| Frecciarossa 1000 | |
|---|---|
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| Manufacturer | Hitachi Rail Italy (sole constructor from 2021)[a] electric motors from AlstomTrápaga[1] |
| Designer | Mike Robinson[2] andBertone |
| Built at | Pistoia (Hitachi Rail Italy)AnsaldoBreda;Vado Ligure (Bombardier Italy) |
| Family name | Zefiro V300 ETR 400 (IT), ETR 1000 (classification Trenitalia/Hitachi in Italy), Serie 109 (ES), commercial Frecciarossa 1000 |
| Constructed | 2013–present |
| Entered service | from 2015 |
| Number under construction | 14 (ordered), 23 (optional)[3] |
| Number built | 50[4] (1 out of service, damaged inLivraga derailment on6 February 2020) |
| Formation | 4M4T; 1 Executive car, 1 Business car, 1 Business car with a bar-bistro, 1 Premium car, 4 Standard cars. |
| Capacity | 457 (Executive, 10; Business, 69; Premium, 76; Standard, 300; and wheelchair, 2)[5] |
| Operators | Trenitalia Iryo |
| Lines served |
|
| Specifications | |
| Car body construction | Aluminium alloy |
| Train length | 202 m (662 ft 9 in) |
| Width | 2,924 mm (9 ft 7.1 in) |
| Height | 4,080 mm (13 ft 5 in) |
| Floor height | 1,240 mm (49 in) |
| Doors | 28 (total) |
| Wheel diameter | 920 mm (36 in) |
| Maximum speed | |
| Weight | 500 t (490 long tons; 550 short tons) |
| Axle load | 17 t (17 long tons; 19 short tons) |
| Traction system | Water-cooledIGBT–VVVF inverter control |
| Traction motors | 16 × 3-phase ACinduction motor |
| Power output | 9,800–10,000 kW (13,100–13,400 hp) |
| Tractive effort | 370 kN (83,000 lbf) |
| Acceleration | 0.7 m/s/s (1.6 mph/s) |
| Deceleration | 1.2 m/s/s (2.7 mph/s) |
| Electric system(s) | 25 kV 50 Hz AC,15 kV 16+2⁄3 Hz AC (installed, but not active), 3 kV DC,1,500 V DCoverhead catenary |
| Current collection | Pantograph |
| UIC classification | B'o B'o + 2′2′+ B'o B'o′+ 2′2′+ 2′2′+ B'o B'o + 2′2′+ B'o B'o |
| Braking system(s) | Regenerative,dynamic,electro-pneumatic |
| Safety system(s) | ERTMS,ETCS,SCMT,ASFA,LZB |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge |
| Notes/references | |
| Sources:[8][9] | |
TheFrecciarossa 1000[14] (also known as ETR 1000) is ahigh-speed train operated byTrenitalia in Italy and byIryo in Spain. It was developed by a joint venture ofBombardier Transportation (now part ofAlstom) and AnsaldoBreda (nowHitachi Rail Italy). With a design speed of up to 400 km/h (250 mph), it is among the fastest trains in commercial production in Europe, although operation in Italy is limited to 300 km/h (186 mph) due to infrastructure constraints.
During the mid 2000s, Italian state railway operatorFerrovie dello Stato became increasingly interested in the acquisition of a new very-high-speed train for its Eurostar Alta Velocità Frecciarossa (Eurostar high speed Red Arrow) services along theTurin-Milan-Florence-Rome-Naples corridor.[15] Having become aware of this interest, Italian rail manufacturerAnsaldoBreda and multinational conglomerateBombardier Transportation decided to partner up to produce a suitable train in 2008. It was decided to centralise design work by the joint venture at a single location, working out of an office at Bombardier's manufacturing plant atHennigsdorf.[15]
The emergent design was a 200-metre (656 ft 2 in)-long eight car non-articulated single decker train withdistributed traction, capable of reaching a maximum speed of 350 km/h (220 mph); it was heavily based on elements of Bombardier'sZefiro V300 andAnsaldoBreda's existingV250 designs.[16] According to rail industry publicationRail Engineer, Bombardier personnel were responsible for conducting the concept and detailed design phases of development, as well as for the provision of propulsion equipment andbogies, homologation efforts, testing, and the commissioning of the first five trains. Meanwhile, AnsaldoBreda developed the train's industrial design, including body, interior, signalling and other systems, in addition to performing the final assembly and commissioning of series production trains. Both firms were involved in detail design and engineering activity.[15]
Italian vehicle manufacturer and design companyGruppo Bertone was involved in the designing of the train's aesthetics and appearance.[15] It was instructed to produce a style that accentuated its elegance and speed, but would also conform with various international railway standards, such as driver visibility,crash protection, andheadlight functionality. Bertone's design was reviewed by the team and subject to various tests, including the use of awind tunnel, which proved it to produce compliant drag coefficients and crosswind stability levels.[15] The train's design includes anactive suspension system.[15]
Having been deemed suitable for presentation, the vehicle design, which had been formally designated as theZefiro 300, was submitted by the joint venture as a response to Ferrovie dello Stato's tender for 50 new high-speed trainsets.[15] Initial specifications were for a train meetingEuropean high-speed technical standards, with a design commercial speed of 360 km/h (225 mph), initially operated at 300 km/h (190 mph), and to be tested to 400 km/h (250 mph).[16] Other requirements included the train being suitable for a condition-based maintenance programme, while it was capable of being operated across seven different European countries, specifically the railway systems ofAustria,Belgium, France, Germany,Netherlands, Spain andSwitzerland.[15][17]
The maximum speed specified by the tender exceeded that of the initial design, thus the design team was reassembled byAnsaldoBreda'sPistoia facility for a period of six months to revise the design to comply with the requirements outlaid.[15] Reportedly, the new top speed required a detailed reexamination of the design, and in some cases the redesign, to be performed for various elements of the train, including the bogies, power and control systems andpantograph. While the train was to only fitted withERTMS Level 2 and the legacy Italian signalling system, passive provisions also had to be found for a number of other signalling systems that had been listed in the requirement.[15]
During August 2010, it was announced that Trenitalia had awarded the contract to the Bombardier/Ansaldo joint venture, and that the first example was set to come into revenue service during 2013.[15] The bid was determined to have been less expensive at €30.8m per train than the €35m per train cost given by the other bidder, French manufacturerAlstom. The contract value was €1.54bn of which Bombardier's share was €654m.[18][19] Marco Sacchi, Hitachi Rail Italy's head of engineering, attributed the outcome as having been a result of the specially developed solutions involved in the train's design that had gained Trenitalia's favour. The joint venture moved into the detailed design phase immediately following news of the selection.[15]
During August 2012, a full-scale mock up of the train was publicly unveiled atRimini by the Italian Prime MinisterMario Monti.[15][20] By this point, the train has received its official service designation, the 'Frecciarossa 1000'. On 26 March 2013, the first trainset was unveiled during a public ceremony at the Ansaldo-Breda facilities inPistoia; this train was formally namedPietro Mennea, in memory of the Italianworld record holder of the 200 metres track sprint event from 1979 to 1996, who had died five days earlier.[15]
The train underwent extensive testing to be certified to operate on the Italian high-speed rail network at 360 km/h (225 mph). During August 2013, testing commenced on theGenoa-Savona line, before being transferred to conducting night time runs held betweenMilan andBologna.[15] On 25 April 2015, it was announced that the testing phase of development had been successfully completed. To mark the occasion, a special inaugural service featuring various high-profile guests, including thepresident of Italy,Sergio Mattarella, was performed between Milan and Rome.[15][21]
During June 2015, commercial services using the type commenced, having officially entered service forExpo 2015.[22] According to Bombardier, following the first three months of service, Trenitalia had reported back to them that they had experienced the easiest introduction of a new train into service in their history with the type, and that it had attained all of its reliability targets.[15] The number of services performed by the type have gradually expanded as further examples have been delivered from the assembly line; as of September 2016, a total of 36 trains were in revenue service. At one point, trains were reportedly leaving the factory at the rate of two per week.[15]
The introduction of the ETR 1000 shall enable Trenitalia to redeploy its existingETR 500 high-speed trains onto other routes, such as Milan – Venice and theAdriatic coast.[23] Early on, it was also declared by FS president Marcello Messori that the Frecciarossa 1000 enables Trenitalia to compete in the international high-speed market, and that it would be approved for operation in France, Germany, Spain, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium.[21] On 28 October 2015, Trenitalia acknowledged that it was holding preliminary discussions between its suppliers and regulatory bodies regarding its interest in the prospective launch of an open access high speed service between Paris andBrussels; Pietro Diamantini of FS Group's Passenger Division stated that it could be the first international corridor on which the ETR 1000-Frecciarossa would be deployed.[24]
On 26 November 2015, it was reported that one of the ETR 1000-Frecciarossa eight-car sets reached 389 km/h (242 mph) during testing; however, under normal initial conditions, the trains will be limited to 300 km/h (190 mph) as this remains the maximum permitted speed on the Italian high-speed network.[23] On 26 February 2016, a Frecciarossa 1000 reportedly attained a peak speed of 393.8 km/h (245 mph) while traversing the Torino-Milano high speed line.[25] On 28 May 2018, the ItalianMinistry of Infrastructure and Transport and theANSF announced that no further tests will be carried out and the speed limit of 300 km/h (190 mph) will not be raised.[26]
After applying for French approval in 2019, Frecciarossa 1000 services between Paris and Milan began in December 2021.[27][28]
In 2022, the Spanish railway companyIryo (owned by ILSA, Intermodalidad de Levante S.A.) began service, having ordered a fleet of twenty S 109 trainsets similar to the Italian units Frecciarossa 1000.[29] However, unlike their Italian counterparts, the Iryo S 109 trainsets do not have any executive class seats[citation needed].
On 6 February 2020, unit number 21 was involved in a high-speedderailment at Livraga (Lodi), on the Milan-Bologna high-speed line, operating the first service of the day. It caused the death of the two train drivers and the injury of 31 people.[30]
