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TheFrancophonie orFrancophone world is the whole body of people and organisations around the world who use theFrench language regularly for private or public purposes. The term was coined byOnésime Reclus[2] in 1880 and became important as part of the conceptual rethinking of cultures and geography in the late 20th century.
When used to refer to theFrench-speaking world, the Francophonie encompasses thecountries and territories where French is official or serves as an administrative or major secondary language, which spans 50 countries and dependencies across all inhabited continents (the third most number of countries after English and Arabic), of which26 uses it as an officialde jure language.[3] The vast majority of these are also member states of theOrganisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), a body uniting countries where French is spoken and taught. While it holds official status in more than two dozen countries, it is the majority's first language in only five states and territories[a], as the rest of French-speaking nations use it primarily as a lingua franca among populations whose mother tongues are indigenous or regional languages.[5] In 2017 it was the second most studied language in the world with about 120 million learners.[6]
Francophonie,francophonie andfrancophone space aresyntagmatic. This expression is relevant to countries which speak French as theirnational language, may it be as amother language or a secondary language.
These expressions are sometimes misunderstood or misused by English speakers. They can be synonymous but most of the time they are complementary.
The term francophonie was invented byOnésime Reclus in 1880: "We also put aside four large countries, Senegal, Gabon, Cochinchina and Cambodia, whose future from a "Francophone" point of view is still very doubtful, except perhaps for Senegal" (in French « Nous mettons aussi de côté quatre grands pays, le Sénégal, le Gabon, la Cochinchine, le Cambodge dont l’avenir au point de vue « francophone » est encore très douteux sauf peut-être pour le Sénégal »); and then used by geographers.[10]
During the Third Republic, the French language progressively gained importance.
TheAcadémie française, a French institution created in 1635 in charge of officially determining and unifying the rules and evolutions of the French language, participated in the promotion and the development of the French language.[11]
The definition of the Francophone world is distinguished by countries and territories where French is an official language, those where it is the native language of the majority of the population, and those where the language is used as a working language of administration or where the language still has an important cultural impact and prestige without having official status. There are 50 countries and territories which fall into this category, although in some countries the Francosphere is limited to certain regions or states.[12]
Being merely a member state of the OIF does not automatically make a country or territory "francophone" in the sense of the language having a major role in its society, be it as a working language or a strong cultural heritage to the French language. This is in part due to the OIF increasingly admitting new members based on loose criteria such as "significant second language learning" of French or parties interested in furthering the organisation's promotion of human rights, democracy, international cooperation, sustainable development, cultural and linguistic diversity, and education and training.[13] Therefore, member states such asRomania,Egypt, andArmenia which have minimal to no connection with the French language and culture should not be considered as part of the Francophone world.[14]
| Rank | Country/territory | French-speaking population[15][b] | Land area (km2) | Land area (sq mi) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  France[c] | 66,394,000 | 551,695 | 213,011 |
| 2 |  Democratic Republic of the Congo | 48,925,000 | 2,344,858 | 905,354 |
| 3 |  Algeria | 14,904,000 | 2,381,741 | 919,595 |
| 4 |  Morocco | 13,457,000 | 446,550 | 172,410 |
| 5 |  Cameroon | 11,491,000 | 475,650 | 183,650 |
| 6 |  Canada | 11,061,000 | 9,984,670 | 3,855,100 |
| 7 |  Côte d'Ivoire | 9,325,000 | 322,462 | 124,503 |
| 8 |  Belgium | 8,815,000 | 30,528 | 11,787 |
| 9 |  Madagascar | 7,729,000 | 587,041 | 226,658 |
| 10 |  Tunisia | 6,321,000 | 163,610 | 63,170 |
| 11 |  Switzerland | 5,889,000 | 41,291 | 15,943 |
| 12 |  Burkina Faso | 5,404,000 | 274,200 | 105,900 |
| 13 |  Haiti | 4,906,000 | 27,750 | 10,710 |
| 14 |  Senegal | 4,640,000 | 196,712 | 75,951 |
| 15 |  Benin | 4,306,000 | 114,763 | 44,310 |
| 16 |  Guinea | 3,777,000 | 245,857 | 94,926 |
| 17 |  Mali | 3,703,000 | 1,240,192 | 478,841 |
| 18 |  Togo | 3,554,000 | 56,785 | 21,925 |
| 19 |  Congo | 3,518,000 | 342,000 | 132,000 |
| 20 |  Niger | 3,363,000 | 1,267,000 | 489,200 |
| 21 |  Lebanon | 2,540,000 | 10,452 | 4,036 |
| 22 |  Chad | 2,249,000 | 1,284,000 | 495,800 |
| 23 |  United States*Louisiana *New England | 2,179,000 | 9,525,067 | 3,677,647 |
| 24 |  Gabon | 1,519,000 | 267,668 | 103,347 |
| 25 |  Central African Republic | 1,435,000 | 622,984 | 240,535 |
| 26 |  Burundi | 1,074,000 | 25,680 | 9,915 |
| 27 |  Mauritius | 926,000 | 2,040 | 788 |
| 28 |  Réunion | 799,000 | 2,511 | 970 |
| 29 |  Rwanda | 793,000 | 26,338 | 10,169 |
| 30 |  Vietnam | 693,000 | 331,340 | 127,930 |
| 31 |  Mauritania | 656,000 | 1,030,700 | 397,960 |
| 32 |  Luxembourg | 642,000 | 2,586 | 998 |
| 33 |  Djibouti | 508,000 | 23,200 | 8,960 |
| 34 |  Cambodia | 463,000 | 181,035 | 69,898 |
| 35 |  Guadeloupe | 336,000 | 1,628 | 629 |
| 36 |  Martinique | 303,000 | 1,128 | 436 |
| 37 |  New Caledonia | 288,000 | 18,575 | 7,172 |
| 38 |  French Polynesia | 278,000 | 4,167 | 1,609 |
| 39 |  Comoros | 237,000 | 1,861 | 719 |
| 40 |  Laos | 204,000 | 236,800 | 91,430 |
| 41 |  French Guiana | 195,000 | 84,000 | 32,433 |
| 42 |  Mayotte | 180,000 | 374 | 144 |
| 43 |  Vanuatu | 100,000 | 12,189 | 4,706 |
| 44 |  Seychelles | 53,000 | 457 | 176 |
| 45 |  Monaco | 39,000 | 2 | 0.7 |
| 46 |  Saint Martin | 33,000 | 53 | 20 |
| 47 |  India*Puducherry | 10,000 | 483 | 186 |
| 48 |  Wallis and Futuna | 9,000 | 142 | 55 |
| 49 |  Saint Barthélemy | 8,000 | 20 | 8 |
| 50 |  Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 6,000 | 230 | 89 |
| Total | 350,281,000 | 28,223,185 | 10,897,033 |
Geographical distribution of languages | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romance-speaking world |
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| Germanic-speaking world | |||||
| Slavic-speaking world | |||||
| Celtic-speaking world | |||||
| Other languages | |||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
