Frank Swettenham | |
|---|---|
 Oil painting of Swettenham byJohn Singer Sargent, 1904 | |
| King of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George | |
| In office 1925–1938 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Montagu Ommanney |
| Succeeded by | Sir William Weigall |
| Majority | British |
| 15thGovernor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements | |
| In office 5 November 1901 – 16 April 1904 | |
| Monarchs | Queen Victoria Edward VII |
| Preceded by | James Alexander Swettenham(acting Governor) |
| Succeeded by | Sir John Anderson |
| Resident-General of the Federated Malay States | |
| In office 1 July 1896 – 4 November 1901 | |
| Preceded by | Newly Created |
| Succeeded by | William Hood Treacher |
| 5thBritish Resident of Perak | |
| In office 1 June 1889 – 30 June 1896 | |
| Preceded by | Hugh Low |
| Succeeded by | William Hood Treacher |
| 3rdBritish Resident of Selangor | |
| In office September 1882 – March 1884 | |
| Preceded by | William Bloomfield Douglas |
| Succeeded by | John Pickersgill Rodger |
| 2ndBritish Resident of Perak | |
| In office 5 November 1875 – March 1876 | |
| Preceded by | James W.W. Birch |
| Succeeded by | James G. Davidson |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1850-03-28)28 March 1850 Belper, England |
| Died | 11 June 1946(1946-06-11) (aged 96) London, UK |
| Spouses | |
| Residence(s) | King's House, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
| Occupation | Colonial official |
Sir Frank Athelstane SwettenhamGCMG CH (28 March 1850 – 11 June 1946) was a British colonial administrator who became the firstResident general of theFederated Malay States, which brought theMalay states ofSelangor, Perak,Negeri Sembilan andPahang together under the administration of a Resident-General based inKuala Lumpur. He served from 1 July 1896 to 4 November 1901. He was also an amateur painter, photographer and antique collector.
He was born inBelper, Derbyshire, the son of attorney James Oldham Swettenham,[1] and Charlotte Elizabeth Carr, and was educated at theDollar Academy in Scotland andSt Peter's School, York.[2] He was a descendant ofMathew Swetenham, Henry IV's bow bearer, and the younger brother of the colonial administrator SirJames Alexander Swettenham.
Swettenham was a British colonial official inBritish Malaya, who was famous as highly influential in shaping British policy and the structure of British administration in theMalay Peninsula.
In 1871 Swettenham was first sent to Singapore as a cadet in the civil service of theStraits Settlements (Singapore, Malacca, and Penang Island). He learned theMalay language and played a major role as British-Malay intermediary in the events surrounding British intervention in the peninsular Malay states in the 1870s.
He was a member of theCommission for the Pacification of Larut set up following the signing of thePangkor Treaty of 1874 and he served alongsideJohn Frederick Adolphus McNair, and ChineseKapitanChung Keng Quee and Chin Seng Yam. The commission was successful in freeing many women taken as captives during the Larut Wars (1862–73), getting stockades dismantled and getting thetin mining business going again.
More than a decade later, in 1882, he was appointed Resident (adviser) to the Malay state of Selangor. During his time in office in Selangor, he successfully promoted the development of coffee and tobacco estates and helped boost tin earnings by constructing a railway from Kuala Lumpur (it was capital of Selangor at that time), to the port of Klang, which was later namedPort Swettenham in his honour.
He acquired the title of Resident-General after he secured an agreement of federation from the states ofPerak,Selangor,Negri Sembilan, andPahang in 1895, when he was Resident of Perak state. In the1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours he was appointed a Knight Commander of theOrder of St Michael and St George (KCMG) by Queen Victoria,[3] and in October 1901, three years before his retirement, he was appointedGovernor and Commander-in-Chief of theStraits Settlements.[4]
Swettenham had long been critical of the influence ofSiam in the northern Malay states ofKelantan andTrengganu, which had traditionally recognised the suzerainty of Siam by sending a tribute of agolden flower to theKing of Siam every three years. After his appointment as Governor of the Straits Settlements, he attempted to negotiate with Siam for greater British influence over the affairs of these states. Siam reluctantly agreed to appoint British advisors, but only on the condition that they were appointed by Bangkok, not by theForeign Office as he had hoped. However, the process had been initiated whereby these two states and eventuallyKedah would eventually accept British Residents. Swettenham was disappointed in his ultimate goal of bringing the southern Thai region ofPatani under British control.[5]
He was one of close to forty formerBritish Empire officials to oppose theMalayan Union.[citation needed]
Swettenham co-authored aA Dictionary of the Malay Language withHugh Clifford. The dictionary, which was published in stages between 1894 and 1902, was abandoned after the letter 'G' as by then it had been made redundant by the publication ofR.J. Wilkinson'sA Malay English Dictionary.[6]
He also published four books:Malay Sketches,Unaddressed Letters,Also & Perhaps andArabella in Africa, the last being illustrated by the famous mural painter and illustrator,Rex Whistler. The book was Whistler's first official commission.
While on home leave in England in the summer of 1877, Swettenham met and became engaged toConstance Sydney Holmes (b. 1858), daughter of Cecil Frederick Holmes, a housemaster atHarrow School. They married in England in February 1878 and returned together to Singapore, where the nineteen-year old Sydney Swettenham attempted to come to terms with her new role as the wife of a colonial official. Their marriage, which was strained from the beginning and marked by long periods of separation, lasted until 1938, when Frank Swettenham successfully sued for divorce on the grounds of his wife's insanity.[7]
Swettenham became friends withGertrude Bell when she visited Singapore in 1903 and maintained a correspondence with her until 1909.[8] They are thought to have had a "brief but passionate affair" after his retirement to England.[9]
Frank Swettenham remarried at the age of 89, this time to Vera Seton Guthrie (1890–1970) on 22 June 1939, daughter of John Gordon, a Scotch-American successful merchant and millionaire, and widow of John Neil Guthrie, who had been killed in action in France duringWorld War I.[10]
While in India in 1883 preparing for the Colonial Exhibition in Calcutta, Swettenham met and had a child with an Anglo-Indian woman from Bangalore (known only as Miss Good). To avoid a scandal, the mother of Swettenham's son was married to an English clerk in the Perak civil service, Walter McKnight Young, and his son was raised as Walter Aynsley Young.[11]
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A number of places and roads inMalaysia and Singapore were named after Swettenham, including Swettenham Pier inGeorge Town,Penang Island[17][18] and Swettenham Road (near theBotanic Gardens) in Singapore.
Before 1972,Port Klang in Selangor was known as Port Swettenham which was opened in September 1901.[19]
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | British Resident of Perak 1875–1876 | Succeeded by James G. Davidson |
| Preceded by | British Resident of Selangor 1882–1884 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | British Resident of Perak 1889–1896 | Succeeded by |
| New title | Resident-General of the Federated Malay States 1896–1901 | Succeeded by |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by James Alexander Swettenham (acting) | Governor of the Straits Settlements 1901–1904 | Succeeded by |
| Heraldic offices | ||
| Preceded by | King of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George 1925–1938 | Succeeded by |
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