Anaroma compound, also known as anodorant,aroma,fragrance,flavoring orflavor, is achemical compound that has a smell orodor. For an individual chemical or class of chemical compounds to impart a smell or fragrance, it must be sufficientlyvolatile for transmission via the air to theolfactory system in the upper part of the nose. As examples, various fragrant fruits have diverse aroma compounds,[1] particularly strawberries which arecommercially cultivated to have appealing aromas, and contain several hundred aroma compounds.[1][2]
Generally, molecules meeting this specification havemolecular weights of less than 310.[3] Flavors affect both the sense oftaste andsmell, whereas fragrances affect only smell. Flavors tend to be naturally occurring, and the termfragrances may also apply to synthetic compounds, such as those used incosmetics.[4]
Aroma compounds can naturally be found in variousfoods, such as fruits and theirpeels,wine,spices,floral scent,perfumes,fragrance oils, andessential oils. For example, many formbiochemically during theripening offruits and other crops.[1][5] Wines have more than 100 aromas that form as byproducts offermentation.[6] Also, many of the aroma compounds play a significant role in the production of compounds used in the food service industry to flavor, improve, and generally increase the appeal of their products.[1]
Anodorizer may add a detectable odor to a dangerous odorless substance, likepropane,natural gas, orhydrogen, as a safety measure.
| Compound name | Fragrance | Natural occurrence | Chemical structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geranyl acetate | Fruity, Floral | Rose |  |
| Methyl formate | Ethereal |  | |
| Methyl acetate | Sweet, nail polish Solvent |  | |
| Methyl propionate Methyl propanoate | Sweet, fruity,rum-like |  | |
| Methyl butyrate Methyl butanoate | Fruity | Apple Pineapple |  |
| Ethyl acetate | Sweet, solvent | Wine |  |
| Ethyl butyrate Ethyl butanoate | Fruity | Orange,Pineapple |  |
| Isoamyl acetate | Fruity,Banana, Pear | Banana plant |  |
| Pentyl butyrate Pentyl butanoate | Fruity | Pear Apricot |  |
| Pentyl pentanoate | Fruity | Apple |  |
| Octyl acetate | Fruity | Orange |  |
| Benzyl acetate | Fruity,Strawberry | Strawberries |  |
| Methyl anthranilate | Fruity | Grape |  |
| Methyl salicylate | Minty,root beer | Wintergreen |  |
| Hexyl acetate | Floral, Fruity | Apple,Plum |  |
| Compound name | Fragrance | Natural occurrence | Chemical structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Myrcene | Woody, complex | Verbena,Bay leaf |  |
| Geraniol | Rose, flowery | Geranium,Lemon |  |
| Nerol | Sweet rose, flowery | Neroli,Lemongrass |  |
| Citral, lemonal Geranial, neral | Lemon | Lemon myrtle,Lemongrass |  |
| Citronellal | Lemon | Lemongrass |  |
| Citronellol | Lemon | Lemongrass,rose Pelargonium |  |
| Linalool | Floral, sweet Woody | Coriander,Sweet basil,Lavender,Honeysuckle |  |
| Nerolidol | Woody, fresh bark | Neroli,ginger Jasmine |  |
| Ocimene | Fruity, Floral | Mango,Curcuma amada |  |
| Compound name | Fragrance | Natural occurrence | Chemical structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Limonene | Orange | Orange,lemon |  |
| Camphor | Camphor | Camphor laurel |  |
| Menthol | Menthol | Mentha |  |
| Carvone1 | Caraway orSpearmint | Caraway,dill, spearmint |  |
| Terpineol | Lilac | Lilac,cajuput |  |
| alpha-Ionone | Violet, woody | Violet |  |
| Thujone | Minty | Wormwood,lilac, juniper |  |
| Eucalyptol | Eucalyptus | Eucalyptus |  |
| Jasmone | spicy, fruity, floral in dilution | Jasmine,Honeysuckle |  |
Note: Carvone, depending on its chirality, offers two different smells.
| Compound name | Fragrance | Natural occurrence | Chemical structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Benzaldehyde | Almond | Bitter almond |  |
| Eugenol | Clove | Clove |  |
| Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamon | Cassia Cinnamon |  |
| Ethyl maltol | Cooked fruit Caramelized sugar |  | |
| Vanillin | Vanilla | Vanilla |  |
| Anisole | Anise | Anise |  |
| Anethole | Anise | Anise Sweet basil |  |
| Estragole | Tarragon | Tarragon |  |
| Thymol | Thyme | Thyme |  |
| Compound name | Fragrance | Natural occurrence | Chemical structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trimethylamine | Fishy Ammonia |  | |
| Putrescine Diaminobutane | Rotting flesh | Rotting flesh |  |
| Cadaverine | Rotting flesh | Rotting flesh |  |
| Pyridine | Fishy | Belladonna |  |
| Indole | Fecal Flowery | Feces Jasmine |  |
| Skatole | Fecal Flowery | Feces (diluted) Orange Blossoms |  |
High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming, but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas.
Animals that are capable ofsmell detect aroma compounds with theirolfactory receptors. Olfactory receptors are cell-membranereceptors on the surface ofsensory neurons in theolfactory system that detect airborne aroma compounds. Aroma compounds can then be identified bygas chromatography-olfactometry, which involves a human operator sniffing the GC effluent.[11]
Inmammals, olfactory receptors areexpressed on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in thenasal cavity.[5]
In 2005–06, fragrance mix was the third-most-prevalentallergen inpatch tests (11.5%).[12] 'Fragrance' was votedAllergen of the Year in 2007 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. An academic study in the United States published in 2016 has shown that "34.7 % of the population reported health problems, such as migraine headaches and respiratory difficulties, when exposed to fragranced products".[13]
The composition of fragrances is usually not disclosed in the label of the products, hiding the actual chemicals of the formula, which raises concerns among some consumers.[14] In the United States, this is because the law regulating cosmetics protectstrade secrets.[15]
In the United States, fragrances are regulated by theFood and Drug Administration if present in cosmetics or drugs, by theConsumer Products Safety Commission if present in consumer products.[15] No pre-market approval is required, except for drugs. Fragrances are also generally regulated by theToxic Substances Control Act of 1976 that "grandfathered" existing chemicals without further review or testing and put the burden of proof that a new substance is not safe on theEPA. The EPA, however, does not conduct independent safety testing but relies on data provided by the manufacturer.[16]
A 2019 study of the top-sellingskin moisturizers found 45% of those marketed as "fragrance-free" contained fragrance.[17]
In 2010, theInternational Fragrance Association published a list of 3,059 chemicals used in 2011 based on a voluntary survey of its members, identifying about 90% of the world's production volume of fragrances.[18]
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