Frédéric Bastiat | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of theNational Assembly forLandes | |
| In office 23 April 1848 – 24 December 1850 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Claude-Frédéric Bastiat (1801-06-30)30 June 1801 |
| Died | 24 December 1850(1850-12-24) (aged 49) |
| Resting place | San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome |
| Academic background | |
| Influences | Cobden,Smith,Turgot |
| Academic work | |
| School or tradition | French liberal school |
| Notable ideas | Legal plunder Parable of the broken window The Law |
Claude-Frédéric Bastiat (/bɑːstiˈɑː/;French:[klodfʁedeʁikbastja]; 30 June 1801 – 24 December 1850) was a French economist, writer and prominent member of theFrench liberal school.[1]
A member of theFrench National Assembly, Bastiat developed the economic concept ofopportunity cost and introduced theparable of the broken window.[2] He was described as "the most brilliant economic journalist who ever lived" by economic theoristJoseph Schumpeter.[3]
As an advocate ofclassical economics and the economics ofAdam Smith, his views favored afree market and influenced theAustrian School.[4] He is best known for his bookThe Law, where he argued that law must protect rights such as private property, not "plunder" others' property.
Bastiat was born on 29 June 1801 inBayonne,Aquitaine, a port town in the south of France on theBay of Biscay. His father, Pierre Bastiat, was a prominent businessman in the town. His mother died in 1808 when Frédéric was seven years old.[5] His father moved inland to the town ofMugron, with Frédéric following soon afterward. The Bastiat estate in Mugron had been acquired during theFrench Revolution and had previously belonged to the Marquis of Poyanne. Pierre Bastiat died in 1810, leaving Frédéric an orphan. He was fostered by his paternal grandfather and his unmarried aunt Justine Bastiat. He attended a school in Bayonne, but his aunt thought poorly of it and so enrolled him in the schoolSaint-Sever. At age 17, he left school atSorèze to work for his uncle in his family's export business. It was the same firm where his father had been a partner.[5]
Bastiat began to develop an intellectual interest as he no longer wished to work with his uncle and desired to go to Paris for formal studies. This hope was not realized as his grandfather was in poor health and wished to go to the Mugron estate. Bastiat accompanied him and cared for him. The next year when Bastiat was 24, his grandfather died, leaving him the family estate, thereby providing him with the means to further his theoretical inquiries.[5] Bastiat developed intellectual interests in several areas including philosophy, history, politics, religion, travel, poetry,political economy and biography.
After the middle-classRevolution of 1830, Bastiat became politically active and was electedjustice of the peace of Mugron in 1831 and to theCouncil General (county-level assembly) of Landes in 1832. Bastiat was elected to the national legislative assembly after theFrench Revolution of 1848.[4]
His public career as an economist began only in 1844, when his first article was published in theJournal des économistes during October of that year and it was ended by his untimely death in 1850. Bastiat contractedtuberculosis, probably during his tours throughout France to promote his ideas and that illness eventually prevented him from making further speeches (particularly at the legislative assembly to which he was elected in 1848 and 1849) and ended his life. InThe Law, he wrote: "Until the day of my death, I shall proclaim this principle with all the force of my lungs (which alas! is all too inadequate)".[5]
This last line is understood by translators to be a reference to the effects of his tuberculosis. During the autumn of 1850, he was sent to Italy by his doctors, and he first traveled to Pisa, then to Rome. On 24 December 1850, Bastiat called those with him to approach his bed and murmured twice the words "the truth" before he died at the age of 49.[5]
Bastiat was the author of many works on economics and political economy, generally characterized by their clear organization, forceful argumentation and acerbic wit. EconomistMurray Rothbard wrote that "Bastiat was indeed a lucid and superb writer, whose brilliant and witty essays and fables to this day are remarkable and devastating demolitions ofprotectionism and of all forms of governmentsubsidy and control. He was a truly scintillating advocate of an unrestrictedfree market".[4] However, Bastiat himself declared that subsidy should be available, albeit limited under extraordinary circumstances, saying the following:
"Under extraordinary circumstances, for urgent cases, the State should set aside some resources to assist certain unfortunate people, to help them adjust to changing conditions".[6]
Among his better-known works isEconomic Sophisms,[7] a series of essays (originally published in theJournal des économistes) which contain a defence offree trade. Bastiat wrote the work while living in England to advise the shapers of the French Republic on perils to avoid.Economic Sophisms was translated and adapted for an American readership in 1867 by the economist and historian of moneyAlexander del Mar, writing under the pseudonym Emile Walter.[8]
Contained withinEconomic Sophisms is thesatirical parable known as the candlemakers' petition in which candlemakers and tallow producers lobby theChamber of Deputies of the FrenchJuly Monarchy (1830–1848) to block out the Sun to prevent its unfair competition with their products.[9] Also included in theSophisms is a facetious petition to the king asking for a law forbidding the usage of everyone's right hand, based on a presumption by some of his contemporaries that more difficulty means more work and more work means more wealth.[10]
Bastiat's most famous work isThe Law,[11] originally published as a pamphlet in 1850. It defines a just system of laws and then demonstrates how such law facilitates a free society. InThe Law, Bastiat wrote that everyone has a right to protect "his person, his liberty, and his property". The state should be only a "substitution of a common force for individual forces" to defend this right. According to Bastiat, justice (meaning defense of one'slife, liberty and property) has precise limits, but if government power extends further into philanthropic endeavors, then government becomes so limitless that it can grow endlessly. The resulting statism is "based on this triple hypothesis: the total inertness of mankind, the omnipotence of the law, and the infallibility of the legislator". The public then becomessocially engineered by the legislator and must bend to the legislators' will "like the clay to the potter", saying:
Socialism, like the ancient ideas from which it springs, confuses the distinction between government and society. As a result of this, every time we object to a thing being done by government, the socialists conclude that we object to its being done at all. We disapprove of state education. Then the socialists say that we are opposed to any education. We object to a state religion. Then the socialists say that we want no religion at all. We object to a state-enforced equality. Then they say that we are against equality. And so on, and so on. It is as if the socialists were to accuse us of not wanting persons to eat because we do not want the state to raise grain.I do not dispute their right to invent social combinations, to advertise them, to advocate them, and to try them upon themselves, at their own expense and risk. But I do dispute their right to impose these plans upon us by law – by force – and to compel us to pay for them with our taxes.
Bastiat posits that the law becomes perverted when it punishes one's right to self-defense (of his life, liberty and property) in favor of another's right tolegalized plunder which he defines as "if the law takes from some persons what belongs to them and gives it to other persons to whom it does not belong. See if the law benefits one citizen at the expense of another by doing what the citizen himself cannot do without committing a crime" in which he includes the tax support of "protective tariffs, subsidies, guaranteed profits, guaranteed jobs, relief and welfare schemes, public education, progressive taxation, free credit, and public works". According to Bastiat, legal plunder can be committed in "an infinite number of ways. Thus, we have an infinite number of plans for organizing it: tariffs, protection, benefits, subsidies, encouragements, progressive taxation, public schools, guaranteed jobs, guaranteed profits, minimum wages, a right to relief, a right to the tools of labor, free credit, and so on, and so on. All these plans as a whole — with their common aim of legal plunder — constitute socialism". Bastiat also made the following humorous point: "If the natural tendencies of mankind are so bad that it is not safe to permit people to be free, how is it that the tendencies of these organizers are always good? Do not the legislators and their appointed agents also belong to the human race? Or do they believe that they themselves are made of a finer clay than the rest of mankind?"[12]
In his 1850 essay "Ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas" ("What is seen and what is not seen"), Bastiat introduced through theparable of the broken window the concept ofopportunity cost in all but name. This term was not coined until over sixty years after his death byFriedrich von Wieser in 1914.
Bastiat also famously engaged in a debate between 1849 and 1850 withPierre-Joseph Proudhon about the legitimacy of interest.[13] AsRobert Leroux argued, Bastiat had the conviction that Proudhon's anti-interest doctrine "was the complete antithesis of any serious approach".[14] Proudhon famously lost his temper and resorted to personal attacks: "Your intelligence is asleep, or rather it has never been awake. You are a man for whom logic does not exist. You do not hear anything, you do not understand anything. You are without philosophy, without science, without humanity. Your ability to reason, like your ability to pay attention and make comparisons is zero. Scientifically, Mr. Bastiat, you are a dead man."[15]
Bastiat asserted that the sole purpose of government is to protect the right of an individual to life, liberty and property and that it is dangerous and morally wrong for government to interfere with an individual's other personal matters. From this, Bastiat concluded that the law cannot defend life, liberty and property if it promotes legal or legalized plunder which he defined as using government force and laws to take something from one individual and give it to others (as opposed to a transfer of property via mutually agreed contracts without using fraud or violent threats against the other party, which Bastiat considered a legitimate transfer of property).[16]
InThe Law, Bastiat explains that if the privileged classes or socialists use the government for legalized plunder, this will encourage the other socioeconomic class to also use legal plunder and that the correct response to thesocialists is to cease all legal plunder. Bastiat also explains why his opinion is that the law cannot defend life, liberty and property if it promotes socialist policies. When used to obtain legalized plunder for any group, he says that the law is perverted against the only things (life, liberty and property) it is supposed to defend.[16]
Bastiat was a strong supporter offree trade who was inspired by and routinely corresponded withRichard Cobden and the EnglishAnti-Corn Law League and worked with free-trade associations in France.[4]
Because of his emphasis on the mutual gains to be had from free exchange, on subjective value, and on the importance of deductive reasoning (as opposed to mathematical models) in deriving economic conclusions, Bastiat has been described byMark Thornton,Thomas DiLorenzo and other economists as a forerunner of theAustrian School, with Thornton positing that through taking this position on the motivations of human action he demonstrates a pronounced "Austrian flavor."[17]
Bastiat died in Rome and is buried atSan Luigi dei Francesi in the center of that city.
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