Free City of Danzig | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1807–1814 | |||||||||
.svg) The Free City of Danzig in 1812 | |||||||||
| Status | Client state of theFrench Empire under the protection ofSaxony andPrussia | ||||||||
| Capital | Danzig | ||||||||
| Common languages | Official: German | ||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||
| Government | Constitutional republic | ||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||
• 1807–1814 | Jean Rapp | ||||||||
| Mayor | |||||||||
• 1807–1808 | Carl von Gralath | ||||||||
• 1808–1812 | Gottlieb Hufeland | ||||||||
• 1812–1814 | Johann Wernsdorff | ||||||||
| Historical era | Napoleonic Wars | ||||||||
• Established | 21 July 1807 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 2 January 1814 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 478 km2 (185 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• Census | 64,234 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Poland | ||||||||
TheFree City of Danzig (French:Ville libre de Dantzig;German:Freie Stadt Danzig;Polish:Wolne Miasto Gdańsk), sometimes referred to as theRepublic of Danzig (French:République de Dantzig; German:Republik Danzig), was a semi-independentcity-state established byNapoleon on 21 July 1807, during the time of theNapoleonic Wars following the capture of the city in thesiege of Danzig in May. After theCongress of Vienna of 1814–1815, Danzig was re-incorporated into theKingdom of Prussia.[1]
Prussia had acquired the city ofDanzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) in the course of theSecond Partition of Poland in 1793. After the defeat of KingFrederick William III of Prussia at the 1806Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, according to the Franco-PrussianTreaty of Tilsit of 9 July 1807, the territory of thefree state was carved out from lands that made up part of theWest Prussia province. It consisted of the city of Danzig along with its rural surroundings on the mouth ofVistula, throughOliva, together with theHel Peninsula and itslighthouse as well as the southern half of theVistula Spit up toNarmeln.[2]
The Republic was officially proclaimed on 21 July 1807, after theImperial French troops had handed over the city on May 27. Prussia and theKingdom of Saxony underFrederick Augustus I, alsoDuke of Warsaw, were appointed guarantee powers. MarshalFrançois Joseph Lefebvre, commander of the Danzig siege, received the honorific title ofDuc de Danzig from the hands of Napoleon, however, the actual ruler of the city was the French governor GeneralJean Rapp. The citizens had to accommodate Napoleon'sGrande Armée forces and to pay large tributes in the preparation of theFrench invasion of Russia in 1812.[3]
After the French retreat, theImperial Russian forceslaid siege to the city from late January to 29 November 1813, and the remainingc. 40,000 French soldiers finally withdrew on 2 January 1814. Although the Prussian authorities made it the capital of West Prussia and the administrative centre of theRegierungsbezirk Danzig, the autonomy of the city was significantly reduced.[4]
During a military blockade of theBaltic Sea, multipletrading houses in the city went bankrupt. Until 1809, only four trading houses survived the siege and the blockade.[5] During its existence, the city was constantly facing aneconomic crisis. This was caused by multiple factors, mainly theContinental Blockade enforced by the French Empire. This was particularly damaging for Danzig, because theUnited Kingdom was one of the most important trading partners for the city, which can be seen by the fact that 89% of grain exports from Danzig went there. The number of trading ships entering the port of Danzig decreased significantly from 1806 to 1807, going from 377 to only 58,[6] which could show how bad the blockade was.
Despite the 20th article of the Treaty of Tilsit[7] prohibiting the city's protectors from putting any newtolls on trade along theVistula, the Prussians decided to reinstate their former tolls. This caused a problem for the city, since its biggest source of income was the export of various goods along that river.[6]
Following the establishment of the republic, it was forced to pay contributions to the French Empire. The biggest problem for the city was the sum of money it was supposed to pay, one which greatly exceeded the funds owned by the city. The initial sum equaled 30,619,290French francs, but it was eventually agreed that the city would pay 3 million francs each year instead. According to a financial arrangement signed on 27 July 1810, the remaining contributions the state still had to pay equaled 16,762,600 francs in total. Other than the contributions, the city was supposed to pay for the upkeep of the Frenchgarrison stationed in the city, which included paying for the magazines, thebarracks, hospitals and guns. The city was also preparing in the case of another siege, which is why it had to pay forartillery, defenseembankments, repairments of fortifications destroyed in 1807 and supplies. All of this amounted to a sum of 19,373,920.55 francs that were spent in the span of five years, from 1807 to the31st of May, 1812.[6]
Currency
After the Free City of Danzig was established, following the Treaty of Tilsit, itsmint was re-opened the following year. The city lacked small coins, often used for trade, which is why it decided to start minting them.Johann Ludwig Meyer was appointed the supervisor of the mint and the designer, which is why all of these coins feature the letter 'M' at the bottom. The mint struck three types of coins, which were theSchilling andGroschen, made out ofcopper, and the six Groschen (1/5 Gulden) coins struck aspattern coins, struck onsilver planchets. The first coin to be minted was the Schilling, minted both in 1808 and 1812. It was the smallest copper coin minted by the city, weighing 1.2g and measuring 16mm. The next year, the mint decided to mint the Groschen, which weighed 3.2g and had the diameter of 21mm. This coin would also be minted in 1812 again. The six Groschen coin was struck both in 1808 and 1809, featuring German text, ''5 Einer DanzigerGulden''. (1/5 Danziger Gulden). These coins never entered circulation since they cointained silver and the senate had to decline the project, which led to a stop in further mintage. These coins were struck in accords to theMünzfuß of Poland in 1766, where 30 Groschen were equal to onePolish złoty. When Napoleonic France, the country that the republic depended on, was taking multiple losses, the city was forced to close the mint in 1813.[8]
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)| Sister republics |
|  Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire | |||||||||||
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| Napoleonic creations |
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54°21′00″N18°40′00″E / 54.35°N 18.6667°E /54.35; 18.6667
