 | |
 France |  Soviet Union |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of France, Moscow | Embassy of the Soviet Union, Paris |
| Envoy | |
| Envoy/Ambassador[a] Jean Herbette (first) Bertrand Dufourcq [fr] (last)[c] Full list | Plenipotentiary/Ambassador[b]Leonid Krasin (first) Yuri Dubinin (last) Full list |
Foreign relations betweenFrance and theSoviet Union officially began on 28 October, 1924.
Initially, France opposed the Bolsheviks and supported anti-communist forces in Russia. However, by 1924, both countries sought international trade, leading to increased commercial and cultural exchanges. Throughout the 20th century, the relationship between France and the Soviet Union experienced periods of alliance and discord. The two nations signed a treaty of alliance and mutual assistance during World War II, but tensions rose during the Cold War. France's communist party had strong influence domestically, and the decolonization of the French colonial empire provided Moscow with opportunities to support anti-colonial movements. In the 1960s and 1970s, France tried to act as a broker between Moscow and Washington, but relations were strained by events such as the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.
The Bolsheviks opted for peace with Germany in 1917 and refused to honour Russia's existing loans. In December 1917 France broke relations and supported the anti-Bolshevik cause. It supported theWhite Guard in theRussian Civil War andPoland in thewar of 1920. It also recognisedPyotr Wrangel, the military leader ofSouth Russia and the leader of the WhiteCaucasus Army, as the legitimate head of state of Russia.[1] France also wanted to directly intervene in theSoviet-Polish War, but its key ally the United Kingdom was unwilling.[1] The operations failed, and France switched from a diplomacy of opposition to one of containment of communism, with sharply reduced contacts. French communists continued visiting Moscow and promoting communism in France, but there was no official presence. By 1924, Comintern efforts to overthrow capitalism in aworld revolution had failed, and theNew Economic Policy meant the Soviets were eager for international trade. As a result,Édouard Herriot's government in Paris officially recognised the Soviet Union, leading to a rapid growth of commercial and cultural exchanges.[2] Soviet artists were welcomed in Paris, especiallyMaxim Gorky andIlya Ehrenburg, In turn, Moscow honored leading French artists.[3]
Soviet diplomats in France sought a military alliance with France in the early 1930s, but the French were distrustful of the Soviets.[4] The rapid growth of power in Nazi Germany encouraged both Paris and Moscow to form a military alliance, anda weak one was signed in May 1935. A firm believer in collective security, Stalin's foreign ministerMaxim Litvinov worked very hard to form a closer relationship with France and Britain.[5] On the eve ofWorld War II in 1939 French and British diplomats tried to form a military alliance with Moscow, but the Germans offered much better terms. TheSoviet-German pact of August 1939 indicated Moscow's decisive break with Paris, as it became an economic ally of Germany.[6]
WhenGermany invaded the USSR in 1941,Charles de Gaulle emphasised thatFree France supported the USSR. In December 1944, de Gaulle went to Moscow; The two nations signed a treaty of alliance and mutual assistance. The treaty was finally renounced in 1955, long after the Cold War had begun.[7]
Stalin thought France was no longer a great power so de Gaulle had to make concessions to Stalin to obtain his support against Anglo-Saxon dominance, hoping to make France a bridge between the Soviets and the Anglo-Americans. All of the Big Three refused to pretend that France was a power again, so it was not invited to the decisiveYalta Conference in February 1945, which was humiliating. The emergingCold War produced new tensions. When de Gaulle became the French leader in 1945, he put communists in minor roles in his government, blocking them from key positions such as a home office, the foreign office, and the war office. Furthermore, Stalin's successful efforts to seize power in Poland were worrisome to the French. With Roosevelt replaced byHarry Truman, France increasingly turned to the American presence in Western Europe to maintain the balance of power.[8]
TheCommunist Party was a strong political influence in France, and was under the direction of the Kremlin. It drew support from certain labour unions, from veterans of theanti-Nazi resistance, and from artists and intellectuals. Communists emphasisedanti-Americanism, to win support in the artistic and cultural communities.Pablo Picasso was an outspoken anti-American communist.[9] In 1947 the French Communist Party was at its height, and there was speculation it might come to power. However, Soviet strong-arm tactics in Eastern Europe, combined with strong opposition from key few French government officials, broke the power of the Party and sent it into a downward spiral.[10]
Decolonisation of theFrench colonial empire gave Moscow the opportunity to provide propaganda support for anti-colonial fighters, as well as weapons, especially inAlgeria andVietnam. This angered French moderates.[11]
Despite the pressure from the left, theFourth Republic had more urgent concerns regarding relations with Germany, an economy supported byMarshall Aid, fears of communist subversion in the colonial empire, and American support for the anti-communist war in Vietnam. Official government policy supported the United States and NATO. When de Gaulle returned to power in theMay 1958 crisis and establishment of theFifth Republic, relations with Moscow improved. De Gaulle did not trust the United States to use nuclear weapons in defense of France, so it built its own. To enhance France's global prestige, he tried to be a broker between Moscow and Washington.
In May 1960, de Gaulle hosted a summit in Paris between Soviet leaderNikita Khrushchev and NATO leaders, but the1960 U-2 incident rendered it unsuccessful. De Gaulle then moved away from NATO to concentrate more on Europe as an independent actor. He reduced reliance on the American military because the Cold War was heating up between Washington and Moscow.[12] France never officially left NATO, but de Gaulle sharply reduced its military commitment In the 1960s.[13][14][15]
Relations were badly hurt bySoviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, and the rejection of communism by numerous artists and intellectuals. However, the emergence ofEurocommunism madedétente possible in the 1970s.[16] Soviet General SecretaryMikhail Gorbachev made a visit to France in October 1985 in order to fix the strains in the Franco-Soviet relations. Nevertheless, France's bilateral activities continued with NATO, which made close deals with the communist USSR impossible.
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