda		Kenya–United Kingdom Economic Partnership AgreementArticle 143 of theUK–Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement enables any otherEast African Community member to make an accession request to the UK–Kenya EPA Council.[155][156]
Cook Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
Niue
Palau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu		Pacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership AgreementThePacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement states that 10 otherPacific nations are currently eligible to apply for accession.
  • Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the EPA.
[157]

Obsolete agreements

[edit]

The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated. Signature, entry into force and obsolete dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Former Independent Agreements

[edit]

The following bilateral and plurilateral free trade agreements were previously active independently from a trade bloc:

Nation(s)No of nations
represented		AgreementSignedEffectiveObsoleteCoverageWTOInformationSuperseded byRef.
Ireland1Ireland–United Kingdom Free Trade Area19 December 19651 July 19661 January 1973GoodsFTAThe Free Trade Area was agreed to after both nations' bids to join theEuropean Economic Community were rejected. This agreement was superseded upon both parties'accession to the EEC.European Economic Community[158][159]
Colombia1Colombia–UK Trade Continuity Agreement18 October 20191 January 202128 June 2022Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe Trade Continuity Agreement was a provisionally applied FTA. It existed following Brexit but prior to Colombia's ratification of the Andean Countries–UK Trade Agreement, which went on to supersede this agreement.Andean Countries–United Kingdom Trade Agreement[160]
Iceland
Norway		2Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Agreement8 December 20201 January 20211 September 2022GoodsFTAThe Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Agreement was a continuity trade agreement that plurilaterally covered bothIceland–UK trade as well asNorway–UK trade. The agreement was superseded by a new plurilateral FTA which expanded the coverage to include services, additionally coveringLiechtenstein–UK trade.Free Trade Agreement between Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and the UK[161][162][163]

Former trade bloc memberships

[edit]

The United Kingdom was previously a member of the followingtrade blocs, which covered multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Nation(s)No. of nations
represented		SignedEffectiveObsoleteCoverageWTONoteSuperseded byRef.
European Free Trade Association
Austria
Denmark
Iceland
Norway
Portugal
Sweden
 Switzerland		74 January 1960[y]3 May 1960[z]31 December 1972Goods & Services[aa]FTA & EIAThe UK was a founding member of theEuropean Free Trade Association, but left the organisation to join theEuropean Economic Community, along with Denmark.European Economic Community[165][166]
European Economic Community
Belgium
Denmark
France
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
West Germany/Germany[ab]		1122 January 1972[ac]1 January 1973[ad]1 November 1993Goods & ServicesCUThe UK joined theEuropean Economic Community, along with Denmark and Ireland. The EEC was superseded by theEuropean Union.European Union[169][170]
European Union277 February 1992[ae]1 November 1993[af]1 January 2021Goods & ServicesCU & EIAFollowing the result of theBrexit referendum, the UK invokedArticle 50 on 27 March 2017; the UKofficially withdrew from the EU on the 1 January 2021. Trade between the EU and the UK was superseded by the Trade and Cooperation following the withdrawal of the UK from the EU.Trade and Cooperation Agreement[175][176][169]
European Economic Area
302 May 1992[ae]1 January 1994[af]1 January 2021ServicesEIAThe UK and the European Union agreed thatServices trade would be covered by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement.[177]

European Union agreements

[edit]
See also:Free trade agreements of the European Union

The following agreements areEuropean Economic Community/European Union free trade agreements with third nations of which the UK was a part of during its membership of the European Union.

Nation (s)No of nations
represented		AgreementSignedEffectiveObsoleteCoverageWTONoteSuperseded byRef.
Austria1Austria–European Economic Community Agreement22 July 19721 October 19721 January 1995GoodsFTAThe agreement was terminated due to the Austria'saccession to the European Union.European Union[178]
Bulgaria1Bulgaria–European Economic Community Interim Agreement8 March 199331 December 19931 February 1995GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by a more comprehensive FTA with Bulgaria. Europe Association Agreement[179]
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic/Czech Republic[ag]1Czech and Slovak Federal Republic–European Communities Europe Association Agreement16 December 19911 March 19921 February 1995GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by a more comprehensive Association Agreement with the Czech Republic. Europe Association Agreement[180][181]
Romania1European Economic Community–Romania Interim Agreement1 February 19931 May 19931 February 1995GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by a more comprehensive FTA with Romania. Europe Association Agreement[182][183]
Turkey1European Economic Community–Turkey Association Agreement30 June 19731 January 19741 January 1996GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by a customs union with Turkey.Customs Union[184]
Slovenia1European Economic Community–Slovenia Cooperation Agreement5 April 199319 July 19931 January 1997GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by a more comprehensive FTA with Slovenia. Interim Agreement[185]
Faroe Islands1European Economic Community–Faroe Islands Agreement2 December 19911 January 19921 January 1997GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by a more comprehensive FTA with the Faroe Islands. Agreement[186]
Tunisia1European Economic Community–Tunisia Cooperation Agreement25 April 19761 November 19781 March 1998GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by an Association Agreement with Tunisia. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement[187][188]
Morocco1European Economic Community–Morocco Cooperation Agreement27 April 19761 November 19781 March 2000GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by an Association Agreement with Morocco. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement[189][190]
Israel1European Economic Community–Israel Agreement11 May 19751 July 19751 June 2000GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by an Association Agreement with Israel. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement[191][192]
Jordan1European Economic Community–Jordan Cooperation Agreement18 January 19771 November 19781 May 2002GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by an Association Agreement with Jordan. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement[193][194]
Lebanon1European Economic Community–Lebanon Cooperation Agreement3 May 19771 November 19781 March 2003GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by an Association Agreement with Lebanon. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement[195][196]
Cyprus1Cyprus–European Economic Community Association Agreement19 December 19721 June 19731 May 2004GoodsCUThe agreement was terminated due to the Cyprus'saccession to the European Union.European Union[197][198]
Czech Republic1Czech Republic–European Communities Europe Association Agreement4 October 19931 February 19951 May 2004Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to the Czech Republic'saccession to the European Union.[199][200]
Estonia1Estonia–European Communities Europe Association Agreement18 July 19941 January 19951 May 2004Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to Estonia'saccession to the European Union.[201][202]
Hungary1European Communities–Hungary Europe Association Agreement16 December 19911 February 19941 May 2004Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to the Hungary'saccession to the European Union.[203]
Latvia1European Communities–Latvia Europe Association Agreement18 July 19941 January 19951 May 2004Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to Latvia'saccession to the European Union.[204][205]
Lithuania1European Communities–Lithuania Europe Association Agreement18 July 19941 January 19951 May 2004Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to Lithuania'saccession to the European Union.[206][207]
Malta1European Communities–Malta Europe Association AgreementN/A1 January 19731 May 2004GoodsCUThe UK's accession to the European Economic Community coincided with the UK joining this agreement.
The agreement was terminated due to Malta'saccession to the European Union.		[208][209]
Poland1European Communities–Poland Europe Association Agreement16 December 19911 February 19941 May 2004Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to Poland'saccession to the European Union.[210]
Slovenia1European Communities–Slovenia Interim Agreement11 November 19961 January 19971 May 2004GoodsFTAThe agreement was terminated due to Slovenia'saccession to the European Union.[211]
1European Communities–Slovenia Europe Association Agreement10 June 19961 February 19991 May 2004ServicesEIAThe agreement was terminated due to Slovenia'saccession to the European Union.[212][213]
Slovakia1European Communities–Slovakia Europe Association Agreement4 October 19931 February 19951 May 2004Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to Slovakia'saccession to the European Union.[214][215]
Egypt1Egypt–European Economic Community Cooperation Agreement18 January 19771 November 19781 June 2004GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by an Association Agreement with Egypt. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement[216][217]
Algeria1Algeria–European Economic Community Cooperation Agreement26 April 19761 July 19761 September 2005GoodsFTAThe agreement was superseded by an Association Agreement with Algeria. Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement[218][219]
Bulgaria1Bulgaria–European Communities Europe Association Agreement8 March 19931 February 19951 January 2007Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to Bulgaria'saccession to the European Union.European Union[220][221]
Romania1European Communities–Romania Europe Association Agreement1 February 19931 February 19951 January 2007Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to Romania'saccession to the European Union.[222][223]
Croatia1Croatia–European Communities Stabilisation and Association Agreement29 October 20011 March 20021 July 2013Goods & Services[ah]FTA & EIAThe agreement was terminated due to Croatia'saccession to the European Union.[224][225]
Albania1Albania–European Communities Stabilisation and Association Agreement12 June 20061 April 20091 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Albania on 5 February 2021.Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement[226][227]
Algeria1Algeria–European Community Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement22 April 20021 September 20051 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK has no free trade agreement with Algeria.none[228][229]
Andorra1Andorra–European Economic Community AgreementN/A1 July 19911 January 2021GoodsCUThe UK and the European Union agreed that Andorra–UK trade would be covered by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement.Trade and Cooperation Agreement[230][231]
Armenia1Armenia–European Union Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement24 November 20171 June 20181 January 2021ServicesEIAThe UK has no free trade agreement with Armenia.none[232][233]
Bosnia and Herzegovina1Bosnia and Herzegovina–European Communities Stabilisation and Association Agreement16 June 20081 June 20151 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK has no free trade agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina.none[234][235][124]
Cameroon1Central Africa Party–European Community Economic Partnership Agreement15 January 20094 August 20141 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Cameroon on 28 December 2020. Economic Partnership Agreement[236][237]
Canada1Canada–European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement30 October 201621 September 20171 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Canada on 8 December 2020.Trade Continuity Agreement[238][239]
CARIFORUM
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago		14CARIFORUM–European Community Economic Partnership Agreement15 October 200829 December 20081 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with the CARIFORUM states on 22 March 2019.CARIFORUM–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement[240][241]
Central America
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama		6Central America–European Union Association Agreement29 June 20121 August 2013[ai]1 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Central America on 18 July 2019.Central America–United Kingdom Association Agreement[242][243]
Chile1Chile–European Community Association Agreement18 November 20021 February 20031 January 2021Goods & Services[aj]FTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Chile on 30 January 2019.Association Agreement[244][245]
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru		3Colombia, Ecuador and Peru–European Union Trade Agreement26 June 2012[ak]1 March 2013[al]1 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Colombia, Ecuador and Peru states on 15 May 2019.Andean Countries–United Kingdom Trade Agreement[246][247]
Eastern and Southern Africa
Comoros
Madagascar
Mauritius
Seychelles
Zimbabwe		5Eastern and Southern Africa–European Community Economic Partnership Agreement29 August 200914 May 20121 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with theEastern and Southern Africa states on 31 January 2019.Eastern and Southern Africa–UK Economic Partnership Agreement[248][249]
Egypt1European Communities–Egypt Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement25 June 20011 June 20041 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Egypt on 5 December 2020.Association Agreement[250][251]
Faroe Islands1European Community–Faroe Islands Agreement6 December 19961 January 19971 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with the Faroe Islands on 31 January 2019. Free Trade Agreement[252][253]
Georgia1European Union–Georgia Association Agreement27 June 20141 September 20141 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Georgia on 21 October 2019.Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Agreement[254][255]
Ghana1European Community–Ghana Stepping Stone Economic Partnership Agreement28 July 201615 December 20161 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Ghana on 2 March 2021.Interim Trade Partnership Agreement[256][257]
Iceland1European Economic Community–Iceland Agreement19 December 19721 April 19731 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Iceland on 8 December 2020.Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Agreement[258]
Israel1European Communities–Israel Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement20 November 19951 June 20001 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Israel on 18 February 2019.Trade and Partnership Agreement[259][260]
Ivory Coast1European Community–Ivory Coast Stepping Stone Economic Partnership Agreement26 November 20083 September 20161 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Ivory Coast on 15 October 2020.Stepping Stone Economic Partnership Agreement[261][262]
Japan1European Union–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement17 July 20181 February 20191 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a new free trade agreement with Japan on 23 October 2020.Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement[263][264]
Jordan1European Communities–Jordan Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement24 November 19971 May 20021 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Jordan on 5 November 2019.Association Agreement[265][266]
Kosovo1European Union–Kosovo Stabilisation and Association Agreement27 October 20151 April 20161 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Kosovo on 3 December 2019. Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement[267][268]
Lebanon1European Community–Lebanon Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement17 June 20021 March 20031 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Lebanon on 19 September 2019. Association Agreement[269][270]
Liechtenstein
 Switzerland		2European Economic Community–Switzerland AgreementN/A1 January 19731 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK's accession to the European Economic Community coincided with the UK joining this agreement.
The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Liechtenstein and Switzerland on 8 December 2020.		Switzerland–Liechtenstein–United Kingdom Trade Agreement[271][272]
Mexico1European Community–Mexico Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement8 December 19971 July 20001 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Mexico on 15 December 2020.Trade Continuity Agreement[273][274]
Moldova1European Union–Moldova Association Agreement27 June 20141 September 20141 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Moldova on 24 December 2020.Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement[275][276]
Montenegro1European Communities–Montenegro Stabilisation and Association Agreement15 October 20071 May 20101 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK has no free trade agreement with Montenegro.none[277][278][124]
Morocco1European Community–Morocco Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement26 February 19961 March 20001 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Morocco on 26 October 2019.Association Agreement[279][280]
North Macedonia1European Communities–Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Stabilisation and Association Agreement9 April 20011 June 20011 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with North Macedonia on 3 December 2020.Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement[281][282]
Norway1European Economic Community–Norway AgreementN/A1 January 19731 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK's accession to the European Economic Community coincided with the UK joining this agreement.
The UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Norway on 8 December 2020.		Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Agreement[283][284]
Overseas Countries and Territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Falkland Islands
French Polynesia
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Greenland
Montserrat
New Caledonia
Pitcairn Islands
Saba
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Wallis and Futuna		24European Union–Overseas Countries and Territories Free Trade Agreement27 November 20012 December 20011 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK has no free trade agreement with any of the EU Overseas Countries and Territories.none[285][286][287]
Pacific States
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands		4European Community–Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement30 July 2009[am]20 December 2009[an]1 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with the Pacific States on 14 March 2019.Pacific States–United Kingdom Economic Partnership Agreement[288][289]
Palestinian Authority1European Community–Palestinian Authority Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement24 February 19971 July 19971 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with the Palestinian Authority on 18 February 2019.Political, Trade and Partnership Agreement[290][291]
San Marino1European Economic Community–San Marino Cooperation and Customs Union Agreement16 December 19911 April 20021 January 2021GoodsCUThe UK and the European Union agreed that San Marino–UK trade would be covered by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement.Trade and Cooperation Agreement[292][293]
Serbia1European Communities–Serbia Stabilisation and Association Agreement29 April 20081 February 20101 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Serbia on 16 April 2021.Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement[294][295]
Singapore1European Union–Singapore Free Trade Agreement19 October 201821 November 20191 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Singapore on 10 December 2020.Free Trade Agreement[296][297]
South Africa1European Community–South Africa Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement11 October 19991 January 20001 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with South Africa on 16 October 2019.Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique–UK Economic Partnership Agreement[298][299]
South Korea1European Union–South Korea Free Trade Agreement6 October 20101 July 20111 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with South Korea on 22 August 2019. Trade Agreement[300][301]
Southern African Development Community
Botswana
Eswatini
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa		6European Union–Southern African Development Community Economic Partnership Agreement10 June 201610 October 2016[ao]1 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Mozambique and theSouthern African Customs Union on 9 October 2019.Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique–UK Economic Partnership Agreement[302][303]
Syria1European Economic Community–Syria Cooperation Agreement18 January 19771 July 19771 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK has no free trade agreement with Syria.none[304][305]
Tunisia1European Communities–Tunisia Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement7 July 19951 March 19981 January 2021GoodsFTAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Tunisia on 4 October 2019. Association Agreement[306][307]
Turkey1European Economic Community–Turkey Customs Union6 March 19951 January 19961 January 2021GoodsCUThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Turkey on 29 December 2020.Trade Agreement[308][309]
Ukraine1European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement27 June 201423 April 20141 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Ukraine on 8 October 2020.Political, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership Agreement[310][311]
Vietnam1European Union–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement30 June 20191 August 20201 January 2021Goods & ServicesFTA & EIAThe UK signed a trade continuity agreement with Vietnam on 29 December 2020.Free Trade Agreement[312][313]

Largest trading partners

[edit]
Export and import markets for goods and services in 2024, seasonally adjusted
Figures in £billions sterling
ExportsImports
RankTrade partner£billions% of totalRankTrade partner£billions% of total
European Union366.341.0%European Union459.550.0%
1.United States[ap]196.322.5%1.United States118.313.1%
2.Germany (EU member)61.17.0%2. Germany (EU member)85.39.4%
3.Ireland (EU member)51.65.9%3.China68.77.6%
4.Netherlands (EU member)50.85.8%4.Netherlands (EU member)59.86.6%
5.France (EU member)46.25.3%5.France (EU member)58.06.4%
6.China29.73.4%6.Spain (EU member)44.54.9%
7.Belgium (EU member)26.03.0%7.Belgium (EU member)34.73.8%
8.Switzerland (EFTA )25.52.9%8.Italy (EU member)34.43.8%
9.Spain (EU member)20.12.3%9.Ireland (EU member)30.43.4%
10.Italy (EU member)18.52.1%10.Norway (EFTA)28.43.1%
EU366.341.0%EU459.550.0%
Non EU526.959.0%Non EU459.250.0%
World893.2100%World918.7100%

Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.

The figures above are for 2024[314]

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This graph was using thelegacy Graph extension, which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to thenew Chart extension.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Trade with Colombia entered into force on 28 June 2022.[14]
  2. ^The agreement only covered goods until 1 April 2021 when it expanded to cover services.[21]
  3. ^Trinidad and Tobago signed on 1 April 2019.
    Dominican Republic signed on 4 April 2019.
    Antigua and Barbuda signed on 6 June 2019.
    The Bahamas signed on 27 November 2019.
    Suriname signed on 4 March 2021.[24]
  4. ^Trade with Suriname entered into force on 5 March 2021.[25]
  5. ^Madagascar signed the agreement on 4 November 2021.[32]
  6. ^Trade with Madagascar entered into force on 1 August 2024.[32]
  7. ^This figure was published prior to Madagascar's accession to the Economic Partnership Agreement; thus excludes trade with Madagascar.
  8. ^As an integral part of theEU Customs Union, Akrotiri and Dhekelia-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  9. ^Under theUK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that Andorra be treated as a member of theEUCU. Therefore, Andorra-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  10. ^As an integral part of theEU Customs Union, Monaco-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  11. ^Under theUK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that San Marino be treated as a member of theEUCU. Therefore, San Marino-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  12. ^This agreement covers the27 EU members, additionally it governs UK trade with Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, as well as theBritish Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.[1]
  13. ^Due to theSwiss-Liechtenstein customs union, goods from Liechtenstein are governed in the Switzerland–Liechtenstein–UK FTA.
  14. ^This figure only represents trade value between the UK and the cumulative value of Iceland and Norway. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  15. ^This treaty only governs Liechtenstein's goods due to the Swiss-Liechtensteincustoms union. Liechtenstein–UK trade is governed by the Iceland–Liechtenstein–Norway–UK FTA.[60]
  16. ^This figure only represents trade value between the UK and Switzerland. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 168m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  17. ^Samoa signed the agreement on 11 January 2021[73]
    The Solomon Islands signed the agreement on 5 January 2021[74]
  18. ^Trade with Samoa and the Solomon Islands entered into force on 31 March 2022.[75]
  19. ^Expanded upon by theSingapore–UK Digital Economy Agreement to cover digital trade, after entering into force on 14 June 2022.[82][83]
  20. ^South Africa signed the agreement on 16 October 2019.[88]
  21. ^Expanded upon by theUkraine–UK Digital Trade Agreement to cover digital trade, after entering into force on 1 September 2024.[95][96]
  22. ^abHas not yet ratified the UK’s accession to CPTPP.
  23. ^Trade with Australia entered into force on 24 December 2024.
  24. ^This figure only accounts for UK trade with the 7 CPTPP member states currently covered by the treaty, thus excludes Canada and Mexico.
  25. ^Iceland signed the agreement on 4 December 1969.[164]
  26. ^Trade with Iceland entered into force on 1 March 1970.[164]
    Trade with Liechtenstein entered into force on 1 September 1991.
  27. ^The agreement only covered goods until 1 June 2002 when it expanded to cover services.
  28. ^German reunification took place in 1990
  29. ^Greece signed the agreement on 28 May 1979.[167]
    Portugal and Spain signed the agreement on 12 June 1985.[168]
  30. ^Greeceacceded to the European Economic Community on 1 January 1981.[167]
    Portugal and Spainacceded to the European Economic Community on 1 January 1986.[168]
  31. ^abAustria, Finland, and Sweden signed the agreement on 24 June 1994.[171]
    Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia signed the agreement on 16 April 2003.[172]
    Bulgaria and Romania signed the agreement on 25 April 2005.[173]
    Croatia signed the agreement on 9 December 2011.[174]
  32. ^abAustria, Finland, and Swedenacceded to the European Union on 1 January 1995.[171]
    Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Sloveniaacceded to the European Union on 1 May 2004.[172]
    Bulgaria and Romaniaacceded to the European Union on 1 January 2007.[173]
    Croatiaacceded to the European Union on 1 July 2013.[174]
  33. ^Dissolution of Czechoslovakia took place in 1993.
  34. ^The agreement only covered goods until 1 February 2005 when it expanded to cover services.
  35. ^Trade with Costa Rica and El Salvador entered into force on 1 October 2013.
    Trade with Guatemala entered into force on 1 December 2013.
  36. ^The agreement only covered goods until 1 March 2005 when it expanded to cover services.
  37. ^Ecuador signed the agreement on 1 January 2017.
  38. ^Trade with Ecuador entered into force on 11 November 2016.
  39. ^Fiji signed the agreement on 11 December 2009.
  40. ^Trade with Fiji entered into force on 28 July 2014.
    Trade with Samoa entered into force on 31 December 2018.
    Trade with the Solomon Islands entered into force on 17 May 2020.
  41. ^Trade with Mozambique entered into force on 4 February 2018.
  42. ^includingPuerto Rico

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  229. ^"EU - Algeria".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  230. ^"Agreement in the form of an Exchange of Letters between the European Economic Community and the Principality of Andorra".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  231. ^"EU - Andorra".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  232. ^"Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Armenia, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  233. ^"EU - Armenia".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 19 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  234. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved29 April 2024.
  235. ^"EU - Bosnia and Herzegovina".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  236. ^"Interim agreement with a view to an Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Central Africa Party, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  237. ^"EU - Cameroon".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  238. ^"Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada, of the one part, and the European Union and its Member States, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  239. ^"EU - Canada".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  240. ^"Economic Partnership Agreement between the CARIFORUM States, of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  241. ^"EU - CARIFORUM States".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  242. ^"Agreement establishing an Association between the European Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Central America on the other".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  243. ^"EU - Central America".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  244. ^"Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Chile, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  245. ^"EU - Chile (Association Agreement)".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  246. ^"Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Colombia and Peru, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  247. ^"EU - Colombia, Ecuador and Peru".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  248. ^"Interim Agreement establishing a framework for an Economic Partnership Agreement between the Eastern and Southern Africa States, on the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, on the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  249. ^"EU - Eastern and Southern Africa States".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  250. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Arab Republic of Egypt, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 10 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  251. ^"EU - Egypt".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  252. ^"Agreement between the European Community, of the one part, and the Government of Denmark and the Home Government of the Faroe Islands, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  253. ^"EU - Faeroe Islands".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  254. ^"Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 10 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  255. ^"EU - Georgia".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  256. ^"Stepping stone Economic Partnership Agreement between Ghana, of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  257. ^"EU - Ghana".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  258. ^"EU - Iceland".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  259. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the State of Israel, of the other part".Archived from the original on 10 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  260. ^"EU - Israel".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  261. ^"Stepping Stone Economic Partnership Agreement between Côte d'Ivoire, of the one part, and the European Community and its Member States, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  262. ^"EU - Côte d'Ivoire".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 20 June 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  263. ^"Agreement between the European Union and Japan for an Economic Partnership".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  264. ^"EU - Japan".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  265. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 10 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  266. ^"EU - Jordan".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  267. ^Foreign & Commonwealth Office;Lidington, David (1 April 2016)."UK welcomes EU-Kosovo Stabilisation and Association Agreement".GOV.UK (Press release).Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved6 July 2025.
  268. ^Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations (1 April 2016)."Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Kosovo enters into force".European Commission.Archived from the original on 11 February 2025. Retrieved6 July 2025.
  269. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Members States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  270. ^"EU - Lebanon".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  271. ^"Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Swiss Confederation".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  272. ^"EU - Switzerland - Liechtenstein".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  273. ^"Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement between the European Community and its Member States of the one part, and the United Mexican States, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  274. ^"EU - Mexico".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  275. ^"Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  276. ^"EU - Moldova".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  277. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved29 April 2024.
  278. ^"EU - Montenegro".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  279. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Kingdom of Morocco, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  280. ^"EU - Morocco".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  281. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 10 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  282. ^"EU - North Macedonia".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  283. ^"COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No 2960/76 of 22 July 1976 approving the Agreement in the form of an exchange of letters amending Annex A to Protocol 1 to the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Kingdom of Norway"(PDF).Official Journal of the European Communities. 7 December 1976.Archived(PDF) from the original on 4 July 2025. Retrieved4 July 2025.
  284. ^"EU - Norway".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  285. ^"Council Decision 2013/755/EU of 25 November 2013 on the association of the overseas countries and territories with the European Union".EUR-Lex. 19 December 2013.Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved1 December 2023.
  286. ^"EU – Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT)".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  287. ^Trevelyan, Anne-Marie (27 January 2022)."UK-Greenland Free Trade Agreement Negotiations".UK Parliament.Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved1 December 2023.
  288. ^"Interim Partnership Agreement between the European Community, of the one part, and the Pacific States, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  289. ^"EU - Pacific States".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  290. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Interim Association Agreement on Trade and Cooperation between the European Community, of the one part, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for the benefit of the Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  291. ^"EU - Palestine".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  292. ^"Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union between the European Economic Community and the Republic of San Marino".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  293. ^"EU - San Marino".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  294. ^"Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  295. ^"EU - Serbia".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  296. ^"Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Singapore".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  297. ^"EU - Singapore".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  298. ^"Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation between the European Community and its Member States, on the one part, and the Republic of South Africa, on the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  299. ^"EU - South Africa".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  300. ^"Free Trade Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Korea, of the other part".Archived from the original on 10 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  301. ^"EU - Korea, Republic of".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 22 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  302. ^"Economic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the SADC EPA States, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  303. ^"EU - SADC".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  304. ^"Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Syrian Arab Republic".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  305. ^"EU - Syrian Arab Republic".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  306. ^"Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Tunisia, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  307. ^"EU - Tunisia".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  308. ^"Türkiye".European Commission.Archived from the original on 18 June 2025. Retrieved3 July 2025.
  309. ^"EU - Türkiye".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  310. ^"Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part".Council of the European Union.Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  311. ^"EU - Ukraine".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  312. ^"Viet Nam".European Commission.Archived from the original on 18 June 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  313. ^"EU - Viet Nam".World Trade Organization.Archived from the original on 24 June 2025. Retrieved2 July 2025.
  314. ^"Official Statistics: Trade and investment core statistics book".GOV.UK. 22 November 2024. Retrieved23 November 2024.
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