Francisco Pareja, OFM (c. 1570 – June 25, 1628)[1]: viii was aFranciscan missionary inSpanish Florida, where he was primarily assigned toMission San Juan del Puerto. The Spaniard became a spokesman for the Franciscan community to the Spanish and colonial governments, was a leader among the missionaries, and served ascustodio for the community in Florida. After the Franciscan organization was promoted to aprovincia (province), Pareja was elected by his fellow missionaries as provincial in 1616.
His primary historical importance was as alinguist: he developed the first writing system for theAmerican IndianTimucua language. In 1612 he published the first book in anindigenous language of theUnited States, a catechism in Spanish and Timucua. From 1612 to 1627, he published eight other works in Spanish and Timucua, for the use of his teaching brothers; six of his works survive. He taught Timucuans to read and write within six months.
The first church in what is now thecontiguous United States was founded inSt. Augustine, Florida, by Pareja in 1560.[2]
According to the title page of hisArte y pronunciación en lengua timucuana y castellana, Pareja was born atAuñón in theDiocese of Toledo,Spain;[1]: vi the date of his birth is unknown. He would have studied at a school and seminary there.
Pareja traveled to Florida in 1595 with eleven other Franciscans assigned by the Spanish government to establish missions to the Native Americans.[3] It was the third Spanish effort to establish missions. The brothers were following earlier unsuccessful efforts by Jesuit missionaries, one of whom had been martyred; the others returned to Spain. A group of 13 Franciscans arrived atSt. Augustine in 1587. Within five years, most of the Franciscans had become discouraged by their lack of progress and left.[4]
Pareja worked as amissionary on the east coast of the peninsula, notably atSan Juan del Puerto, thedoctrina (mission) established by Franciscans in 1587 at the main village of theSaturiwachiefdom of that area. The people had intensive agriculture, hunting and fishing, and developed government.[4]
The Franciscans developed a multi-tier organization, with adoctrina as the base where a resident friar taught Christianity. Other sites, calledvisitas, were founded in more distant villages, which the resident friar would visit on Sundays and holy days. The total group of friars associated with a doctrina was called acustodia and led by one of them, called acustodio.[4] By 1602 the San Juan del Puertodoctrina had set up nine associatedvisitas.[5]
Pareja'sdoctrina was on present-dayFort George Island near the mouth of theSt. Johns River in what is nowJacksonville. Acacique or chief ruled the Timucuan village that was associated with San Juan del Puerto; the people spoke theMocama dialect. In 1603 a Saturiwa whom the Spanish named Maria wascacica; the following year she told the Spanish that her people were pleased with Father Pareja. She may have ruled into the 1620s.[6]
Pareja achieved some success with the Saturiwa; in 1602 he had 500 Christians within his custodio.[6] Nearly that number were confirmed during a visit in 1606 by Bishop Altamirano, including Cacica Maria and five of her subordinate caciques from the area.[7]
In his most significant achievement, Pareja developed a form of written language for Timucua. Hiscatechism in Spanish and Timucua, published in 1612, was the first book written in an indigenous language of the United States.[8] Through 1627, he published several other works in both languages.[4] Due to his books and teachings, both Timucuan men and women learned to read and write in less than six months. They were able to write letters to each other in their own language.[9] His works were distributed to other Franciscans and enabled them to teach literacy and Christianity to the Timucua. Since the twentieth century, his work has also been studied for insights into the ethnography of the indigenous people.[8]
Pareja also worked at MissionSan Pedro de Mocama onCumberland Island (present-dayGeorgia), where he served theTacatacuru, another Mocama-speaking group. He was there at the time of theGuale revolt in 1597. He later became guardian, or an officer, of themonastery of the Immaculate Conception at St. Augustine. From 1609 to 1612 he served as custodio of the Franciscans in Florida.
When the Franciscan church organization in Florida and Cuba was elevated to the rank of a province (provincia), namedSanta Elena de Florida, Pareja was elected as provincial in 1616 by his fellow Franciscans.[7][10] Seeking more financial support of the Franciscans, he wrote to the colonial government, which seemed to favor soldiers: "we are the ones who bear the burden and heats, and we are the ones subduing and conquering the land."[11] The last contemporary record of him was a fellow Franciscan's reference to his work in Florida in the book published in 1627.[9]
In his last posting, Pareja joined the province of the Holy Gospel inMexico. He died in Mexico in 1628.[10]
Pareja is noted for having published the first books in the language of an indigenous tribe (theTimucua) within the present-day United States. He published several works between 1612 and 1627 in Timucua and Spanish, although some have been lost. His surviving works are:
In addition, he was known to have published two other religious works and compiled a dictionary, which did not survive.[8]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Francisco Pareja".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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