Born inTrujillo, Spain, to a poor family, Pizarro chose to pursue fortune and adventure in theNew World. He went to theGulf of Urabá and accompaniedVasco Núñez de Balboa in his crossing of theIsthmus of Panama, where they became the first Europeans to see thePacific Ocean from the Americas. He served as mayor of the newly foundedPanama City for a few years and undertook two failed expeditions to Peru. In 1529, Pizarro obtained permission from theSpanish crown to lead a campaign to conquer Peru and went on his third, and successful, expedition.
When local people who lived along the coast resisted this invasion, Pizarro moved inland and founded the first Spanish settlement in Peru,San Miguel de Piura. After a series of manoeuvres, Pizarro captured the Inca emperorAtahualpa at theBattle of Cajamarca in November 1532. A ransom for the emperor's release was demanded and Atahualpa filled aroom with gold, but Pizarro charged him with various crimes and executed him in July 1533. The same year, Pizarro entered the Inca capital ofCuzco and completed his conquest of Peru. In January 1535, he founded the city ofLima. Pizarro eventually fell victim to political power struggles and was assassinated in 1541.[2]
Francisco Pizarro was born inTrujillo, Cáceres, Spain (then in theCrown of Castile) in modern-dayExtremadura, Spain. He was the illegitimate son ofinfantry colonel Gonzalo Pizarro (1446–1522) and Francisca González, a woman of poor means. His date of birth is uncertain, but it is believed to be sometime in the 1470s, probably 1475. Little attention was paid to his education and he grew up illiterate.[3]
His father served inNavarre and in theItalian campaigns underCórdoba. His mother married late in life and had a son, Francisco Martín de Alcántara, who was at the conquest of Peru with his half-brother from its inception.[4] Through his father, Francisco was a second cousin, once removed, ofHernán Cortés.[5]
On 10 November 1509, Pizarro sailed from Spain to the New World withAlonso de Ojeda on an expedition toUrabá.[6] Pizarro became a participant in Ojeda's failed colony, commanding the remnants until he abandoned it with the survivors.[7]: 93 He sailed toCartagena and joined the fleet ofMartín Fernández de Enciso and, in 1513, accompaniedBalboa in his crossing of theIsthmus of Panama to the Pacific.[3][8] The following year,Pedro Arias Dávila became the newly appointed governor ofCastilla de Oro and succeeded Balboa. During the next five years, Pizarro became a close associate of Dávila and the governor assigned him arepartimiento of natives and cattle.[7]: 93 When Dávila decided to get rid of Balboa out of distrust, he instructed Pizarro to personally arrest him and bring him to stand trial. Balboa was beheaded in January 1519. For his loyalty to Dávila, Pizarro was rewarded with the positions of mayor (Alcalde) and magistrate of the then recently foundedPanama City from 1519 to 1523.[9]
The first attempt to explore western South America was undertaken in 1522 byPascual de Andagoya. The native South Americans he encountered told him about a gold-rich territory called Virú, which was on a river called Pirú (from which we get the pronunciation Perú).[8]: 24 These reports were relayed by the Spanish-Incamestizo writerGarcilaso de la Vega inComentarios Reales de los Incas (1608).
Andagoya eventually established contact with several Native Americancuracas (chiefs), some of whom he later claimed were sorcerers and witches. Having reached as far as the San Juan River (part of the present boundary between Ecuador and Colombia) Andagoya fell ill and returned to Panama. He spread the news and stories about "Pirú" – a great land to the south rich with gold (the legendaryEl Dorado). These revelations, along with the accounts for Cortés' success inMexico, caught the attention of Pizarro, prompting a series of expeditions to the south.
In 1524, while he was still in Panama, Pizarro formed a partnership with a priest,Hernando de Luque and a soldier,Diego de Almagro, to explore and conquer the South. Pizarro, Almagro and Luque later explicitly renewed their compact,[8]: 24 agreeing to conquer and divide equally among themselves the empire they hoped to vanquish. While their accord was strictly oral, they dubbed their enterprise theEmpresa del Levante and determined that Pizarro would command the expedition, Almagro would provide military and food supplies and Luque would be in charge of finances and additional provisions.[7]: 95
In November 1524, the first of three expeditions left Panama for the conquest of Peru with about 80 men and four horses.[8]: 24 Juan de Salcedo was the standard bearer,Nicolás de Ribera was the treasurer and Juan Carvallo was the inspector.[10]: 45, 47
Diego de Almagro was left behind because he was to recruit men, gather additional supplies and join Pizarro later. The Governor of Panama,Pedro Arias Dávila, at first approved in principle the exploration of South America. Pizarro's first expedition, however, turned out to be a failure as his conquistadors, sailing down the Pacific coast, reached no further than Colombia before succumbing to bad weather, lack of food and skirmishes with hostile natives, one of which caused Almagro to lose an eye by arrow-shot. The place names the Spanish bestowed along their route, includingPuerto Deseado (desired port),Puerto del Hambre (port of hunger) andPunta Quemado orPuebla Quemado (burned port), confirmed their difficulties. Fearing subsequent hostile encounters like the one the expedition endured at theBattle of Punta Quemada, Pizarro ended his first expedition and returned to Panama.[7]: 94–102
Two years later Pizarro, Almagro and Luque started the arrangements for a second expedition with permission fromPedro Arias Dávila, Panama's governor. Dávila, who himself was preparing an expedition north to Nicaragua, was reluctant to permit another expedition, having lost confidence in Pizarro. The three associates eventually won his trust and he acquiesced. By this time, a new governor was to arrive and succeed Dávila.Pedro de los Ríos took charge as the new colonial administrator in July 1526 and initially approved Pizarro's expeditions (he would join him several years later in Peru).[7]: 103–104
On 10 March 1526, Pizarro left Panama with two ships with 160 men and several horses, reaching as far as the Colombian San Juan River. Soon after arriving the party separated, with Pizarro staying to explore the new and often perilous territory off the swampy Colombian coasts, while the expedition's co-commander, Almagro, returned to Panama for reinforcements. Pizarro'sPiloto Mayor (main pilot),Bartolomé Ruiz, continued sailing south and, after crossing the equator, found and captured abalsa (raft) under sail, with natives fromTumbes. To everyone's surprise, these carried textiles, ceramic objects and some pieces of gold, silver and emeralds, making Ruiz's findings the central focus of this second expedition. Some natives were taken aboard Ruiz's ship to serve as interpreters.[7]: 105–109 [8]: 24–25
He then set sail north for the San Juan River, arriving to find Pizarro and his men exhausted from the difficulties they had faced exploring the new territory. Soon Almagro sailed into the port laden with supplies and a reinforcement of at least eighty recruits who had arrived at Panama from Spain with an expeditionary spirit. The findings and excellent news from Ruiz along with Almagro's new reinforcements cheered Pizarro and his tired followers. They decided to sail back to the territory already explored by Ruiz and, after a difficult voyage due to strong winds and currents, reachedAtacames on the Ecuadorian coast. Here, they found a large native population recently brought under Inca rule. Unfortunately for theconquistadores, the people they encountered seemed so defiant and numerous that the Spanish decided not to enter the land.[7]: 110–112
Francisco Pizarro's route of exploration during the conquest of Peru (1531–1533)
After much wrangling between Pizarro and Almagro, it was decided that Pizarro would stay at a safer place, the Isla de Gallo,[8]: 25–26 near the coast, while Almagro would return to Panama with Luque for more reinforcements – this time with proof of the gold they had found and the news of the discovery of the obviously wealthy land they had explored. The new governor of Panama, Pedro de los Ríos, had learned of the mishaps of Pizarro's expeditions and the deaths of various settlers who had gone with him. Fearing an unsuccessful outcome, he rejected Almagro's application for continued resources. In addition, he ordered two ships commanded by Juan Tafur to be sent immediately with the intention of bringing Pizarro and his crew back to Panama.[7]: 112–115
Pizarro had no intention of returning and when Tafur arrived at Isla de Gallo, Pizarro drew a line in the sand, saying: "There lies Peru with its riches; Here, Panama and its poverty. Choose, each man, what best becomes a brave Castilian. For my part, I go to the south."[7]: 116
Only 13 men stayed with Pizarro. They later became known as "TheFamous Thirteen" (Los trece de la fama),[8]: 26 while the rest of the expeditioners stayed with Tafur. Ruiz left in one of the ships with the intention of joining Almagro and Luque in their efforts to gather reinforcements. Soon after the ships left, Pizarro and his men constructed a crude boat and journeyed 25leagues north to La Isla Gorgona, where they would remain for seven months before the arrival of new provisions.[7]: 117–118
Back in Panama, Pedro de los Ríos (after much convincing by Luque) had finally acquiesced to the requests for another ship, but only to bring Pizarro back within six months and completely abandon the expedition. Almagro and Luque grasped the opportunity and left Panama (this time without new recruits) for La Isla Gorgona to join Pizarro once again. On meeting Pizarro, the associates decided to continue sailing south on the recommendations of Ruiz's Indian interpreters.[7]: 118
By April 1528, they finally reached the northwestern PeruvianTumbes Region. Tumbes became the first success that the Spanish had so long desired. They were received with a warm welcome of hospitality and provisions from the Tumpis, the local inhabitants. On subsequent days two of Pizarro's men, Alonso de Molina andPedro de Candia, reconnoitred the territory and both, on separate accounts, reported back the riches of the land, including the decorations of silver and gold around the chief's residence and the hospitable attentions with which they were received by everyone. The Spanish also saw for the first time the Peruvianllama,[8]: 26 which Pizarro called "little camels". Pizarro continued receiving the same accounts of a powerful monarch who ruled over the land they were exploring. These events served as evidence to convince the expedition that the wealth and power displayed at Tumbes were an example of the riches of the Peruvian territory. The conquistadors decided to return to Panama to prepare the final expedition of conquest with more recruits and provisions. Before leaving, however, Pizarro and his followers sailed south along the coast to see if anything of interest could be found. HistorianWilliam H. Prescott recounts that after passing through territories they named such as Cabo Blanco, port of Payta, Sechura, Punta de Aguja, Santa Cruz andTrujillo (founded by Almagro years later), they finally reached for the first time the ninth degree of the southern latitude in South America.
On their return towards Panama, Pizarro briefly stopped at Tumbes, where two of his men had decided to stay to learn the customs and language of the natives. Pizarro was also given two Peruvian boys to learn Spanish, one of whom was later baptised asFelipillo and served as an important interpreter, the equivalent of Cortés'La Malinche of Mexico, and another called Martinillo.[10]: 126, 128 Their final stop was at La Isla Gorgona, where two of his invalid men (one had died) had been left behind. After at least 18 months away, Pizarro and his followers anchored off the coasts of Panama to prepare for the final expedition.[7]: 119–126
When the new governor of Panama, Pedro de los Ríos, refused permission for a third expedition to the south, the associates resolved that Pizarro should leave for Spain and appeal to the sovereign in person. Pizarro sailed from Panama for Spain in the spring of 1528, accompanied by Pedro de Candia, some natives and llamas, plus samples of fabric, gold and silver.[7]: 127–128
Pizarro reachedSeville in early summer.King Charles I, who was atToledo, had an interview with Pizarro and heard of his expeditions in South America. The conquistador described the territory as rich in gold and silver that he and his followers had bravely explored "to extend the empire of Castile". The king, who was soon to leave for Italy, was impressed at his accounts and promised his support for the conquest of Peru.Queen Isabel, though, in the absence of the king, signed theCapitulación de Toledo on 6 July 1529,[11] a licence document that authorised Pizarro to proceed with theconquest of Peru. Pizarro was officially named the Governor,Captain general,Adelantado andAlguacil Mayor, of New Castile for the distance of 200 leagues along the newly discovered coast and invested with all authority and prerogatives, leaving his associates in secondary positions (a fact that later incensed Almagro and would lead to eventual discord). One of the grant conditions was that within six months, Pizarro should raise a sufficiently equipped force of 250 men, of whom 100 might be drawn from the colonies.[7]: 132–134, 137
This gave Pizarro time to leave for his native Trujillo and convince his brotherHernando Pizarro and other close friends to join him on his third expedition.[7]: 136 Francisco de Orellana joined the group and would later discover and explore the length of theAmazon River. Two half-brothers on his father's side,Juan Pizarro andGonzalo Pizarro,[8]: 27 and a half-brother from his mother, Francisco Martín de Alcántara,[7]: 136 later also decided to join him, as well as his cousinPedro Pizarro, who served as his page.[12]: 13 When the expedition left the following year, it numbered three ships, 180 men and 27 horses.[7]: 138
Pizarro could not raise the number of men the Capitulación required and sailed clandestinely from the port ofSanlúcar de Barrameda for the Canary Island ofLa Gomera in January 1530. He was joined there by his brotherHernando and the remaining men in two vessels that would sail back to Panama.[7]: 137 Pizarro's third and final expedition left Panama for Peru on 27 December 1530.[8]: 27
Pizarro and his followers inLima in 1535Pizarro meets with the Inca EmperorAtahualpa, 1532
In 1531, Pizarro once again landed on the coasts near Ecuador, the province of Coaque and the region ofesmeraldas, where some gold, silver and emeralds were procured and then dispatched to Almagro. The latter had stayed in Panama to gather more recruits.[7]: 139–140 Sebastián de Belalcázar soon arrived with 30 men.[7]: 141 Though Pizarro's main objective was then to set sail and dock at Tumbes as during his previous expedition, he was forced to confront the Punian natives in theBattle of Puná, leaving three or four Spaniards dead and many wounded. Soon after,Hernando de Soto, another conquistador who had joined the expedition, arrived with 100 volunteers and horses to aid Pizarro and with him sailed towards Tumbes,[7]: 143 only to find the place deserted and destroyed. The two conquistadors suspected that the settlers had disappeared or died under murky circumstances. The chiefs explained that the fierce tribes of Punians had attacked them and ransacked the place.[7]: 152–153
As Tumbes no longer afforded safe accommodations, Pizarro led an excursion into the hinterland in May 1532 and established the first Spanish settlement in Peru,San Miguel de Piura, and arepartimiento.[7]: 153–154
Leaving 50 men back at the settlement under the command of Antonio Navarro, Pizarro proceeded with his conquest accompanied by 200 men on 24 September 1532.[7]: 155–156 After arriving at Zaran, de Soto was dispatched to a Peruvian garrison at Caxas. After a week, he returned with an envoy fromthe Inca himself, with presents and an invitation to visit the Inca ruler's camp.[7]: 156–158
Following the defeat of his brother,Huáscar, in theInca Civil War,Atahualpa had been resting in the Sierra of northern Peru, nearCajamarca, in the nearby thermal baths known today as theInca Baths. Arriving at Cajamarca on 15 November 1532, Pizarro had a force of just 110-foot soldiers, 67 cavalry, threearquebuses and twofalconets. He sent Hernando Pizarro and de Soto to an audience with Atahualpa in his camp. Atahualpa agreed to meet Pizarro in his Cajamarca plaza fortress the next day. FrayVincente de Valverde and native interpreter Felipillo approached Atahualpa in Cajamarca's central plaza. After the Dominican friar expounded the "true faith" and the need to pay tribute to the EmperorCharles V, Atahualpa replied, "I shall be no man's tributary." His complacency, because fewer than 200 Spanish remained, as opposed to his 50,000-man army, of which 6,000 accompanied him to Cajamarca, sealed his fate and that of the Inca empire.[7]: 157, 161, 166–177
Atahualpa's refusal led Pizarro and his force to attack the Inca army in what became theBattle of Cajamarca on 16 November 1532. The Spanish were successful. Pizarro executed Atahualpa's 12-man honour guard and took the Inca captive at the so-calledRansom Room. By February 1533, Almagro had joined Pizarro in Cajamarca with an additional 150 men and 50 horses.[7]: 186–194
Despite fulfilling his promise of filling one room (22 by 17 feet or 7 by 5 metres)[13] with gold and two with silver, Atahualpa was convicted of 12 charges, including killing his brother and plotting against Pizarro and his forces. He was executed bygarrote on 29 August 1533. Francisco Pizarro and de Soto were opposed to Atahualpa's execution, but Francisco consented to the trial due to the "great agitation among the soldiers", particularly by Almagro. De Soto was on a reconnaissance mission the day of the trial and execution and upon his return expressed his dismay, stating, "he should have been taken to Castile and judged by the emperor."[7]: 202–204, 206 [14] King Charles later wrote to Pizarro: "We have been displeased by the death of Atahualpa, since he was a monarch and particularly as it was done in the name of justice."
Pizarro advanced with his army of 500 Spaniards toward Cuzco, accompanied byChalcuchimac, one of the leading Inca generals of the north and a supporter of Atahualpa, who was subsequently burned at the stake.Manco Inca Yupanqui joined Pizarro after the death ofTúpac Huallpa.[7]: 191, 210, 216 During the exploration of Cuzco, Pizarro was impressed and through his officers wrote back to Spain to King Charles, saying: "This city is the greatest and the finest ever seen in this country or anywhere in the Indies... We can assure your Majesty that it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would be remarkable even in Spain."
The Spanish sealed the conquest of Peru by entering Cuzco on 15 November 1533.[7]: 216 Jauja, in the fertileMantaro Valley, was established as Peru's provisional capital in April 1534,[10]: 286 but it was high up in the mountains and too distant from the sea to serve as the capital. Pizarro founded the city of Lima on Peru's central coast on 6 January 1535, which he considered to be one of the most important things he had created in life.[7]: 227–229
By early 1536, Manco Inka, supported by an army of perhaps 100,000 people, initiated a siege of Cuzco. At the same time, smaller Inca expeditionary forces moved to destroy other European strongholds. In the three years of continuous warfare since the arrival of Pizarro, Inca military leaders had become familiar with Spanish military tactics and developed effective counters. Perhaps the most effective of these military innovations was the one that dealt with the Europeans' greatest advantage on the battlefield: horses. Inca soldiers would offer battle but hold their position until the Spaniards had concentrated their cavalry in order to break the indigenous line. They would then fall back before the cavalry charge and draw the Europeans into a canyon where previously positioned forces could crush them under avalanches of rocks and missile weapons. Instead of charging the numerically inferior Europeans as they had done early on, Inca soldiers used their discipline and knowledge of the terrain in order to draw the armoured cavalry charge into a death trap. Well documented battlefield deaths show that many more Spaniards died in these battles than in the early days of the war when theoretically the Inca had a much greater advantage. Despite winning the majority of the battles, the inability of the Inca forces to overwhelm Cuzco's fortifications, manned as they were by only 200 fighting men armed with gunpowder weapons, signalled the definitive victory of Spanish forces.
After the final effort of the Inca to recover Cuzco had been defeated by Almagro, a dispute occurred between Pizarro and Almagro regarding the limits of their jurisdiction, as both claimed the city of Cuzco. The king of Spain had awarded theGovernorate of New Toledo to Almagro and theGovernorate of New Castile to Pizarro. The dispute had originated from a disagreement on how to interpret the limit between the governorates.[7]: 254–256 This led to confrontations between thePizarro brothers and Almagro, who was eventually defeated during theBattle of Las Salinas in 1538 and executed. Almagro's son, also named Diego and known asEl Mozo, was later stripped of his lands and left bankrupt by Pizarro.
Atahualpa's wife, 10-year-oldCuxirimay Ocllo Yupanqui, was with Atahualpa's army in Cajamarca and had stayed with him while he was imprisoned. Following his execution, she was taken to Cuzco, given the name Doña Angelina and made the concubine of Francisco Pizarro. By 1538, it was known she had borne Pizarro two sons, Juan and Francisco.[15]
In Lima, on 26 June 1541 "a group of 20 heavily armed supporters ofDiego de Almagro II "el mozo" stormed Pizarro's palace, assassinating him and then forcing the terrified city council to appoint young Almagro as the new governor of Peru".[16] "Most of Pizarro's guests fled, but a few fought the intruders, numbered variously between seven and 25. While Pizarro struggled to buckle on his breastplate, his defenders, including his half-brother Martín de Alcántara, were killed".[10]: 143 For his part, Pizarro killed two attackers and ran through a third. A contemporary chronicler,Agustín de Zárate, wrote that Pizarro fought until "he was too exhausted to brandish his sword" and then was struck fatally in the throat. When he fell to the ground he reportedly drew a cross on the floor with his blood and kissed it before dying.[17] A modern forensic examination of his remains indicated that Pizarro had been savagely attacked with multiple stab wounds to his head and neck as well as defensive wounds to his hands and arms.[18]
Pizarro's remains were briefly interred in the cathedral courtyard; at some later time, his head and body were separated and buried in separate boxes underneath the floor of the cathedral. In 1892, in preparation for the anniversary ofChristopher Columbus' discovery of the Americas, a body believed to be that of Pizarro wasexhumed and put on display in a glass coffin. However, in 1977, men working on the cathedral's foundation discovered a lead box in a sealed niche, which bore the inscription: "Here is the head of Marquess Don Francisco Pizarro who discovered and conquered the kingdoms of Peru and presented them to the crown of Castile." A team offorensic scientists from the United States, led byWilliam R. Maples, was invited to examine the two bodies and they soon determined that the body which had been honoured in the glass case for nearly a century had been incorrectly identified. The skull within the lead box not only bore the marks of multiple sword blows, but the features bore a remarkable resemblance to portraits made of the man in life.[19][20]
Pizarro's Statue in Lima, PeruPizarro's statue inTrujillo, Spain
By his marriage to Quispe Sisa, Pizarro had a son also named Francisco, who married his relative Inés Pizarro, without issue. After Pizarro's death,Inés Yupanqui, whom he took as a mistress, Inca princess and favourite sister of Atahualpa, who had been given to Francisco in marriage by her brother, married a Spanish cavalier named Ampuero and left for Spain, taking her daughter who would later be legitimized by imperial decree. Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui eventually married her uncle Hernando Pizarro in Spain on 10 October 1537; the third son of Pizarro who was never legitimized, Francisco, by Dona Angelina, a wife of Atahualpa that he had taken as a mistress, died shortly after reaching Spain.[21]
After his invasion, Pizarro destroyed the Inca state and whilst ruling the area for almost a decade, initiated the decline of local cultures. The Incas'polytheistic religion was replaced by Christianity and much of the local population was reduced toserfdom[citation needed] under the Spanish elite[dubious –discuss]. The cities of the Inca Empire were transformed into Spanish Catholic cities. Pizarro has been reviled for ordering Atahualpa's death despite the ransom payment (which Pizarro kept, after paying the Spanish king his due). Some Peruvians, particularly those of indigenous descent, may regard him negatively, although until relatively recently Pizarro had been portrayed positively, for instance in textbooks, for introducing Catholicism and creating a privileged class of mainly Spanish descent.[citation needed]
In the early 1930s, sculptor Ramsay MacDonald created three copies of an anonymous European foot soldier resembling a conquistador with a helmet, wielding a sword and riding a horse. The first copy was offered to Mexico to represent Cortés, though it was rejected. The statue was taken to Lima in 1934 and re-purposed to represent Pizarro. One other copy of the statue was unveiled in Wisconsin. The mounted statue of Pizarro in the Plaza Mayor in Trujillo, Spain, was created by American sculptorCharles Cary Rumsey. It was presented to the city by his widow in 1926.
In 1952 it was moved to thePlaza Pizarro,[23] and in 2003 it was relocated toParque de La Muralla after 17 months in a warehouse, without the pedestal with which it was inaugurated and that it had throughout its history, being placed on a concrete base.[24][25] On January 15, 2025, it was again moved to apedestrian street next to thePlaza Mayor to be inaugurated, with the pedestal, as part of the city's 490th anniversary on the 18th.[26][27]
After returning from Peru extremely wealthy, the Pizarro family erected aplateresque-style palace on the corner of the Plaza Mayor in Trujillo. Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui and her uncle/husbandHernando Pizarro ordered the construction of the palace; it features busts of them and others.[28] It instantly became a recognizable symbol of the plaza.
The opulent palace is structured in four stands, giving it the significance of the coat of arms of the Pizarro family, which is situated at one of its corner balconies displaying its iconographic content. The building's decor includes plateresque ornaments andbalustrades.
Pizarro is the main protagonist of the theatre playThe Royal Hunt of the Sun and afilm of the same name. Rather than an accurate depiction of historical events, its subject is Pizarro's spirituality and personal relationship withAtahualpa. The film mostly stays true to the dialogue-based character of the play and a chamber setting while providing respected actors of the time (1969).
The novel "Un puñado de gloria" byEduardo Sguiglia has Francisco Pizarro as one of the main protagonists and narrates his overthrow and fall.[30]
Pizarro is also the protagonist in the historical novelThe Gold of Caxamalca byJakob Wassermann.
Pizarro is a character in "Surya kandle Sona" (The golden tears of the sun), a novella in Bengali, penned byPremendra Mitra. Pizarro is depicted as a scheming fortune-hunter who conquered Peru by dint of treachery and the ruthless application of the Machiavellian policy of putting expediency above morality. The protagonist of the story is Ghanaram (an ancestor of Ghanashyam Das, a teller of tall tales) who wages a heroic struggle against the Spanish conquistadors to emancipate Peru from the fetters of slavery but ultimately fails to fulfil his mission. (Source: Ghanada Samagra, volume 3, Ananda Publishers)
Randall Garrett, known mainly as ascience fiction writer, wrote thenoveletteDespoilers of the Golden Empire, whose language leads readers to believe they are reading a story about a space invasion in the far future, while in fact it describes Pizarro's conquest of the Incas. As noted by Garrett, every word of the story is historically accurate, but it was written in a deliberately misleading way.
Pizarro appears in 2025'sCivilization VII as a conquistador for the Spanish Empire. He is one of the options for a Great Person during the exploration era.[31]
^abcdLeon, P.; (1998),The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter, edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham,Duke University Press,ISBN978-0822321460
^Pizzaro, P. (1571),Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru, Vol. 1–2, New York, Cortes Society, RareBooksClub.com,ISBN978-1235937859
^Maples, W.R.; Gatliff, B.P.; Ludeña, H.; Benfer, R.; Goza, W. (1989). "The death and mortal remains of Francisco Pizarro".Journal of Forensic Sciences.34 (4):1021–1036.doi:10.1520/JFS12733J.PMID2668443.
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