François Marie Luzel | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | (1821-06-06)6 June 1821 Plouaret,France |
| Died | 26 February 1895(1895-02-26) (aged 73) |
| Pen name | Fanch ar Moal, Alan Bleung-Brug, Jean de Guernaham, Raoul Keramborgne, Jobik Berbiquet, Gabik Kergoz, Fanch Kerloho, Raoul Luzel. |
| Occupation | ethnographer,poet,folklorist |
| Nationality | France |
| Genre | oral literature, folklore |
| Notable works | Melodies and Songs from Low-Brittany |
François-Marie Luzel (6 June 1821 – 26 February 1895), often known by hisBreton nameFañch an Uhel,[1] was a Frenchfolklorist and Breton-language poet.
Luzel was born in the manor of Keramborgne, which then formed part of the commune ofPlouaret (which, nowadays, is part of the commune ofLe Vieux-Marché,Côtes-d'Armor. His father, François, and his mother, Rosalie le Gac, were peasants, but Luzel had a peaceful childhood in his home town, making friends (including the future painter Yan Dargent, and attending many veillées, which were traditional parties held after dark where the villagepeople would assemble and pass the long winter nights in one another's company, often listening to ancestral stories. Thanks to his uncle, Julien-Marie Huërou, he was able to go to the Royal College of Rennes, where Huërou taught.
There, he met the future historianArthur de La Borderie, and Émile Grimaud, who became the sub-editor of theRevue de Bretagne et de Vendée. As a young man, he aspired to be a naval doctor, and went to study to such an end inBrest. Instead of becoming a naval doctor, he went down a different route towards being a professor, but could not find a fixed post, which made his life rather nomadic. An encounter with Adolphe Orain, a folklorist ofUpper Brittany, gave him some direction, and, with the support ofErnest Renan, he managed to obtain from the Minister for State Education the means to go search for old literary texts in Basse-Bretagne. He succeeded in collecting a huge corpus of songs, tales, legends and plays, enough to make several books. The majority of the contents of this abundant collection came fromTréguier and the province of Brittany that surrounds it, Trégor. Marguerite Philippe (in Breton, Marc'harit Fulup) is amongst most known of the people whose folklore Luzel collected. After publishing a book including some of his own poetry in 1865, entitled Bepred Breizad, he published in 1868 a selection of the works that he collected, under the nameChants et chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne' (Melodies and Songs from Low-Brittany.) There were several volumes of this work, including a volume dedicated toGwerziou (Laments) andSoniou (Songs.) A year later, a follow-up of sorts appeared, entitledContes et Récits populaires des Bretons armoricains (Popular Tales and Stories of theArmorican Bretons).
At the 1872 Congress of the Breton Association atSaint-Brieuc, Luzel read a text that he had prepared, in which he raised suspicions about the authenticity of the songs included in theBarzaz Breiz, which was published byThéodore Hersart de la Villemarqué 33 years earlier. A public controversy ensued and his speech, which was rejected by the Breton Association, was heavily edited. The controversy surroundingBarzaz Breiz would last for more than a century. In 1960, the Breton scholar Francis Gourvil wrote a doctorate thesis in which he maintained that Luzel was right. In 1989, the musician and linguistDonatien Laurent demonstrated, in a thesis based on the manuscripts of La Villemarqué, that even if the author had revised the lyrics, he still nearly always relied upon the versions that he himself had collected or transcribed.
Luzel's career trajectory changed yet again in 1874, when he started writingpoliticaleditorials for the Republican newspaper, l'Avenir de Morlaix, where he would work until 1880. He was later made ajustice of the peace inDaoulas.
In 1881, he found stable work as a curator of Quimper's Departmental Archives of Finistère. There, he encounteredAnatole Le Braz, who would become his disciple of sorts and would continue his work in finding stories and making an inventory of pieces of Ancient Breton theatre.
Luzel was elected as aRepublican to the municipal council of Quimper, and was later, in 1883, made Vice-President of the Archeological Society of Finistère, a group in which he participated for quite some time, and which La Villemarqué founded.
In 1888, Luzel askedErnest Renan to intervene in the Ministry of Public Instruction, so that his friend, Anatole Le Braz, could teach Breton at the Quimper Lycée outside school hours, which Le Braz offered to do for free. In his letter to Renan, he stated that he 'would like that, in all our primary schools that Breton children attend, an hour or two were consecrated to teach them Breton by heart and to sing Breton songs and pieces of poetry to instill patriotism in them.' Later in the letter, he referred to the Breton language as being 'the national language.' This request would be flatly refused by the Ministry.
On 1 January 1890, Luzel was made knight of theLegion of Honour, an accolade that he received from the hands of his old rival, La Villemarqué, in a ceremony that took place on 30 January. Seemingly reconciled, the pair later died in the same year, 1895.
UnlikeLa Villemarqué, Luzel did not collect or transcribe the arias of the songs he collected. It wasMaurice Duhamel who undertook this task between 1909 and 1912, but with different singers. These arias, as well as those collected byFrançois Vallée on wax rolls, were published in Musique bretonne by Maurice Duhamel in 1913.
