French Provençal writer and lexicographer (1830–1914)
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Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (French:[mistʁal];Occitan:Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was anOccitan writer andlexicographer of theProvençal form of the language. He received the1904 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as aProvençal philologist". Mistral was a founding member of theFélibrige and member of theAcadémie de Marseille.
His name in his native language was Frederi Mistral (Mistrau) according to theMistralian orthography, or Frederic Mistral (or Mistrau) according to the classical orthography.
Mistral's fame was owing in part toAlphonse de Lamartine who sang his praises in the 40th edition of his periodicalCours familier de littérature, following the publication of Mistral's long poemMirèio.Alphonse Daudet, with whom he maintained a long friendship, eulogized him in "Poet Mistral", one of the stories in his collectionLetters from My Windmill (Lettres de mon moulin).
Mistral was born inMaillane in theBouches-du-Rhônedepartment inSouthern France.[1] His parents were wealthy landed farmers.[1] His father, François Mistral, was fromSaint-Rémy-de-Provence.[1] His mother was Adelaide Poulinet. As early as 1471, his paternal ancestor, Mermet Mistral, lived in Maillane.[1] By 1588, the Mistral family lived in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.[1]
Mistral was given theProvençal name "Frederi" in memory "of a poor small fellow who, at the time when my parents were courting, sweetly ran their errands of love, and who died shortly afterward of sunstroke."[2] Mistral did not begin school until he was about nine years old, and quickly began to play truant, leading his parents to send him to a boarding school in Saint-Michel-de-Frigolet, run by a Monsieur Donnat.
After receiving his bachelor's degree inNîmes, Mistral studied law inAix-en-Provence from 1848 to 1851. He became a champion for the independence of Provence, and in particular for restoring the "first literary language of civilized Europe"—Provençal. He had studied the history of Provence during his time in Aix-en-Provence. Emancipated by his father, Mistral resolved: "to raise, revive in Provence the feeling of race ...; to move this rebirth by the restoration of the natural and historical language of the country ...; to restore the fashion to Provence by the breath and flame of divine poetry". For Mistral, the word race designates "people linked by language, rooted in a country and in a story".
For his lifelong efforts in restoring the language of Provence, Frédéric Mistral was one of the recipients of the 1904 Nobel Prize for Literature after having been nominated by two professors from the SwedishUppsala University.[3][4] The other winner that year,José Echegaray, was honored for his Spanish dramas. They shared the prize money equally.[5] Mistral devoted his half to the creation of the Museum at Arles, known locally as "Museon Arlaten". The museum is considered to be the most important collection of Provençal folk art, displaying furniture, costumes, ceramics, tools and farming implements. In addition, Mistral was awarded the Légion d'honneur. This was a most unusual occurrence since it is usually only awarded for notable achievement on a national level, whereas Mistral was uniquely Provençal in his work and achievement.
In 1876, Mistral married a Burgundian woman, Marie-Louise Rivière (1857–1943) inDijon Cathedral(Cathédrale Saint-Bénigne de Dijon). They had no children. Mistral died on 25 March 1914 in Maillane, the same village where he was born.
Plaque on therue Louis Pasteur in Avignon where Joseph Roumanille taught such brilliant future poets as Anselme Matthieu and Frédéric Mistral
Mistral joined forces with one of his teachers,Joseph Roumanille, and five other Provençal poets and on 21 May 1854, they foundedFélibrige, a literary and cultural association, which made it possible to promote theOccitan language. Placed under the patronage of Saint Estelle, the movement also welcomed Catalan poets from Spain, driven out by Isabelle II.
The seven founders of the organization were (to use their Provençal names): Jóusè Roumaniho, Frederi Mistral, Teodor Aubanel, Ansèume Matiéu, Jan Brunet, Anfos Tavan and Paul Giera. Félibrige exists to this day, one of the few remaining cultural organizations in 32 departments of the "Langue d'Oc".
Mistral strove to rehabilitate the language of Provence, while carrying it to the highest summits of epic poetry. He redefined the language in its purest form by creating a dictionary and transcribing the songs of the troubadours, who spoke the language in its original form.
Mistral is the author ofLou Tresor dóu Félibrige (1878–1886), which to date remains the most comprehensive dictionary of theOccitan language, and one of the most reliable, thanks to the precision of its definitions. It is a bilingual dictionary, Occitan-French, in two large volumes, with all of the dialects ofoc, including Provençal. Mistral owes toFrançois Vidal the work of typesetting and revising that dictionary.
Mistral's most important work isMirèio (Mireille), published in 1859, after eight years of effort.Mirèio, a long poem in Provençal consisting of twelve songs, tells of the thwarted love of Vincent and Mireille, two young Provençal people of different social backgrounds. The name Mireille (Mirèio in Provence) is a doublet of the wordmeraviho which means wonder.
Mistral used the occasion not only to promote his language but also to share the culture of an area. Among other tales, he tells ofSaintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, where according to legend the dragonTarasque was driven out, and of the famous and ancientVenus of Arles. He prefaced the poem with a short notice about Provençal pronunciation.
The poem tells how Mireille's parents wish her to marry a Provençal landowner, but she falls in love with a poor basket maker named Vincent, who loves her as well. After rejecting three rich suitors, a desperate Mireille, driven by the refusal of her parents to let her marry Vincent, runs off to Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer to pray to the patrons of Provence to change her parents' minds. Having forgotten to bring a hat, she falls victim to the heat, dying in Vincent's arms under the gaze of her parents.
To you, I dedicate Mireille:It is my heart and my soul;It is the flower of my years;It is bunch of grapes from La Crau, leaves and all, a peasant's offering."
Lamartine wrote enthusiastically: "I will tell you good news today! A great epic poet is born ... A true Homeric poet in our time; ... Yes, your epic poem is a masterpiece; ... the perfume of your book will not evaporate in a thousand years."
Mirèio was translated into some fifteen European languages, including into French by Mistral himself. In 1863,Charles Gounod made it into an opera,Mireille.
