Fraser Valley
Valley
Landsat image of Fraser Valley.Sediment deposited by theFraser River is clearly visible to the west.
Fraser Valley
Coordinates:49°06′30″N122°17′30″W / 49.10833°N 122.29167°W /49.10833; -122.29167
Location	British Columbia, Canada
Part of	Fraser Lowland
Formed by	Fraser River

TheFraser Valley is ageographical region in southwesternBritish Columbia,Canada and northwesternWashington State. It starts just west ofHope in a narrow valley encompassing theFraser River and ends at the Pacific Ocean stretching from theNorth Shore Mountains, opposite the city ofVancouver BC, to just south ofBellingham, Washington.

In casual usage it typically describes the Fraser Riverbasin downstream of theFraser Canyon. The term is sometimes used outside British Columbia to refer to the entire Fraser River sections including the Fraser Canyon and up from there to itsheadwaters, but in general British Columbian usage the term refers to the stretch ofLower Mainland west of theCoquihalla Rivermouth at the inland town ofHope, and includes all of the Canadian portion of theFraser Lowland as well as thevalleys andupland areas flanking it. It is divided into theUpper Fraser Valley andLower Fraser Valley by theVedder River mouth at the easternfoothills ofSumas Mountain, although the Lower Valley section upstream ofMcMillan Island and theSalmon Rivermouth (atFort Langley) used to be called theCentral Fraser Valley up until 1995 (seeCentral Fraser Valley Regional District).

Administratively, the Fraser Valley comprises parts of theregional districts ofMetro Vancouver and theFraser Valley Regional District. The mainpopulation centres in the Fraser Valley areGreater Vancouver,Abbotsford andChilliwack.

This section of the Fraser River is known by local indigenous peoples as "Sto:lo" in theHalqemeylem language of the area, and this term has been adopted to refer to all of the indigenous peoples of theFraser Lowland, other than theSquamish andMusqueam. The indigenous peoples of the area have long made use of the river valley for agricultural and commercial exploits and continue to do so today.^[when?]

The Indigenous people were not consulted in theTreaty of Oregon, which saw the United States and Great Britain define and recognize each other's claims to the area. This overstepping of jurisdiction inevitably led to conflict as Great Britain was incapable of exercising the control they claimed over the river valley. As a wave of immigrants flooded into the Fraser River Valley because of theFraser Canyon Gold Rush, the British were unable to maintain order without the cooperation of the local indigenous peoples, and theFraser Canyon War broke out. The war was resolved with a series of treaties, none of which remain to this day, but which evidently included the regulation of immigration and the continuation of mining on the river by the indigenous inhabitants and the new immigrants. This war was part of a series of local conflicts surrounding the arrival of settlers ahead of American and British capacity to maintain order and refusal to cooperate with or recognize indigenous land claims and demands. These conflicts were pivotal in many aspects to the settlement of the West Coast in both Canada and the United States.

The interaction of indigenous peoples and settlers led to the growth ofChinook Wawa, a pidgin language that was used throughout the Fraser River Valley until the early 1900s. Industrialization of the river began with the use of the traditional trade waterway by steamboats and eventually, roads and railways were built, fueled by and in turn fuelling further population growth. Today,^[when?] the most important transportation through the region are theCanadian Pacific Railway andCanadian National Railway transcontinental main lines, theLougheed Highway (Hwy 7), and theTrans-Canada Highway (Hwy 1).

After descending through the rapids of theFraser Canyon, the Fraser River emerges almost at sea level atYale, over 100 km inland. Although the canyon in geographic terms is defined as ending at Yale, Hope is generally to be considered the southern end of the canyon, partly because of the change in the character of the highway from that point, and perhaps also because it is at Hope that the firstfloodplains typifying the course of the Lower Fraser are found. Downstream from Hope, the river and adjoining floodplains widen considerably in the area ofRosedale,Chilliwack andAgassiz, which is considered the head of theFraser Delta. From there the river passes through some of the most fertile agricultural land in British Columbia—as well as the heart of theMetro Vancouver region—on its way through the valley to its mouth atGeorgia Strait.

During the lastice age, the area that would become the Fraser Valley was covered by a sheet of ice, walled in by the surrounding mountains. As the ice receded, land that had been covered by glaciers became covered by water instead, then slowly rose above the water, forming the basin that exists today. The valley is the largestlandform of theLower Mainland ecoregion, with its delta considered to begin in the area of Agassiz and Chilliwack, although stretches of floodplain flank the mountainsides between there and Hope.

Several of the Fraser's lower tributaries have floodplains of their own, shared in common with the Fraser freshet. Of varying size these include theHarrison River,Chilliwack River (Vedder River), Hatzic Creek and Hatzic Lake, theStave,Alouette,Pitt andCoquitlam Rivers. Also incorporated in the Fraser delta region are the Nicomekl and Serpentine River floodplains and the Sumas River drainage, which flow to saltwater independently of the Fraser but help drain its lowland. The Fraser is tidal as far upstream as the town ofMission and, across the river, the City ofAbbotsford, which is at the Fraser's closest approach to the international boundary, about 6 miles north ofSumas, Washington.Pitt Lake, one of the Fraser's last tributaries and among its largest, is so low in elevation, despite its mountain setting, that it is one of the largest tidal freshwater lakes in the world .

Oxbow lakes and side-sloughs are a common feature of the Lower Fraser's geography. The two main oxbows are those of Hatzic Lake and the Stave River on opposite sides of Mission, although that of the Stave has been silted in and part of it drained for a man-made lake. AroundFort Langley is an oxbow formation, mostly swamped in at the time of the fort's foundation, which was drained and made part of the fort's farm and remains farmland today. The system of sloughs and side-channels of the river is complicated, but important sloughs include those aroundNicomen Island,Sea Bird Island and flanking the river fromRosedale toSumas Mountain, on the western side ofChilliwack.

In winter, the Fraser Valley occasionally plays a significant role in the weather regime along the west coast of North America as far south asCalifornia, acting as a natural outlet for the intensely cold Arcticair mass which typically sits overWestern Canada during winter. Under certain meteorological conditions strong winds pour out of the Fraser Valley and over the relatively warmer waters of theStrait of Georgia and theStrait of Juan de Fuca. This can causeocean-effect snow, especially betweenPort Angeles andSequim, where the air mass collides with theOlympic Mountains.^[1] The cold air from the Fraser Valley can also flow out over the Pacific Ocean. Lanes of convectiveocean-effect clouds and showers are produced as heat and moisture modify the very dry, frigid air mass. These then typically organize as a low pressure system which returns the showers to the coast south of Canada, often bringing snow to unusually low elevations.

According to the 2011 Census, 76.47% of the Fraser Valley regional district in BC haveEnglish asmother tongue;Punjabi is themother tongue of 10.02% of the population, followed byGerman (3.49%),Dutch (1.39%),French (1.07%),Korean (0.69%),Spanish (0.66%),Tagalog (0.35%),Chinese, n.o.s. (0.33%), andVietnamese (0.30%).^[18]

Today, the Fraser Valley has a mix of land uses, ranging from the urban and industrial centres ofVancouver,Surrey, andAbbotsford through golf courses and parks to dairy farms andmarket gardens.

Agricultural land in the valley – much of it protected by theAgricultural Land Reserve – is intensively farmed: the Fraser Valley brings in nearly 40% of British Columbia's annual agricultural revenue, although it makes up a small percentage of the province's total land area.^[19]

The Fraser Valley, specifically inAbbotsford, is the northernmost area ofrice cultivation in the world.^[20]

As the valley population grows and traffic increases,air pollution becomes an increasingly important issue; various controversies have risen over the years (most recently over "Sumas 2", a defeated proposal for a power plant just south of the Canadian/USA border) as to whether or not air pollution is a problem, and if it is a problem, how this should be addressed.

Air quality monitoring has improved in recent years and it is now possible to compare BC communities on a variety of measures. Comparative data on four measures—fine particulate matter,ground-level ozone,nitrogen dioxide andsulphur dioxide—shows the Fraser Valley to have better air quality than Vancouver on several measures. For example, Fraser Valley communities had less than half the levels of nitrogen dioxide, and were lower in fine particulate matter and sulphur dioxide (on the latter measure, Abbotsford and Chilliwack were among the lowest of all BC sites).^[21]

In certain weather conditions during the summer, prevailing westerly winds blow air pollution from vehicles and from ships in Vancouver harbour east up the triangular delta, trapping it between the Coast Mountains on the north and the Cascades on the southeast. Air quality suffers. This usually occurs during atemperature inversion, and lasts for a few days. Ground-level ozone tends to be from local sources in the valley and varies with prevailing winds.^[22] With prevailing winds from the northeast during the late fall and winter, air quality is seldom a problem.

Air quality in the Fraser Valley at times exceeds the Canada-Wide Standard (CWS) for ozone (at Hope) and is close to exceeding the CWS for Particulate Matter.^[23]

In colloquial usage, "Fraser Valley" usually refers only to that part of the valley beyond the continuously built-up urban area around Vancouver, up to and including Chilliwack and Agassiz, about 80 km east, and abutting the border withWashington'sWhatcom County; news media typically also include the built-up eastern suburban areas of Vancouver which a few decades ago were mixed farmland and forest, typical of "the Valley". The Fraser Valley region is also the namesake of theFraser Valley Regional District, though that consists of only about half of the actual Fraser Valley, and is made up of the municipalities and incorporated areas from Abbotsford and Mission eastwards to Hope. It also includes areas not in the Fraser Valley, particularly the lowerFraser Canyon from Boston Bar to Hope.

The term "Central Fraser Valley" refers to Mission and Abbotsford and is included within the Lower Fraser Valley. The Upper Fraser Valley means from Chilliwack and Agassiz to Hope. The phrases "Fraser Valley towns" and "Fraser River municipalities" include Delta and Richmond, though the colloquial "in the Valley" means from Surrey and Coquitlam eastwards.

The "Tidal Fraser area" is usually defined as the area of the Fraser from the mouth at the Pacific Ocean to the Mission bridge. Everything in between there is influenced greatly by ocean tides, including the largest tidal lake in North America, Pitt Lake.

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The south shore of the Central and Upper Fraser Valley is also known colloquially as the "Bible Belt" of British Columbia and is home to many of Canada's largest churches, notably theMennonite Brethren and theDutch Reformed Church, a reflection of the heavy settlement of the Valley by post-war Dutch and German immigrants, as well as the Canadian headquarters of many Christian/Evangelical para-church organisations such asFocus on the Family and Power to Change, the Canadian branch ofCru_(Christian_organization), formerly known as Campus Crusade for Christ. Voters in south shore ridings typically elect right-wing candidates, while in ridings on the river's north side elections sway between left-wing and right-wing parties regularly.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide forFraser Valley.

• Air pollution in British Columbia

• Arnett, T.C. 1976. The Chilliwack Valley Continuum: A Search for a Canadian Land Ethic. Unpublished Master's Thesis, UBC.
• Carlson, K.T. (ed.) 2001. A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
• Carlson, K.T. (ed.) 1996. You Are Asked To Witness: The Stó:lō in Canada's Pacific Coast History. Chilliwack: Stolo Heritage Trust.
• Cherrington, J.A. 1992. The Fraser Valley: A History. Madeira Park, B.C.: Harbour Publishing.
• Cook, D. 1978. Early Settlement in the Chilliwack Valley. Unpublished research paper, UBC.
• Demeritt, D. 1995–96. Visions of Agriculture in British Columbia. BC Studies 108, 29–59.
• Harris, C. 1997. The Resettlement of British Columbia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
• Oliver, J. 2006. A View From the Ground: Understanding the 'Place' of the Fraser Valley in the Changing Contexts of a Colonial World 1792–1918. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Sheffield.
• Ramsey, B. 1975. Five Corners, the story of Chilliwack. Chilliwack: Chilliwack Valley Historical Society.
• Waite, D.E. 1977. The Langley Story illustrated: An Early History of The Municipality of Langley: Don Waite Publishing.
• Wynn, G. & T.R. Oke (eds) 1992. Vancouver and Its Region. Vancouver: UBC Press.

• Fraser River
• Valleys of British Columbia
• Landforms of Lower Mainland
• Wine regions of British Columbia

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