Coppola's fatherCarmine was a composer whose music featured in his son's films. Many ofhis relatives have found success in film: his sisterTalia Shire is an actress, his daughterSofia is a director, his sonRoman is a screenwriter and his nephewsJason Schwartzman andNicolas Cage are actors.[15] Coppola resides inNapa, California, and since the 2010s has been avintner, owning a family-branded winery of his own.[16]
Francis Ford Coppola was born inDetroit, Michigan, in 1939, to fatherCarmine Coppola (1910–1991),[17] aflautist with theDetroit Symphony Orchestra and motherItalia Coppola (née Pennino; 1912–2004), a family of second-generation Italian immigrants. His paternal grandparents came to the United States fromBernalda, Basilicata.[18] His maternal grandfather, popular Italian composer Francesco Pennino, emigrated fromNaples, Italy.[19] At the time of Coppola's birth, his father was an arranger and assistant orchestra director forThe Ford Sunday Evening Hour, an hour-long concert music radio series sponsored by theFord Motor Company.[20][21] Coppola was born atHenry Ford Hospital, and those two connections toHenry Ford inspired the Coppolas to choose the middle name "Ford" for their son.[22][23]
Francis is the middle of three children: his older brother wasAugust Coppola, and his younger sister is actressTalia Shire.[18]
Two years after Coppola's birth, his father was named principal flutist for theNBC Symphony Orchestra, under the baton ofArturo Toscanini, and the family moved to New York. They settled inWoodside, Queens, where Coppola spent the remainder of his childhood.
Having contractedpolio as a boy, Coppola was bedridden for large periods of his childhood, during which he did homemade puppet theater productions. He developed an interest in theater after readingA Streetcar Named Desire (1947) at age 15.[24] He created8 mm feature films edited from home movies with titles such asThe Rich Millionaire andThe Lost Wallet.[25] Although Coppola was a mediocre student, his interest in technology and engineering earned him the childhood nickname "Science".[26] He trained initially for a career in music and became proficient in thetuba, eventually earning a music scholarship to theNew York Military Academy.[25] In all, Coppola attended 23 schools[27] before he eventually graduated fromGreat Neck North High School.[28]
He enteredHofstra University in 1955 as a theater arts major. There, he was awarded a scholarship in playwriting. This furthered his interest in directing theater, though his father disapproved and wanted him to study engineering.[24] Coppola was profoundly impressed bySergei Eisenstein's filmOctober: Ten Days That Shook the World (1928), especially the quality of its editing, and decided to pursue cinema rather than theater.[24] He said he was influenced to become a writer by his brother August.[27] Coppola also credits the work ofElia Kazan for influencing him as a writer and director.[27] Coppola's classmates at Hofstra includedJames Caan,Lainie Kazan and radio artistJoe Frank.[28][29] He later cast Kazan and Caan in his films.
While pursuing his bachelor's degree, Coppola was elected president of the university's drama group, The Green Wig, and its musical comedy club, the Kaleidoscopians. He merged the two groups into The Spectrum Players, and under his leadership, the group staged a new production each week. Coppola also founded the cinema workshop at Hofstra and contributed prolifically to the campus literary magazine.[25] He won three D. H. Lawrence Awards for theatrical production and direction and received a Beckerman Award for his outstanding contributions to the school's theater arts division.[30] While a graduate student, Coppola studied under professorDorothy Arzner, whose encouragement was later acknowledged as pivotal to Coppola's career.[24]
After earning his theater arts degree fromHofstra in 1960, Coppola enrolled in UCLA Film School attending withBart Patton and Pete (John) Broadrick.[25][31] There, he directed a short horror film,The Two Christophers, inspired byEdgar Allan Poe's "William Wilson" andAyamonn the Terrible, a film about a sculptor's nightmares coming to life.[26] He also met undergraduate film majorJim Morrison, future frontman ofThe Doors.[32]
In the early 1960s, Coppola made $10 per week[33] (roughly equivalent to $103 per week today).[34] Looking for a way to earn some extra money, he found that many colleagues from film school made money filming erotic productions known as "nudie-cuties" or "skin flicks", which showed nudity without implying any sexual act.[35] At 21, Coppola wrote the script forThe Peeper, a short comedy film about avoyeur who tries to spy on a sensual photo shoot in the studio next to his apartment. Coppola found an interested producer, who gave him $3,000 to shoot the film. He hiredPlayboy BunnyMarli Renfro to play the model and had his friend Karl Schanzer play the voyeur. WithThe Peeper finished, Coppola found that the cartoonish aspects of the film alienated potential buyers, who did not find the 12-minute short exciting enough to screen inadult theaters.[36]
After much rejection, Coppola received an opportunity from Premier Pictures Company, a small production company that invested inThe Wide Open Spaces, an eroticwestern written and directed by Jerry Schafer, which had been shelved for more than a year. Both Schafer's film andThe Peeper featured Renfro, so the producers paid Coppola $500 to combine the two films. After Coppola re-edited the picture, it was released as thesoftcore comedyTonight for Sure (1962).[36] Another production company, Screen Rite Pictures, hired Coppola to do a similar job: re-cutting the German filmMit Eva fing die Sünde an [de] (Sin Began with Eve), directed byFritz Umgelter. Coppola added new color footage with British modelJune Wilkinson and other nude starlets.[37] The re-edited film was released asThe Bellboy and the Playgirls. That same year, producer/directorRoger Corman hired Coppola as an assistant. Corman first tasked Coppola with dubbing and re-editing the Soviet science fiction filmNebo Zovyot (1959), which Coppola turned into the sex-and-violence monster movieBattle Beyond the Sun (1962).[28] Impressed by Coppola's perseverance and dedication, Corman hired him as a dialogue director forTower of London (1962), sound man forThe Young Racers (1963) and associate producer and one of many uncredited directors forThe Terror (1963).[30]
Coppola's firstfeature film wasDementia 13 (1963). While on location in Ireland forThe Young Racers, Corman persuaded Coppola to use that film's leftover funds to make a low-budgethorror movie.[30] Coppola wrote a brief draft in one night, incorporating elements from Hitchcock'sPsycho,[38] and the result impressed Corman enough to give the go-ahead. On a budget of $40,000 ($20,000 from Corman and $20,000 from another producer who wanted to buy the movie's English rights),[38] Coppola directedDementia 13 over the course of nine days. The film recouped its expenses and later became acult film among horror buffs. It was on the set ofDementia 13 that Coppola met the woman he would marry, Eleanor Jessie Neil.
Following the success ofYou're a Big Boy Now, Coppola was offered to work on an adaptation of the musicalFinian's Rainbow starring dance legendFred Astaire andPetula Clark in her first American film. ProducerJack L. Warner was not impressed by Coppola's shaggy-haired, bearded, "hippie" appearance and generally left him to his own devices. Coppola took the cast to the Napa Valley for much of the outdoor shooting, but those scenes were in sharp contrast to those filmed on a Hollywood soundstage, resulting in a disjointed look. Nonetheless,Finian's Rainbow (1968) was a critical and commercial success. Clark received a Golden Globe Best Actress nomination. The film introduced Coppola toGeorge Lucas, who became a lifelong friend and a production assistant on his next film.
The Rain People (1969) was written, directed, and initially produced by Coppola himself, though as the movie advanced, he exceeded his budget and the studio had to underwrite the remainder of the movie.[28] It won theGolden Shell at the 1969San Sebastián International Film Festival. Coppola wanted to subvert the studio system, which he felt had stifled his visions, intending to produce mainstream pictures to finance off-beat projects and give first-time directors a chance. While touring Europe, Coppola was introduced to alternative filmmaking equipment and, inspired by the bohemian spirit of Lanterna Film, decided he would build a deviant studio that would conceive and implement unconventional approaches to filmmaking. He decided to name his future studio "Zoetrope" after receiving a gift ofzoetropes from Mogens Scot-Hansen, founder of Lanterna Film. Upon his return home, Coppola and Lucas searched for a mansion in Marin County to house the studio. However, in 1969, with equipment flowing in and no mansion found yet, the first home for Zoetrope Studio was a warehouse inSan Francisco onFolsom Street.[41]Andrew Sarris, inThe American Cinema (1968), wrote: "[Coppola] is probably the first reasonably talented and sensibly adaptable directorial talent to emerge from a university curriculum in film-making ... [He] may be heard from more decisively in the future."[42]
I wrote the script ofPatton. And the script was very controversial when I wrote it, because they thought it was so stylized. It was supposed to be like, sort of, you know,The Longest Day. And my script ofPatton was—I was sort of interested in the reincarnation. And I had this very bizarre opening where he stands up in front of an American flag and gives this speech. Ultimately, I wasn't fired, but I was fired, meaning that when the script was done, they said, "Okay, thank you very much," and they went and hired another writer and that script was forgotten. And I remember very vividly this long, kind of being raked over the coals for this opening scene.[43]
When the title role was offered toGeorge C. Scott, he remembered having read Coppola's screenplay earlier. He stated flatly that he would accept the part only if they used Coppola's script. "Scott is the one who resurrected my version," said Coppola.[44]
The movie opens with Scott's rendering of Patton's famous military "Pep Talk" to members of the Third Army, set against a huge American flag. Coppola and North had to tone down Patton's actual language to avoid anR rating; in the opening monologue, the word "fornicating" replaced "fucking" when criticizingThe Saturday Evening Post. Over the years, this opening monologue has become an iconic scene and has spawned parodies in numerous films, political cartoons, and television shows.
The Godfather (1972) was a turning point in Coppola's career. However, he faced several difficulties while filming.Paramount had owned the rights toMario Puzo'snovel, about an Americanmafia family, for several years. Coppola was not Paramount's first choice to direct;Sergio Leone was initially offered the job but declined in order to direct his own gangster opus,Once Upon a Time in America.[45]Robert Evans wanted the picture to be directed by anItalian American to make it "ethnic to the core".[46][47] Evans' chief assistantPeter Bart suggested Coppola, as a director of Italian ancestry who would work for a low sum and budget after the poor reception ofThe Rain People.[48][46] Coppola initially turned down the job because he found Puzo's novel sleazy and sensationalist, describing it as "pretty cheap stuff".[49][50] At the time, Coppola's studio American Zoetrope owed over $400,000 toWarner Bros. for budget overruns onTHX 1138 and, when coupled with his poor financial standing, along with advice from friends and family, Coppola reversed his initial decision and took the job.[51][52]
Coppola was officially announced as director of the film on September 28, 1970.[53] He agreed to receive $125,000 and six percent of the gross rentals.[54][55] Coppola later found a deeper theme for the material and decided it should be not just be a film about organized crime, but also afamily saga and a metaphor for capitalism in America.[46] The story follows theCorleone family as patriarchVito Corleone passes the reins of power to his son Michael. There was disagreement between Paramount and Coppola on casting; Coppola wanted to castMarlon Brando as Vito, though Paramount wanted eitherErnest Borgnine orDanny Thomas.Orson Welles was also considered. At one point, Coppola was told by the then-president of Paramount that "Marlon Brando will never appear in this motion picture." After pleading with the executives, Coppola was allowed to cast Brando only if he appeared in the film for much less money than his previous films, would perform a screen test, and put up a bond saying that he would not cause a delay in the production (as he had done on previous film sets).[56] Coppola chose Brando over Borgnine on the basis of Brando's screen test, which also won over the Paramount leadership. Coppola would later recall:
The Godfather was a very unappreciated movie when we were making it. They were very unhappy with it. They didn't like the cast. They didn't like the way I was shooting it. I was always on the verge of getting fired. So it was an extremely nightmarish experience. I had two little kids, and the third one was born during that. We lived in a little apartment, and I was basically frightened that they didn't like it. They had as much as said that, so when it was all over I wasn't at all confident that it was going to be successful, and that I'd ever get another job.[38]
The film was a critical and commercial success, setting the box office record.[57]Pauline Kael wrote:
Coppola, a young director who has never had a big hit, may have done the movie for money, as he claims—in order to make the pictures he really wants to make, he says—but this picture was made at peak capacity. He has salvaged Puzo’s energy and lent the narrative dignity. Given the circumstances and the rush to complete the film and bring it to market, Coppola has not only done his best but pushed himself farther than he may realize. The movie is on the heroic scale of earlier pictures on broad themes, such asOn the Waterfront,From Here to Eternity, andThe Nun’s Story. It offers a wide, startlingly vivid view of a Mafia dynasty. The abundance is from the book; the quality of feeling is Coppola’s ... The direction is tenaciously intelligent. Coppola holds on and pulls it all together. The trash novel is there underneath, but he attempts to draw the patterns out of the particulars. It’s amazing how encompassing the view seems to be—what a sense you get of a broad historical perspective, considering that the span is only from 1945 to the mid-fifties, at which time the Corleone family, already forced by competitive pressures into dealing in narcotics, is moving its base of operations to Las Vegas.[58]
The film routinely ranks near the top of polls for the greatest movies ever. It was ranked third, behindCitizen Kane (1941) andCasablanca (1942), on theAmerican Film Institute's inauguralAFI's 100 Years...100 Movies list in 1997. In 2007, it had moved to second place, ahead ofCasablanca and behindKane.[61] David Thomson writes that "The Godfather deserved all its success because it had the nerve to take its 175 minutes slowly ... It has a calm faith in narrative control that had not been current in Hollywood for twenty years. It was like a film of the forties in its nostalgic decor; its command of great supporting actors; in Gordon Willis's bold exploration of afilm noir in color; and in its fascination with evil."[40]
The Conversation (1974) further cemented Coppola's reputation. It was influenced byMichelangelo Antonioni'sBlowup (1966)[62] and generated much interest when news leaked that it featured the same surveillance and wire-tapping equipment that members of theNixon administration used to spy on political opponents in theWatergate scandal. Coppola claimed that this was purely coincidental, as the script forThe Conversation was completed in the mid-1960s. However, audiences interpreted the film as a reaction to Watergate and its fallout. It starsGene Hackman as Harry Caul, "the best bugger on the West Coast", hired to spy on a young couple played byCindy Williams andFrederic Forrest. It features Cazale as his partner, Stan. The movie was a critical success and won Coppola his firstPalme d'Or at the1974 Cannes Film Festival.[63] Coppola's brother-in-lawDavid Shire wrote the score andWalter Murch edited the picture, as Coppola started work on his next project.[64]
The Godfather Part II is bothprequel andsequel to the first film, telling parallel stories of the rise of young Vito Corleone and the fall of his son Michael. After its five-hour-long preview, George Lucas told Coppola, "You have two films. Take one away, it doesn't work." Coppola claims it was the first major motion picture to use "Part II" in its title; he was influenced bySergei Eisenstein's two-partIvan the Terrible.[65] Paramount was initially opposed to his decision to name the movieThe Godfather Part II. According to Coppola, the studio's objection stemmed from the belief that audiences would be reluctant to see a film with such a title, as the audience would supposedly believe that, having already seenThe Godfather, there was little reason to see an addition to the original film. However, the success ofThe Godfather Part II began the Hollywood tradition of numbered sequels.[66]
The movie received tremendous critical acclaim, with many deeming it superior to its predecessor. Kael wrote:
Coppola has plunged us back into the sensuality and terror of the first film. And, with the relentlessness of a master, he goes farther and farther. The daring of Part II is that it enlarges the scope and deepens the meaning of the first film ... The first film covered the period from 1945 to the mid-fifties. Part II, contrasting the early manhood of Vito (played byRobert De Niro) with the life of Michael, his inheritor (Al Pacino), spans almost seventy years. We saw only the middle of the story in the first film; now we have the beginning and the end. Structurally, the completed work is nothing less than the rise and decay of an American dynasty of unofficial rulers ... Part II has the same mythic and operatic visual scheme as the first; once again the cinematographer is Gordon Willis. Visually the film is, however, far more complexly beautiful than the first, just as it’s thematically richer, more shadowed, more full. Willis’s workmanship has developed, like Coppola’s; even the sequences in the sunlight have deep tones — elegiac yet lyrical, as inThe Conformist, and always serving the narrative, as the Nino Rota score also does.[67]
In addition to Pacino, Cazale, Duvall, Keaton and Shire reprised their roles from the first film. Newcomers includedMichael V. Gazzo and Pacino's mentorLee Strasberg.The Godfather Part II was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won six, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Director.[68] De Niro won Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Vito, making him and Brando the first actors to win Oscars for playing the same character. The film ranked at No. 32 on AFI's inaugural 100 Years...100 Movies list, maintaining its position ten years later.[61] It is ranked No. 1 onTV Guide's "50 Best Movies of All Time"[69] and at No. 7 onEntertainment Weekly's list of the "100 Greatest Movies of All Time".[70] Together, the twoGodfathers placed at No. 4 onSight & Sound's 2002 list of the ten greatest films of all time.[71] Thomson writes that "it exhibited a mastery of so many periods and locations as to be entrancing."[40] It was one of the last major American motion pictures to be filmed inTechnicolor.[72]
Following the success ofThe Godfather,The Conversation andThe Godfather Part II, Coppola began filmingApocalypse Now, an adaptation ofJoseph Conrad'sHeart of Darkness (1899) set inCambodia during theVietnam War. It follows Willard (Martin Sheen) as he journeys upriver to find and assassinate the rogue Kurtz (Brando). The production in thePhilippines was plagued by numerous problems, including typhoons, nervous breakdowns, the firing ofHarvey Keitel, Sheen's heart attack, Brando arriving overweight and unprepared and extras from the Philippine military and half of the supplied helicopters leaving in the middle of scenes to fight rebels. It was delayed so often it was nicknamedApocalypse When?[73]
In his bookThe Films of My Life, the French directorFrançois Truffaut made a curious statement. He used to believe, he says, that a successful film had to simultaneously express "an idea of the world and an idea of cinema." But now, he writes, "I demand that a film express either the joy of making cinema or the agony of making cinema. I am not at all interested in anything in between; I am not interested in all those films that do not pulse."
It may seem strange to begin a review of Franics Coppola'sApocalypse Now with those words, but consider them for a moment and they apply perfectly to this sprawling film. The critics who have rejected Coppola's film mostly did so on Truffaut's earlier grounds; they have arguments with the ideas about the world and the war inApocalypse Now ... Like all great works of art about war,Apocalypse Now essentially contains only one idea or message, the not-especially enlightening observation that war is hell. We do not go to see Coppola's movie for that reason—something Coppola, but not some of his critics, knows well. Coppola also knows well (and demonstrated in theGodfather films) that movies aren't especially good at dealing with abstract ideas—for those you'd be better turning to the written word—but they are superb for presenting moods and feelings, the look of a battle, the expression of a face, the mood of a country.Apocalypse Now achieves greatness not by analyzing our "experience" in Vietnam, but by re-creating, in characters and images, something of that experience.
An example: the scene in which Robert Duvall, as a crazed lieutenant colonel, leads his troops in a helicopter assault on a village is, quite simply, the best movie battle scene ever filmed. It's simultaneously numbing, depressing and exhilarating: as the rockets jar from the helicopters and spring through the air, we're elated like kids for a half second, until the reality of the consequences sinks in...
What's great in this film, and what will make it live for many years and speak to many audiences, is what Coppola achieves on the level Truffaut was discussing: the moments of agony and joy in making cinema. Some of those moments come at the same time; remember again the helicopter assault and its unsettling mixture of horror and exhilaration. Remember the weird beauty of the massed helicopters lifting over the trees in long shot, and the insane power ofWagner's music, played loudly during the attack, and you feel what Coppola was getting at: those moments as common in life as art, when the whole huge grand mystery of the world, so beautiful, so terrible, seems to hang in the balance.[75]
The film's reputation has grown and it is now regarded by many as a masterpiece of the New Hollywood and is frequently cited as one of the greatest movies ever made, ranking at Number 19 on the 2022Sight and Sound poll.[76] For the film, Murch was the first person to receive a credit as a Sound Designer.[77]
The documentaryHearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse (1991), directed byGeorge Hickenlooper, Fax Bahr and Francis's wife,Eleanor Coppola, who was present through the production, chronicles the difficulties the crew went through makingApocalypse Now and features behind-the-scenes footage filmed by Eleanor. Coppola famously stated, "We were in the jungle, there were too many of us, we had access to too much money, too much equipment and little by little, we went insane."[78]
Apocalypse Now marked the end of the 'golden phase' of Coppola's career.[28] His Las Vegas-set musical fantasyOne from the Heart (1982), while pioneering in its use of video-editing techniques, ended with a disastrous box-office gross of US$636,796 against a $26-million budget,[79] and he was forced to sell the 23-acre Zoetrope Studio in 1983.[30] He would spend the rest of the decade working to pay off his debts. Ebert wrote that the film was "a ballet of graceful and complex camera movements occupying magnificent sets, and somehow the characters get lost in the process ... The storyteller ofThe Godfather has become a technician here. There are chilling parallels between Coppola’s obsessive control of this film and the character of Harry Caul, the wiretapper in Coppola’sThe Conversation (1974), who cared only about technical results and refused to let himself think about human consequences."[80] Later critical evaluation has been more positive; Thomson calls the film "enchanting and touching".[40]One from the Heart starred Forrest,Teri Garr,Raúl Juliá,Nastassja Kinski and was scored byTom Waits withCrystal Gayle singing on many tracks with Waits.
In 1983, he directedThe Outsiders, an adaptation of thenovel of the same name byS. E. Hinton. Coppola credited his inspiration for making the film to a suggestion from middle school students who had read the novel.The Outsiders is notable for being the breakout film for a number of young actors who would go on to become major stars, includingMatt Dillon,Ralph Macchio andC. Thomas Howell. Also in the cast werePatrick Swayze,Emilio Estevez,Diane Lane,Tom Cruise andRob Lowe (in his film debut). Carmine Coppola wrote and edited the score, including the title song "Stay Gold", which was based onRobert Frost's"Nothing Gold Can Stay" and performed byStevie Wonder. He directedRumble Fish, filmed at the same time asThe Outsiders on-location inTulsa, Oklahoma and based on thenovel of the same name by Hinton, who co-wrote the screenplay. Shot in black-and-white as an homage to German expressionism,Rumble Fish centers on the relationship between a revered former gang leader (Mickey Rourke) and his younger brother, Rusty James (Dillon). The film bombed at the box office, earning a meager $2.5 million against a $10 million budget.[81]
In 1984, Coppola directed the Robert Evans-producedThe Cotton Club, based on the novel byJames Haskins and centered on the eponymousHarlemjazz club. The film was nominated for several awards, including the Golden Globes for Best Director and Best Picture (Drama) and Oscars for Best Film Editing and Best Art-Direction. However, the film failed at the box-office, earning only $25.9 million of the $47.9 million privately invested by brothers Fred and Ed Doumani.[82] The same year, he directed "Rip Van Winkle", an adaptation ofWashington Irving's short story starringHarry Dean Stanton forShelley Duvall'sFaerie Tale Theatre.[83]
In 1986, Coppola directedCaptain EO, a 17-minute space fantasy forDisney theme parks executive produced by George Lucas and starringMichael Jackson.[84] Coppola, formerly a member ofWriters Guild of America West, left and maintainedfinancial core status in 1986.[85] Also in 1986, Coppola released the comedyPeggy Sue Got Married starringKathleen Turner,Jim Carrey and Coppola's nephewNicolas Cage. The film earned Coppola positive reviews and Turner her first and only Oscar nomination. It was Coppola's first box-office success sinceThe Outsiders[86] and ranked number 17 onEntertainment Weekly's list of "50 Best High School Movies".[87] That same year, Coppola appeared on the March 22 episode ofSaturday Night Live where he was part of a storyline whereNBC hired him to direct the show in an attempt to boostSNL's sagging ratings.
The following year, Coppola re-teamed with James Caan forGardens of Stone, but the film was overshadowed by the death of Coppola's eldest sonGian-Carlo during the film's production. The movie was not a critical success and underperformed commercially, earning only $5.6 million against a $13 million budget.[88] Coppola directedTucker: The Man and His Dream the year after that. The film is a biopic based on the life ofPreston Tucker and his attempt to produce and market the Tucker '48; Coppola had originally conceived the project as a musical with Brando leading. Ultimately, it wasJeff Bridges who played the role of Tucker. Budgeted at $24 million, the film received positive reviews and earned three nominations at the62nd Academy Awards, but grossed a disappointing $19.65 million at the box office. It garnered two awards:Martin Landau won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor andDean Tavoularis took BAFTA's honors for Best Production Design.
In 1989, Coppola teamed up with fellow Oscar-winnersMartin Scorsese andWoody Allen for theanthology filmNew York Stories. Coppola directed the "Life Without Zoë" segment, starring Shire and co-written with his daughter Sofia. "Life Without Zoë" was mostly panned by critics and was generally considered to be the segment that brought the film's overall quality down.[89][90]Hal Hinson ofThe Washington Post wrote a particularly scathing review, stating: "It's impossible to know what Francis Coppola'sLife Without Zoë is. Co-written with his daughter Sofia, the film is a mystifying embarrassment; it's by far the director's worst work yet."[91] Zoetrope Studios finally filed forChapter 11 bankruptcy in 1990, after which its name was changed to American Zoetrope.[28]
In 1990, he released the third and final chapter ofThe Godfather series:The Godfather Part III. Coppola felt that the first two films had told the complete Corleone saga. Coppola intendedPart III to be an epilogue to the first two films.[92] In hisaudio commentary forPart II, he stated that only a dire financial situation caused by the failure ofOne from the Heart (1982) compelled him to take upParamount's long-standing offer to make a third installment.[93] Coppola and Puzo preferred the titleThe Death of Michael Corleone, but Paramount Pictures found that unacceptable.[92] While not as critically acclaimed as the first two films,[94][95][96] it was still commercially successful, earning $136 million against a $54 million budget.[97] Some reviewers criticized the casting of Coppola's daughterSofia, who stepped into the leading role ofMary Corleone, which was abandoned byWinona Ryder just as filming began.[94] Despite this,The Godfather Part III went on to gather sevenAcademy Award nominations, includingBest Director andBest Picture. The film failed to win any of these awards, which made it the only film in the trilogy to do so.
In September 2020, for the film's 30th anniversary, it was announced that a new cut of the film titledMario Puzo's The Godfather, Coda: The Death of Michael Corleone would have a limited theatrical release in December 2020 followed by digital and Blu-ray.[98] Coppola said the film is the version he and Puzo had originally envisioned, and it "vindicates" its status among the trilogy and his daughter Sofia's performance.[99][100]
In 1992, Coppola directed and producedBram Stoker's Dracula. Adapted fromBram Stoker'snovel, it was intended to follow the book more closely than previous film adaptations.[101] Coppola castGary Oldman as the titular role, withKeanu Reeves,Winona Ryder, andAnthony Hopkins in supporting roles. The movie became a box-office hit, grossing $82,522,790 domestically, making it the 15th highest-grossing film of the year.[102] It fared even better out of the country, grossing $133,339,902 for a total worldwide gross of $215,862,692 against a budget of $40 million,[103] making it the ninth highest-grossing film of the year worldwide.[104] The film won Academy Awards forCostume Design,Makeup andSound Editing.
Coppola's next project wasJack, which was released on August 9, 1996. It starredRobin Williams as Jack Powell, a ten-year-old boy whose cells are growing at four times the normal rate due toWerner syndrome, which makes him look like a 40-year-old man at the age of ten. WithDiane Lane,Brian Kerwin, andBill Cosby,Jack also featuredJennifer Lopez,Fran Drescher andMichael McKean in supporting roles. Not a box-office success, grossing $58 million domestically on an estimated $45 million budget,[105] it was panned by critics, many of whom disliked the film's abrupt contrast between actual comedy and tragic melodrama.[106] It was also unfavorably compared with the 1988 filmBig, in whichTom Hanks also played a child in a grown man's body.[107] Most critics felt that the screenplay was poorly written, not funny, and had unconvincing and unbelievable drama.[108] Other critics felt that Coppola was too talented to be making this type of film.[109] Although ridiculed for making the film, Coppola has defended it, saying he is not ashamed of the final cut of the movie. He had been friends with Robin Williams for many years and had always wanted to work with him as an actor.[110] When Williams was offered the screenplay forJack, he said he would only agree to do it if Coppola agreed to sign on as director.
The last film Coppola directed in the 1990s,The Rainmaker, was based on the 1995novel of the same name byJohn Grisham. An ensemblecourtroom drama, the film was well received by critics.[111]Roger Ebert gaveThe Rainmaker three stars out of four, remarking: "I have enjoyed several of the movies based on Grisham novels ... but I've usually seen the storyteller's craft rather than the novelist's art being reflected. By keeping all of the little people in focus, Coppola shows the variety of a young lawyer's life, where every client is necessary and most of them need a lot more than a lawyer."[112]James Berardinelli also gave the film three stars out of four, saying that "the intelligence and subtlety ofThe Rainmaker took me by surprise" and that the film "stands above any other filmed Grisham adaptation."[113] Grisham said of the film: "To me it's the best adaptation of any of [my books] ... I love the movie. It's so well done."[114] The film grossed about $45 million domestically,[115] more than the estimated production budget of $40 million, but a disappointment compared to previous films adapted from Grisham novels.[citation needed]
According to Coppola, after this film, he stopped working as a "professional director", preferring to act more like a student. He chose to self-finance some "very small, low-budget" movies in order to learn "what making movies really was" without needing them to be successful.[116]
In the late 90's Coppola was a board member of MGM, and in discussion of films they already had which could not be released,Supernova was among the most expensive. He was approached to supervise several of these, includingThe Fantastiks and Supernova, which he used his American Zoetrope facility inNorthern California. This work included digitally placingAngela Bassett's andJames Spader's faces on the bodies of (a computer-tinted)Robin Tunney andPeter Facinelli so that their characters could have alove scene.[117] However, Coppola's re-edited version had negative test screening and didn't get the PG-13 rating by the MPAA that the studio wanted. Creature designerPatrick Tatopoulos, whose special effects were mostly cut out from the film, said thatWalter Hill wanted the film to be much more grotesque, strange, and disturbing, while MGM wanted to make it more of a hip, sexy film in space, and not with full-blown makeup effects. "I hope that my experience in the film industry has helped improve the picture and rectified some of the problems that losing a director caused", said Coppola.[117] By October 1999,MGM decided to sell the film.[118] The film was eventually released on January 17, 2000, almost two years later than planned.[119]
In the late '90s, Coppola began revisiting his films and creating new director's cuts for release on home video. The first movie to receive this treatment wasApocalypse Now. The new version,Apocalypse Now Redux, restored 49 minutes that had been cut from the film before its original release in 1979, notably a visit to a French plantation. A number of actors came in to rerecord their lines for the deleted scenes, which were of inconsistent audio quality, and new music was composed. This version was released in cinemas in 2001 and later released on DVD. In 2006, it was collected with the theatrical cut on a deluxe DVD; subsequent home video releases have included both versions.
A. O. Scott wrote: "Apocalypse Now Redux arrives in this slack season to remind us of a lost era of visionary cinema, a time of creative self-confidence that frequently flirted with hubris, but also a time of risk taking and high seriousness. The artistic vision on display inApocalypse Now -- the divine madness that inspired Mr. Coppola to risk his health, his sanity, his fortune and the well-being of his cast, crew and family -- is ultimately less impressive, and less important to the film's durable power, than the art itself."[121]
In 2005, Coppola created a new cut ofThe Outsiders for home video. This version, titledThe Outsiders: The Complete Novel, added more than 20 minutes of footage and removed three scenes, bringing the film's runtime from 91 minutes to 114 minutes. It also added new music byMichael Seifert and Dave Pruitt and several period songs to Carmine Coppola's score. Coppola included both the theatrical cut and "The Complete Novel" on all subsequent home video releases.
After a ten-year hiatus, Coppola returned to directing withYouth Without Youth in 2007, based on thenovella of the same name by Romanian authorMircea Eliade. The film received generally negative reviews from critics.[122] It was made for about $19 million and had a limited release, only managing $2,624,759 at the box-office.[123] As a result, Coppola announced his plans to produce his own films in order to avoid the marketing input that goes into most films, which are intended to appeal to too wide an audience.
In 2009, Coppola releasedTetro. It was set inArgentina, with the reunion of two brothers. The story follows the rivalries born out of creative differences passed down through generations of an artisticItalian immigrant family.[124] The film received generally positive reviews from critics.[125][126] TheRotten Tomatoes site's consensus was: "A complex meditation on family dynamics,Tetro's arresting visuals and emotional core compensate for its uneven narrative."[126]Roger Ebert of theChicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars, praising it for being "boldly operatic, involving family drama, secrets, generations at war, melodrama, romance and violence", Ebert also praisedVincent Gallo's performance and claimed thatAlden Ehrenreich is "the newLeonardo DiCaprio".[127] Todd McCarthy ofVariety gave the film a B+, judging that "when Coppola finds creativenirvana, he frequently has trouble delivering the full goods".[128]Richard Corliss ofTime gave the film a mixed review, praising Ehrenreich's performance, but claiming Coppola "has made a movie in which plenty happens, but nothing rings true".[129] The film made $2,636,774 worldwide,[130] against a budget of $5,000,000.
That's why I ended my career: I decided I didn't want to make what you could call 'factory movies' anymore. I would rather just experiment with the form, and see what I could do, and [make things] that came out of my own. And little by little, the commercial film industry went into the superhero business, and everything was on such a scale. The budgets were so big, because they wanted to make the big series of films where they could make two or three parts. I felt I was no longer interested enough to put in the extraordinary effort a film takes [nowadays].[134]
In 2015, Coppola found an old Betamax tape with his original cut ofThe Cotton Club and decided to restore it. He had cut about a half hour out of the film before its original release at the insistence of the film's European financial backers. Due to a combination of music rights, the loss of the original negative, audio issues, and MGM's lack of interest in the project, Coppola wound up spending 500,000 dollars of his own money restoring the film.[136] It was finally finished in 2017 and premiered at theTelluride Film Festival in 2019 asThe Cotton Club Encore.
After finishing work onThe Cotton Club, Coppola began work on a director's cut of his first movie,Dementia 13. For this film, Coppola removed several minutes of footage that had been added by the film's producer, Roger Corman.[137] In 2019, he followed it up with another director's cut ofApocalypse Now, this time called "The Final Cut". It removed 20 minutes of footage that had been included inApocalypse Now Redux and restored the film from the original negative for the first time.[138]
In December 2020, are-edit ofGodfather III,The Godfather Coda: The Death of Michael Corleone had a limited theatrical release, followed by digital and Blu-ray release in 2021.[139] Coppola stated thatThe Godfather: Part IV was never made because Mario Puzo died before they had a chance to write the film.[140]Andy García has since claimed the film's script was nearly produced.[140]
Coppola's most recent director's cut to date wasB'Twixt Now and Sunrise, a shortened version of his filmTwixt. It was given a select re-release in 2022.[141]
In April 2019, Coppola announced that he planned to directMegalopolis, which he had been developing for many years prior.[143] Speaking toDeadline, he said: "I plan this year to begin my longstanding ambition to make a major work utilizing all I have learned during my long career, beginning at age 16 doing theater, and that will be an epic on a grand scale, which I've titledMegalopolis."[144] He had planned to direct the movie, a story about the aftermath and reconstruction of New York City after a mega-disaster, many years earlier, but after the real-life disaster of theSeptember 11 attacks, the project was seen as being too sensitive.[145]
On February 29, 2024,Deadline reported thatMegalopolis will be released inIMAX in Fall 2024.[153] On April 9, 2024, it was revealed thatMegalopolis would be premiering in competition at the77th Cannes Film Festival.
In August 2024, one month ahead of the release ofMegalopolis, Coppola toldRolling Stone that he is not going to retire after his longtime passion project's release, intending to work on two projects: an adaptation ofThe Glimpses of the Moon with "strong dance and musical elements"[154] he plans to produce inEngland andDistant Vision, a "live cinema" project he's been working on since 2015 that tells the fictionalized story of three generations within anItalian American family during the phenomenon oftelevision's invention.[116]
In 1971, Coppola producedGeorge Lucas' first feature film,THX 1138. Shortly after completion of production they brought the finished film toWarner Bros., along with several other scripts for potential projects at their newly founded company, American Zoetrope. However, studio executives strongly disliked all of the scripts, includingTHX, and demanded that Coppola repay the $300,000 they had loaned him for the Zoetrope studio, as well as insisting on cutting five minutes from the film. The debt nearly closed Zoetrope and forced Coppola to reluctantly focus onThe Godfather.[155]American Zoetrope produced the filmClownhouse, the director of which,Victor Salva, was convicted of child sexual abuse and child pornography offences occurring during the making of that film.[156] In 2006, Coppola said, "You have to remember, while this was a tragedy, that the difference in age between Victor and the boy was very small -- Victor was practically a child himself." Salva was 29 at the time while the boy was 12.[157]
American Zoetrope also administers the Zoetrope Virtual Studio, a complete motion picture production studio for members only. Launched in June 2000 as the culmination of more than four years of work, it brings together departments for screenwriters, directors, producers and other filmmaker artists, as well as new departments for other creative endeavors such as the short story vending machine project.[158]
In the late 1980s, Coppola started considering concepts for a motion picture based upon the 19th-centuryCarlo Collodi novelThe Adventures of Pinocchio, and in 1991, Coppola andWarner Bros. began discussing the project as well as two others, one involving the life ofJ. Edgar Hoover and the other based on the children's novelThe Secret Garden. These discussions led to negotiations for Coppola to both produce and direct thePinocchio project for Warner Bros. as well asThe Secret Garden (which was made in 1993 and produced byAmerican Zoetrope, but directed byAgnieszka Holland) andHoover, which never came to fruition. A film was eventually made byClint Eastwood in 2011 titledJ. Edgar, which was distributed by Warner Bros.
However, in mid-1991, Coppola and Warner Bros. came to a disagreement over the compensation to Coppola for his directing services onPinocchio.[159] In 1994, Coppola later approached another studio,Columbia Pictures, to produce the film.[160] Warner Brothers then wrote to Columbia, stating it had held the rights to Coppola's project, which led to Columbia later dropping the project. Coppola filed a lawsuit against Warner Bros, alleging they had wrongfully prevented Columbia Pictures from making the film.[161]
The parties deferred this issue and a settlement was finally reached on July 3, 1998, when the jurors in the resultant court case awarded Coppola $20 million as compensation for losing thePinocchio film project.[162] On that same day, Warner Bros. stated it would appeal the decision.[163] A week later, Coppola was awarded a further $60 million in punitive damages on top, stemming from his charges that Warner Bros. sabotaged his intended version.[161] However, in October 1998, then-Superior Court Judge Madeleine Flier reversed the jury's $60 million award to Coppola.[164] Warner Bros. and Coppola then appealed each other's ruling, in which Coppola sought to have his $60 million award restored. In March 2001, theCalifornia Court of Appeals decided against Coppola on both counts.[165] In July 2001, theCalifornia Supreme Court refused to hear the appellate decision, bringing the litigation battle to a conclusive end.[166]
During the filming ofContact on December 28, 1996, Coppola filed a lawsuit againstCarl Sagan andWarner Bros. Sagan had died a week earlier,[167][168] and Coppola claimed that Sagan's novelContact was based on a story the pair had developed for a television special back in 1975 titledFirst Contact.[167] Under their development agreement, Coppola and Sagan were to split proceeds from the project as well as any novel Sagan would write withAmerican Zoetrope andChildren's Television Workshop Productions. The television program was never produced, but in 1985,Simon & Schuster published Sagan'sContact and Warner Bros. moved forward with development of a film adaptation. Coppola sought at least $250,000 in compensatory damages and an injunction against production or distribution of the film.[167] Even though Sagan was shown to have violated some of the terms of the agreement, the case was dismissed in February 1998 because Coppola had waited too long to file suit.[169]
George Altamura, a real estate developer, announced in 2003 that he had partnered with several people, including Coppola, in a project to restore theUptown Theater indowntown Napa, California, in order to create a live entertainment venue.[170]
Coppola is the owner ofFrancis Ford Coppola Presents, alifestyle brand under which he markets goods from companies he owns or controls. It includes films and videos, resorts, cafes, a literary magazine, a line of pastas and pasta sauces called Mammarella Foods, and a winery.[171][172][173]
Coppola, with his family, expanded his business ventures to include winemaking in California'sNapa Valley, when in 1975, he purchased the former home and adjoining vineyard ofGustave Niebaum inRutherford, California using proceeds fromThe Godfather.[178] His winery produced its first vintage in 1977 with the help of his father, wife, and children stomping the grapes barefoot. Every year, the family has a harvest party to continue the tradition.[179]
After purchasing the property, he produced wine under the Niebaum-Coppola label. He purchased the formerInglenook Winery chateau in 1995,[180] and renamed it toRubicon Estate Winery in 2006. On April 11, 2011, Coppola acquired the Inglenooktrademark[181] paying more, he said, for the trademark than he did for the entire estate[182] and announced that the estate would once again be known by its historic original name, Inglenook. Its grapes are entirely organically grown.
Included in the Francis Ford Coppola Presentslifestyle brand are several hotels and resorts, part of Coppola's Hideaway company. The Blancaneaux Lodge inBelize, which from the early 1980s was a family retreat until it was opened to the public in 1993 as a 20-room luxury resort and The Turtle Inn, inPlacencia, Belize, (both of which have won several prestigious awards including "Travel + Leisure's World's Best: Best Resort in Central & South America");[185][186] La Lancha inLago Petén Itzá,Guatemala;[187] Jardín Escondido inBuenos Aires, Argentina;[188]Palazzo Margherita inBernalda, Italy;[189] and the All-Movie Hotel inPeachtree City, Georgia, US.[190]
In San Francisco, Coppola owns a restaurant namedCafe Zoetrope, located in the Sentinel Building where American Zoetrope is based.[191] It serves traditional Italian cuisine and wine from hispersonal estate vineyard. For 14 years from 1994, Coppola co-owned the Rubicon restaurant in San Francisco along withRobin Williams andRobert De Niro. Rubicon closed in August 2008.[192]
Coppola bought into the San Francisco-based magazineCity of San Francisco in 1973,[193][194] with the intent of publishing[195][196][197][198] a "service magazine" that informed readers about sights and activities in selected cities.[199] The magazine was unsuccessful,[200] and he lost $1.5 million on this venture.[201]
In 2018, Coppola launched Sana Company LLC and released acannabis brand known as The Grower's Series.[202][203] The collection was created in partnership with the Humboldt Brothers, aHumboldt County cannabis farm.[204] Coppola debuted the brand inSan Francisco,California in October 2018 at the private cannabis dining club series known as Thursday Infused, organized by The Herb Somm,Jamie Evans.[205][203] Coppola packaged The Grower's Series in a mock black tin wine bottle resembling his wine brand.[206] The Grower's Series showcases threecannabis strains: asativa,indica and hybrid.[207]
Coppola appeared in a commercial forSuntory Reserve in 1980 alongsideAkira Kurosawa; the commercial was filmed while Kurosawa was makingKagemusha, which Coppola produced with George Lucas.[208]
In 2012, Coppola participated in theSight & Sound film polls of that year. It is held every ten years to select the greatest films of all time, by asking contemporary directors to select ten films of their choice.[213]
On October 15, 2024, after having received the statue of the Capitoline Wolf, Rome's highest honor, a street in the same capital city was named after him as a further sign of the connection between the filmmaker and the city.[214] In 2024, he was honored by theKennedy Center.[12] Introducing him, his friendGeorge Lucas said: “What Francis does creatively is jump off cliffs. When you spend enough time with Francis, you begin to believe you can jump off cliffs, too.”[215] He received theAFI Life Achievement Award in April, 2025.[216]
Awards and nominations received for films directed by Coppola
^Baumgarten, Marjorie (August 9, 1996)."Jack - Movie Review".The Austin Chronicle.Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. RetrievedOctober 21, 2019.
^Gleiberman, Owen."Jack".Entertainment Weekly.Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. RetrievedOctober 21, 2019.
^abHorn, John (January 14, 2000). "A film named after a disaster of stellar proportions? Hmm...: Supernova: Directed by Walter Hill. And Jack Sholder. And Francis Ford Coppola".National Post. p. B3.
^Goldstein, Patrick (June 11, 2006)."Victor Salva's horror stories".Los Angeles Times.Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. RetrievedAugust 25, 2022.
^Wasson, Sam (2003).The Path to Paradise: A Francis Ford Coppola Story. New York: Harper. p. 178.ISBN9780063037847.[Eleanor Coppola] had discovered [Francis] was having an affair, several affairs; there was, for starters, Playboy Bunny Linda Carpenter... There was the kids' former babysitter, his assistant on Godfather II, Melissa Mathison. They had been seeing each other since then.
.jpg)
_crop.jpg)
